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2,3-DIHYDROXYSUCCINIC ACID

CAS Number : 133-37-9
EC  Number : 205-105-7
ECHA InfoCard     : 100.121.903 
PubChem CID      : 875 
ChemSpider     : 852 
Chemical formula    : C4H6O6 
Molar mass            : 150.087 g/mol
Density                    : 1.737 g/cm3
Melting point            : 169

Preferred IUPAC name : 
-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid

Other names : 
-Tartaric acid
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
-Threaric acid
-Racemic acid
-Uvic acid
-Paratartaric acid
-Winestone

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is a white, crystalline organic acid that occurs naturally in many fruits, most notably in grapes, but also in bananas, tamarinds, and citrus.
Its salt, potassium bitartrate, commonly known as cream of tartar, develops naturally in the process of fermentation. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is commonly mixed with sodium bicarbonate and is sold as baking powder used as a leavening agent in food preparation. 
The acid itself is added to foods as an antioxidant E334 and to impart its distinctive sour taste. 
Naturally occurring 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is a useful raw material in organic chemical synthesis. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is an alpha-hydroxy-carboxylic acid, is diprotic and aldaric in acid characteristics, and is a dihydroxyl derivative of succinic acid.

History of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid has been known to winemakers for centuries. 
However, the chemical process for extraction was developed in 1769 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid played an important role in the discovery of chemical chirality. 
This property of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid was first observed in 1832 by Jean Baptiste Biot, who observed its ability to rotate polarized light.
Louis Pasteur continued this research in 1847 by investigating the shapes of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals, which he found to be chiral. 
By manually sorting the differently shaped crystals, Pasteur was the first to produce a pure sample of levotartaric acid.

Stereochemistry of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
Naturally occurring form of the acid is dextro tartaric acid or 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid (obsolete name d-tartaric acid). 
Because 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is available naturally, 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is cheaper than its enantiomer and the meso isomer. 
The dextro and levo prefixes are archaic terms.
Modern textbooks refer to the natural form as 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid (2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid), and its enantiomer as (2S,3S)-tartaric acid (D-(-)-tartaric acid). 
The meso diastereomer is referred to as (2R,3S)-tartaric acid or (2S,3R)-tartaric acid.

Dextro and levo form monoclinic sphenoidal crystals and orthorhombic crystals.
Racemic 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid forms monoclinic and triclinic crystals.
Anhydrous meso 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid form two anhydrous polymorphs: triclinic and orthorhombic.
Monohydrated meso 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid crystallizes as monoclinic and triclinic polymorphys depending on the temperature at which crystallization from aqueous solution occurs.
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid in Fehling's solution binds to copper(II) ions, preventing the formation of insoluble hydroxide salts.

Applications of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid and its derivatives have a plethora of uses in the field of pharmaceuticals. 
For example, 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid has been used in the production of effervescent salts, in combination with citric acid, to improve the taste of oral medications.
The potassium antimonyl derivative of the acid known as tartar emetic is included, in small doses, in cough syrup as an expectorant.

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid also has several applications for industrial use. 
The acid has been observed to chelate metal ions such as calcium and magnesium. 
Therefore, the acid has served in the farming and metal industries as a chelating agent for complexing micronutrients in soil fertilizer and for cleaning metal surfaces consisting of aluminium, copper, iron, and alloys of these metals, respectively.

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, also called tartaric acid, a dicarboxylic acid, one of the most widely distributed of plant acids, with a number of food and industrial uses. 
Along with several of its salts, cream of tartar (potassium hydrogen tartrate) and Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate), it is obtained from by-products of wine fermentation. 
In a partially purified form, tartar was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans; the free acid was first isolated in 1769 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. 
The lees, or sediments, and other waste products from fermentation are heated and neutralized with calcium hydroxide; the precipitated calcium tartrate is then treated with sulfuric acid to produce free 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid. 

Rochelle salt is prepared from the crude crystalline potassium acid salt, called argol, by neutralization with sodium carbonate. 
Purified cream of tartar comes chiefly from the filtrates from production of the acid and Rochelle salt. 
A third salt, tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), is made from the potassium acid salt and antimony oxide.
Three stereoisomeric forms of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid exist:  dextrorotatory 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid (D-tartaric acid) found in grapes and several other fruits, (2) levorotatory tartaric acid (L-tartaric acid) obtained chiefly by resolution of racemic tartaric acid, and (3) a meso or achiral form. 
Racemic tartaric acid (an equal mixture of D- and L-tartaric acid) is prepared commercially by the molybdenum- or tungsten-catalyzed oxidation of maleic anhydride with hydrogen peroxide.

Usage areas of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid:
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, this crystalline acid, is commonly seen in plants and fruits in general. 
The chemical formula of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which is an organic acid, is C4H6O6 and its density is 1.788g/cm. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is also used in different industries, especially in industry. 
This acid is generally preferred for the fermentation of wine and is formed as a byproduct of potassium during fermentation.

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is frequently used in wool dyeing, polishing, gelatin, desserts and sodas. 
Apart from this, antimony potassium tartars are generally preferred and used as mordant with pesticides. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which is found in the majority of grape fruits, also occurs in some fruits other than grapes. 
However, 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acids seen in these fruits are called dextrotartaric acid. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which consists of a mixture of racemine, is called levo. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acids are among the water-soluble dicarboxylic acids.

Usage areas 
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is used to give a sour taste to foods.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, E334, is a good antioxidant.
-The most common use of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is in soda production. 
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which is almost used to flavor the soda, is an indispensable component of soda.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is preferred for dyeing wool.

-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid can be used for polishing, polishing and cleaning metals.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is used in bakery products to release carbon dioxide.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which is indispensable for gelatinous desserts, is generally preferred as a thickener in products such as meringue, Turkish delight and whipped cream.
-The form of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid obtained from grapes is generally preferred in pastry. Tartaric acid can be preferred instead of baking powder for rising cakes.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, which is frequently found in fruits and has a sour and strong taste, is preferred for fermentation of wine in winemaking.
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is used in making marmalade and jams.

Applications  of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic

FOOD INDUSTRY
– As acidifier and natural preservative for marmalades, ice cream, jellies, juices, preserves, and beverages.
– As effervescent for carbonated water.
– As emulsifier and preservative in the bread-making industry and in the preparation of candies and sweets.

OENOLOGY
Used as an acidifier. Used in musts and wines to prepare wines that are more balanced from the point of view of taste, the result being an increase in their degree of acidity and a decrease in their pH content.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Used in cement, plaster, and plaster of Paris to retard drying and facilitate the handling of these materials.

COSMETICS INDUSTRY
Used as a basic component of many natural body crèmes.

CHEMICAL SECTOR
– Galvanic baths
– Electronics industry
– As mordant in the textile industry
– As an anti-oxidant in industrial greases

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is an organic acid found in many vegetables and fruits such as bananas, and grapes, but also in bananas, citrus, and tamarinds. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is also known as tartaric acid or Racemic acid. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used to generate carbon dioxide. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is a diprotic aldaric acid which is crystalline white. 
Baking powder is a mixture of tartaric acid with sodium bicarbonate.
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is widely used in the field of pharmaceuticals. 
High doses of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic can lead to paralysis or death.

Uses of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used to improve the taste of oral medications
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used to chelate metal ions such as magnesium and calcium
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used in recipes as a leavening agent along with baking soda
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used as an antioxidant
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is as one of the important acids in wine

-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used in foods to give a sour taste
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is sometimes used to induce vomiting
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used to make silver mirrors
-In its ester form, it is used in the dyeing of textiles
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used in the tanning of leather
-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used in candies
-In its cream form, 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used as a stabilizer in food

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is a white crystalline diprotic organic acid. 
The compound occurs naturally in many plants, particularly in grapes, bananas, and tamarinds. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is also one of the main acids found in wine.

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic can be added to food when a sour taste is desired. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is also used as an antioxidant. 
Salts of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic are known as tartarates. 
The chemical is a dihydroxy derivative of succinic acid.

2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is found in cream of tartar and baking powder. 
The chemical compound is used in silvering mirrors, tanning leather, and in Rochelle Salt. 
In medical analysis, 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic is used to make solutions for the determination of glucose.


First aid measures of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic

After inhalation: 
Loosen clothing as necessary and position individual in a comfortable position.
Move exposed to fresh air. 
Give artificial respiration if necessary. 
If breathing is difficult give oxygen.
Get medical assistance if cough or other symptoms appear

After skin contact: 
Rinse/flush exposed skin gently using soap and water for 15-20 minutes.
Seek medical advice if discomfort or irritation persists.

After eye contact: 
Protect unexposed eye. 
Rinse/flush exposed eye(s) gently using water for 15-20 minutes.
Remove contact lens(es) if able to do so during rinsing. 
Seek medical attention if irritation persists or if concerned.

After swallowing: 
Rinse mouth thoroughly. 
Do not induce vomiting. 
Have exposed individual drink sips of water. 
Seek medical attention if irritation, discomfort or vomiting persists.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.


Substance identity

EC / List no.: 205-105-7
CAS no.: 133-37-9
Mol. formula: C4H6O6

Hazard classification & labelling of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
Danger! According to the classification provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations this substance causes serious eye damage.

About 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, for intermediate use only.
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is used at industrial sites.

Consumer Uses of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. 
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment. 
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. 
ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using this substance. 
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. 
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which this substance is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. 
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is most likely to be released to the environment.

Manufacture of 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which 2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid is most likely to be released to the environment.


Synonyms:
(±)-tartaric acid
(±)-tartaric acid
(+-)-Tartaric acid
(+-)-tartaric acid
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(±)-tartaric acid
2, 3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid
2,3 dihydroxybutanedioic acid
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid
Acide Tartrique Poudre
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (2R,3R)-rel-
DL-Tartaric Acid
DL-Tartaric acid
DL-tartaric acid
DL-Tartaric acid
Tartaric acid
tartaric acid
133-37-9
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
DL-Tartaric acid
tartaric acid
2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid
526-83-0
133-37-9
Racemic acid
Traubensaure
Racemic tartaric acid
DL-Tartrate
Paratartaric acid
Paratartaric aicd
Uvic acid
Acidum tartaricum
BUTANEDIOIC ACID, 2,3-DIHYDROXY-
Resolvable tartaric acid
NSC62778
Tartaric acid D,L
E-7050 (2S,3S)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid
Tartaric acid, L-(+)-
2,3-dihydroxy-succinic acid
Baros
CHEBI:15674
dl-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(2RS,3RS)-Tartaric acid
tartrate
1007601-97-9
NSC 148314
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (2R,3R)-rel-
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-(R*,R*)-(.+/-.)-
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (R*,R*)-
868-14-4
(.+-.)-Tartaric acid
(2R,3R)-2,3-Dihydroxybernsteinsaeure
Tartaric acid (VAN)
Kyselina vinna [Czech]
NSC155080
Tartaric acid [USAN:JAN]
d-alpha,beta-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
NSC-148314
Kyselina 2,3-dihydroxybutandiova [Czech]
(+) tartaric acid
(-) tartaric acid
1,2-Dihydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
AI3-06298
1,2-dicarboxylic acid
WLN: QVYQYQVQ
(-) D-Tartaric acid
Sal tartar (Salt/Mix)
Tartaric acid, (DL)-
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (R-(R*,R*))-
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, [S-(R*,R*)]-
Malic acid, 3-hydroxy-
laevo-(+)-tartaric acid
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinicacid
dextro,laevo-tartaric acid
Succinic acid,3-dihydroxy
SCHEMBL848
bmse000167
Succinic acid,3-dihydroxy-
(.+/-.)-Tartaric acid
DSSTox_CID_26986
DSSTox_RID_82036
DSSTox_GSID_46986
Oprea1_827092
TARTARIC ACID, (L)
Tartaric acid, (.+-.)-
Butanedioic acid,3-dihydroxy-
CHEMBL333714
Dihydroxysuccinic acid, (DL)-
Tartaric acid, (.+/-.)-
L+Tartaric Acid FCC, NF, USP
DTXSID501031477
HMS3370M15
(+)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
BCP14303
Tox21_302052
BBL011588
MFCD00064206
NSC133735
NSC148314
NSC608773
s2997
STK387106
2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid, (DL)-
3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid
AKOS000120086
AKOS016844048
NSC-133735
NSC-608773
SB44180
SB44181
SMP2_000051
d-.alpha.,.beta.-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
NCGC00256063-01
NCGC00347131-03
AS-10983
CAS-133-37-9
NCI60_001102
(+)-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butanedioic acid
DB-016129
DB-016159
DB-042899
AM20110247
CS-0022654
FT-0624346
FT-0625514
FT-0628018
FT-0628243
FT-0656080
FT-0772946
FT-0773804
T0001
(+/-)-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butanedioic acid
A22866
Butanedioic acid,3-dihydroxy- [R-(R*,R*)]-
133D379
A829202
Q194322
Butanedioic acid,3-dihydroxy-, (R*,R*)-(.+-.)-
F2191-0230
Z1258943354
1,2-Dihydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid;2,3-Dihydrosuccinic acid
(2S,3S)-(-)-Tartaric acid; D(-)-Threaric acid;D(-)-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
Copper, mixt. with [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid monopotassium salt
L-(+)-Tartaric acid
(+)-(2R,3R)-Tartaric acid
(+)-(R,R)-tartaric acid
(+)-L-tartaric acid
(+)-tartaric acid
(2R,3R)-(+)-Tartaric acid
(2R,3R)-2,3-Dihydroxybernsteinsäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(2R,3R)-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2R,3R)-tartaric acid
(R,R)-(+)-tartaric acid
(R,R)-tartaric acid
[R-(R*,R*)]-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid
133-37-9 [RN]
1725147 [Beilstein]
201-766-0 [EINECS]
205-105-7 [EINECS]
87-69-4 [RN]
Acide (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinique [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Acidum tartaricum
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (2R,3R)- [ACD/Index Name]
Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, (2R,3R)-rel-
L-(+)-Tartarate
L(+)-Tartaric acid
L-(+)-Tartrate
L-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid
L-tartaric acid
L-threaric acid
MFCD00064207 [MDL number]
Ordinary Tartaric Acid
Tartarate [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Tartaric acid [ACD/IUPAC Name] [JP15] [NF] [Trade name] [Wiki]
Weinsaure [German]
Weinsteinsaure [German]
(+)-tartarate
(2R,3R)-Tartarate
(R,R)-tartarate
(R,R)-tartrate
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
2,3-dihydroxy-succinate
2,3-dihydroxysuccinic acid
2,3-Dihydroxy-succinic acid
L-tartarate
tartrate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Weinsaeure
(+)-Weinsaeure
(1R,2R)-1,2-Dihydroxyethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
(2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-Dihydroxybutane-1,4-dioic acid
(2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-Dihydroxybutane-1,4-dioic acid, (2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
(2R,3R)-(+)-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
(2R,3R)-2,3-Dihydroxybernsteinsaeure
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
(2R,3R)-2,3-tartaric acid
(2R,3R)-rel-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid
(2R,3R)-rel-2,3-Dihydroxysuccinic acid
(R,R)-(+)-tartatic acid
1,2-DIHYDROXYETHANE-1,2-DICARBOXYLIC ACID
138508-61-9 [RN]
144814-09-5 [RN]
147-71-7 [RN]
2,3-dihydrosuccinic acid
2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
205-695-6 [EINECS]
3164-29-2 [RN]
39469-81-3 [RN]
3-hydroxymalic acid
41014-96-4 [RN]
4231301 [Beilstein]
526-83-0 [RN]
56959-20-7 [RN]
69-72-7 [RN]
ACS
D(-)-TARTARIC ACID
D-(-)-Tartaric Acid (en)
Dl-dihydroxysuccinic acid
hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate
l-​(+)​-​tartaric acid
l-( )-tartaric acid
L-(+) tartaric acid
L-(+)-Tartaric acid, ACS
l-(+)-tartaric acid, anhydrous
L(+)-Tartaricacid
L-(+)-Tartaricacid
lamB protein (fungal)
l-tartaricacid
l-酒石酸 [Chinese]
Metatartaric acid
MFCD00071626 [MDL number]
R,R-tartaric acid
Rechtsweinsaeure
STR02377
TAR
Tartaric acid (TN)
THREARIC ACID
TLA
Weinsteinsaeure
3044 [DBID]
4J4Z8788N8 [DBID]
UNII:4J4Z8788N8 [DBID]
W4888I119H [DBID]
1725147; 4231301 [DBID]
251380_SIAL [DBID]
27504_RIEDEL [DBID]
27506_RIEDEL [DBID]
33801_RIEDEL [DBID]
50824_FLUKA [DBID]
526-83-087-69-4 [DBID]
95308_FLUKA [DBID]
AIDS072996 [DBID]
AIDS-072996 [DBID]
CHEBI:15671 [DBID]
D00103 [DBID]
NSC155080 [DBID]
Pharmakon1600-01300044 [DBID]
T109_ALDRICH [DBID]
T1807_SIAL [DBID]
UNII:W4888I119H [DBID]
UNII-4J4Z8788N8 [DBID]
UNII-W4888I119H [DBID]
W304409_ALDRICH [DBID]
WW 7875000 [DBID]


 

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