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CAS Number: 79-21-0
IUPAC name: Ethaneperoxoic acid
Molecular formula: C2H4O3
Acetyl hydroperoxide (also known as peroxyacetic acid, or PAA) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. This peroxy acid is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be highly corrosive.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Production:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
Acetyl hydroperoxide forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This is achieved by the action of bleach activators, such as tetraacetylethylenediamine and sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate, upon hydrogen peroxide formed from sodium percarbonate in water.
The Acetyl hydroperoxide is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of the acid as the active ingredient can vary.
Uses:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Acetyl hydroperoxide as an antimicrobial in 1985 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms. Acetyl hydroperoxide is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria. A trade name for Acetyl hydroperoxide as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.
In the European Union, Acetyl hydroperoxide was reported by the EFSA after submission in 2013 by the US Department of Agriculture.
Decontamination kits for cleaning fentanyl analogues from surfaces (as used by many police forces, amongst others) often contain solid peracetyl borate, which mixes with water to produce Acetyl hydroperoxide.
Epoxidation of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Although less active than more acidic peracids (e.g., m-CPBA), Acetyl hydroperoxide in various forms is used for the epoxidation of various alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction).
Useful application are for unsaturated fats, synthetic and natural rubbers, and some natural products such as pinene.
A variety of factors affect the amount of free acid or sulfuric acid (used to prepare the peracid in the first place).
Biocidal Uses of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is approved for use as a biocide in the EEA and/or Switzerland, for: human hygiene, disinfection, veterinary hygiene, food and animals feeds, drinking water, product preservation, preservation for liquid systems, controlling slimes.
Consumer Uses of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Acetyl hydroperoxide is likely to occur from: indoor use as reactive substance.
Widespread uses by professional workers:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and laboratory chemicals.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following areas: health services, scientific research and development and agriculture, forestry and fishing.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur and food products.
Other release to the environment of Acetyl hydroperoxide is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Formulation or re-packing of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, textile treatment products and dyes, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), paper chemicals and dyes and water treatment chemicals.
Release to the environment of Acetyl hydroperoxide can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, paper chemicals and dyes, textile treatment products and dyes and perfumes and fragrances.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in the following areas: health services.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used for the manufacture of: textile, leather or fur, chemicals, pulp, paper and paper products and food products.
Release to the environment of Acetyl hydroperoxide can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a highly reactive material.
As an in-use solution, Acetyl hydroperoxide is not very stable and will react with organic materials.
Acetyl hydroperoxide may attack plant materials, such as rubber gaskets, and at higher concentrations, corrosion may be a problem.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has a wide antimicrobial spectrum, which includes bacterial spores and viruses.
This activity is fast and is maintained at temperatures lower than ambient.
Acetyl hydroperoxide, or peroxyacetic acid, is characterized by a very rapid action against all microorganisms.
A special advantage of Acetyl hydroperoxide is its lack of harmful decomposition products (i.e., acetic acid, water, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide); it enhances removal of organic material and leaves no residue.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be highly corrosive.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a powerful disinfectant due to its high oxidizing potential, effectiveness against a broad range of microorganisms and its favorable environmental profile.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a liquid organic acid and a very powerful oxidizer.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has a unique oxygen/oxygen bond arrangement that rapidly releases oxygen to destroy bacteria and oxidize unwanted odors (e.g., hydrogen sulfide) and compounds.
When Acetyl hydroperoxide is applied to a process it quickly degrades into non-harmful biproducts, acetic acid (a component found in table vinegar) and water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide eats away at any inorganic scale and then breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
Properties of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
-Powerful oxidizer
-Destroys bacteria
-Non-harmful biproducts
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a versatile oxidizing agent that dissolves easily in water and decomposes into non-toxic by-products.
ATAMAN is one of the leading promoters of Acetyl hydroperoxide and has helped to develop a wide offering of high quality products, ranging in concentration from 5% to 40% Acetyl hydroperoxide in equilibrium solution.
The different concentrations are used in chemical synthesis, bleaching, sanitization, disinfection and sterilization across a variety of industries, including food and beverage, environmental remediation, industrial cleaning and sanitization, and oil and gas production.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colourless liquid with a boiling point of 25°C.
Holding the formula CH3CO3H, Acetyl hydroperoxide is created by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid; the compound has a similar pungent-smelling odour to its slightly stronger cousin, acetic acid.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a popular biocidal disinfectant with uses across many industries.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is biocidal — meaning it can destroy and control harmful bacteria, viruses, spores and fungi.
A very powerful oxidant and fast-acting antimicrobial, Acetyl hydroperoxide penetrates through cell membranes, irreversibly disrupting the enzyme system and destroying pathogenic microorganisms.
Acetyl hydroperoxide’s antimicrobial properties make a popular, reliable biocidal disinfectant in agricultural, food and pharmaceutical settings, as well as in the home.
Amongst many other industrial applications, Acetyl hydroperoxide also holds use in water treatment, able to prevent biofilm formation and pathogenic growth.
Efficacious even at low temperatures with no traces of chlorine, Acetyl hydroperoxide also has an environmental edge.
After use, Acetyl hydroperoxide simply breaks down into its ecologically-harmless components — an excellent alternative to traditional chemicals used for disinfectant and cleansing purposes.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a highly corrosive chemical used in hospital endoscopy, sterilization, poultry & meat processing, food processing, and many other industries.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic chemical compound that is used in a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid that has a strong vinegar like odor that can be smelt at very low levels.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidant and is highly reactive.
However, Acetyl hydroperoxide breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water leaving no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for a food-safe antimicrobial.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced by combining hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide functions as a disinfectant by oxidizing the outer cell membrane of microbes.
The more concentrated the Acetyl hydroperoxide solution, the more effective it is as an antimicrobial, but the greater the vapor concentration and so the greater the exposure risk to everyone around.
This highly biocidial oxidizer shows good efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
Microbial Activity: Acetyl hydroperoxide will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in <5 minutes at <100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200-500 ppm is required.
For viruses, the dosage range is wide (12 -2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
Bacterial spores in suspension are inactivated in 15 seconds to 30 minutes with 500 to 10,000 ppm (0.05 to 1%)
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a peroxy acid that is acetic acid in which the OH group is substituted by a hydroperoxy group.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a versatile oxidising agent that is used as a disinfectant.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has a role as an oxidising agent and a disinfectant.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is functionally related to an acetic acid.
Boiling Point: 110 °C
Melting Point: 0 °C
Flash Point: 40.6 °C
Acidity (pKa): 8.2
XLogP3-AA: -0.4
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 76.016043985
Monoisotopic Mass: 76.016043985
Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Complexity: 40.2
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing; as a reagent in making caprolactam and glycerol; as an oxidant for preparing epoxy compounds; as a bleaching agent; a sterilizing agent; and as a polymerization catalyst for polyester resins
Acetyl hydroperoxide is liquid that functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has an acrid odor and is used as a disinfectant.
Production of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced industrially by the autoxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
Acetyl hydroperoxide forms upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a strong acid catalyst:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
As an alternative, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to generate a solution of the acid with lower water content.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is generated in situ by some laundry detergents.
This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED) in the presence of an alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution.
The Acetyl hydroperoxide is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also formed naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidant radicals.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is always sold in solution as a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to maintain its stability.
The concentration of Acetyl hydroperoxide as the active ingredient can vary.
Uses of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency first registered Acetyl hydroperoxide as an antimicrobial in 1985 for indoor use on hard surfaces.
Use sites of Acetyl hydroperoxide include agricultural premises, food establishments, medical facilities, and home bathrooms.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also registered for use in dairy and cheese processing plants, on food processing equipment, and in pasteurizers in breweries, wineries, and beverage plants.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also applied for the disinfection of medical supplies, to prevent biofilm formation in pulp industries, and as a water purifier and disinfectant.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used as a cooling tower water disinfectant, where it prevents biofilm formation and effectively controls Legionella bacteria.
A trade name for Acetyl hydroperoxide as an antimicrobial is Nu-Cidex.
Acetyl hydroperoxide (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a watery solution.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a bright, colorless liquid that has a piercing odor and a low pH value (2,8).
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced by a reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid:
acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide -> Acetyl hydroperoxide
Acetyl hydroperoxide can also be produced by oxidation of acethaldehyde.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is usually produced in concentrations of 5-15%.
When Acetyl hydroperoxide dissolves in water, it disintegrates to hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which will fall apart to water, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide degradation products are non-toxic and can easily dissolve in water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a very powerful oxidant; the oxidation potential outranges that of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
What are the applications of Acetyl hydroperoxide?
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used mainly in the food industry, where it is applied as a cleanser and as a disinfectant.
Since the early 1950’s, acetic acid was applied for bacteria and fungi removal from fruits and vegetables.
Acetyl hydroperoxide was also used for the disinfection of recicled rinsing water for foodstuffs.
Nowadays Acetyl hydroperoxide is applied for the disinfection of medical supplies and to prevent bio film formation in pulp industries.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be applied during water purification as a disinfectant and for plumming disinfection.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is suitable for cooling tower water disinfection; it affectively prevents bio film formation and controls Legionella bacteria.
How does Acetyl hydroperoxide disinfection work?
Acetyl hydroperoxide as a disinfectant oxidizes the outer cell membranes of microorganisms.
The oxidation mechanism consists of electron transfer.
When a stronger oxidant is used, the electrons are transferred to the microorganism much faster, causing the microorganism to be deactivated rapidly.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be applied for the deactivation of a large variety of pathogenic microorganisms.
Acetyl hydroperoxide also deactivates viruses and spores.
Acetyl hydroperoxide activity is hardly influenced by organic compounds that are present in the water.
However, pH and temperature do influence Acetyl hydroperoxide activity.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is more effective when the pH value is 7 than at a pH range between 8 and 9.
At a temperature of 15 °C and a pH value of 7, five times more Acetyl hydroperoxide is required to affectively deactivate pathogens than at a pH value of 7 and a temperature of 35 °C.
Overview to Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a highly biocidal oxidizer that maintains its efficacy in the presence of organic soil.
Acetyl hydroperoxide removes surface contaminants (primarily protein) on endoscopic tubing.
An automated machine using Acetyl hydroperoxide to sterilize medical, surgical, and dental instruments chemically (e.g., endoscopes, arthroscopes) was introduced in 1988.
This microprocessor-controlled, low-temperature sterilization method is commonly used in the United States.
The sterilant, 35% Acetyl hydroperoxide, and an anticorrosive agent are supplied in a single-dose container.
The container is punctured at the time of use, immediately prior to closing the lid and initiating the cycle.
The concentrated Acetyl hydroperoxide is diluted to 0.2% with filtered water (0.2 mm) at a temperature of approximately 50°C.
Microbicidal Activity of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in <5 minutes at <100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200-500 ppm is required.
For viruses, the dosage range is wide (12-2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
Bacterial spores in suspension are inactivated in 15 seconds to 30 minutes with 500 to 10,000 ppm (0.05 to 1%).
Simulated-use trials have demonstrated microbicidal activity,and three clinical trials have demonstrated both microbial killing and no clinical failures leading to infection.
Alfa and co-workers, who compared the Acetyl hydroperoxide system with ETO, demonstrated the high efficacy of the system.
Only the Acetyl hydroperoxide system was able to completely kill 6-log10 of Mycobacterium chelonae, Enterococcus faecalis, and B. atrophaeus spores with both an organic and inorganic challenge.
Like other sterilization processes, the efficacy of the process can be diminished by soil challenges and test conditions.
Uses of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
This automated machine is used to chemically sterilize medical (e.g., GI endoscopes) and surgical (e.g., flexible endoscopes) instruments in the United States.
Lumened endoscopes must be connected to an appropriate channel connector to ensure that the sterilant has direct contact with the contaminated lumen
Acetyl hydroperoxide (CAS No. 79-21-0), also known as peroxyacetic, is an organic chemical compound used in numerous applications, including chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and disinfectant during water treatment.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has also previously been used during the manufacture of chemical intermediates for pharmaceuticals.
Produced by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with an acid catalyst, Acetyl hydroperoxide is always sold in stabilized solutions containing acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and water.
For the food and healthcare industries, Acetyl hydroperoxide is typically sold in concentrates of 1 to 5 percent and is diluted before use.
Many users know Acetyl hydroperoxide to be versatile and effective, and professionals with environmental responsibilities consider it to be environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, which include acetic acid, oxygen, and water.
However, industrial hygienists recognize that Acetyl hydroperoxide is also highly corrosive and a strong oxidizer, and exposure to Acetyl hydroperoxide can severely irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
Also known as peroxyacetic acid Acetyl hydroperoxide is best known for its ability to sanitize surfaces and objects.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is characterized by a very rapid action against all microorganisms."
Acetyl hydroperoxide is considered environmentally friendly due to its decomposition products, including acetic acid, oxygen, and water
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid that, with a pKa value of 8.2 and is weaker than its parent, acetic acid.
Some Acetyl hydroperoxide Uses:
Acetyl hydroperoxide has many applications in healthcare (e.g., cleaning contaminated surfaces and sanitizing surgical instruments).
But Acetyl hydroperoxide's uses go beyond these.
Gnotobiotics:
Gnotobiotics is a form of laboratory research that focuses on pathogens.
Totally germ-free animals are produced and live in sterile conditions for research studies.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used to sterilize the isolation equipment.
Water Purification:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also one of the substances used in the early phases of water treatment to destroy bacteria.
Acetyl hydroperoxide doesn't affect effluent toxicity, so it does not need to be removed like chlorine.
Nor does Acetyl hydroperoxide's use result in toxic residuals, mutagenic, or carcinogenic compounds after disinfection.
The Pulp Industry:
Paper mills and the pulp industry produce extremely large quantities of paper and pulp products each year.
However, paper happens to be the sixth-largest polluting industry and is known for producing toxic paper mill sludge due to the heavy use of chlorine for bleaching.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has been shown as a potentially good alternative to chlorine in paper production and other bleaching processes.
The Food and Beverage Industries:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in food safety, especially in sanitizing fruits and vegetables for consumption and it has been used successfully in the production of both beer and wine.
Great Beer & Brewing, for example, points out that Acetyl hydroperoxide "breaks down readily into acetic acid (acetate), water, and atomic oxygen.
This form of oxygen poses no risk of oxidation to beers that come into contact with it.
These breakdown products are environmentally friendly"
Acetyl hydroperoxide Dangers:
Acetyl hydroperoxide in low concentrations can irritate skin and eyes, as well as cause throat and breathing difficulties.
However, in concentrated form, Acetyl hydroperoxide can cause serious eye and skin damage.
When using manual immersion methods, Acetyl hydroperoxide requires adequate ventilation and personal protective measures like gloves and eye covering.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also flammable and explosive at temperatures above 40.5 degrees Celsius (104.9 Fahrenheit).
There are also environmental risks; for example, Acetyl hydroperoxide is very toxic to aquatic organisms.
To ensure Acetyl hydroperoxide safety, we highly recommend Acetyl hydroperoxide monitors for the appropriate uses.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic acid generated by reacting acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Several commercial formulations are available.
In solution, Acetyl hydroperoxide dissolves and forms back acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used at concentrations of 150–200 ppm on various food-contact surfaces.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is efficient in removing biofilms and works well at colder temperatures.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is believed to function in a similar fashion as other oxidizing agents by reacting with cellular proteins and enzymes.
In a recent study, Acetyl hydroperoxide at 30 mg l−1 was shown to be more efficient than 250 mg l−1 of sodium hypochlorite at removing biofilm cells of S. aureus from stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces.
Another study suggests that Acetyl hydroperoxide sanitizers may have some sporocidal activity against suspended bacterial spores in an aqueous solution on stainless steel surfaces.
However, sporocidal activity was minimal against spores adhering to stainless
Acetyl hydroperoxide is presently utilized in several sterilization procedures.
For the decontamination, disinfection, or sterilization of products, such as isolators and vapor-phase producers, Acetyl hydroperoxide was used.
Acetyl hydroperoxide, which is soluble in water, has a pungent odor and is a colorless liquid.
In the market, Acetyl hydroperoxide exists as a 35% or 40% solution.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is mostly found to be unstable, and easily decomposable (when in contact with oxygen, acetic acid, and other degradation products including hydrogen peroxide and water).
As supplied, Acetyl hydroperoxide is corrosive and has a very irritating smell, similar to vinegar; because of these properties, it is unpleasant to handle, and manual use is not recommended.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is suitable for CIP, as it is nonfoaming.
Acetyl hydroperoxide remains effective in the presence of organic matter and is sporicidal even at low temperatures.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can corrode copper, brass, bronze, plain steel, and galvanized iron, but these effects can be reduced by additives and pH modifications.
Acetyl hydroperoxide will inactivate gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts in less than 5 minutes at less than 100 ppm.
In the presence of organic matter, 200 to 500 ppm is required.
For viruses the dosage range is wide (12 to 2250 ppm), with poliovirus inactivated in yeast extract in 15 minutes with 1500 to 2250 ppm.
A processing system using Acetyl hydroperoxide at a temperature of 50° C to 56° C can be used for processing heat-sensitive semicritical and critical devices that are compatible with the Acetyl hydroperoxide and processing system and cannot be sterilized by other legally marketed traditional sterilization methods validated for that type of device (e.g., steam, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide).
After processing, the devices should be used immediately or stored in a manner similar to that of a high-level disinfected endoscope.
The sterilant, 35% Acetyl hydroperoxide, is diluted to 0.2% with tap water that has been filtered and exposed to ultraviolet light.
Simulated-use trials with the earlier version of this processing system have demonstrated excellent microbicidal activity, and three clinical trials have demonstrated both excellent microbial killing and no clinical failures leading to infection.
Three clusters of infection using the earlier version of the Acetyl hydroperoxide automated endoscope reprocessor were linked to inadequately processed bronchoscopes when inappropriate channel connectors were used with the system.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is composed of an equilibrium of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is thought to act as an oxidising agent, denaturing proteins and disrupting cell walls.
The STERIS System 1E (STERIS Corporation, Mentor, OH) automated system uses Acetyl hydroperoxide diluted in sterile water to rapidly sterilise devices in 20–30 minutes.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be corrosive to some metals, including copper, brass, bronze, steel and galvanised iron, so it must be combined with additives to reduce this effect.
However, an advantage to using Acetyl hydroperoxide is that the liquid sterilant is able to flow through narrow lumens in endoscopes and sterilise them.
As a sterilant, Acetyl hydroperoxide is active against Gram-negative and positive bacteria, fungi and yeasts, but also against viruses and organic matter.
Different doses of sterilant are needed to be effective against each of these organisms.
This technique is to be used to sterilise instruments immediately prior to use; there is no storage of devices sterilised by this method.
Acetyl hydroperoxide was the first germicide used to sterilize isolators and is still used because of its effectiveness, low cost, and compatibility with most plastics.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is effective at low concentrations and temperatures, and, in liquid form, in the presence of organic matter, although it does not penetrate parasite cysts and arthropod eggs.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is available from laboratory chemical suppliers as a liquid containing 40% Acetyl hydroperoxide.
A major advantage of Acetyl hydroperoxide is that it is effective in vapor and liquid phases.
The vapor generated when a 1–2% solution is sprayed at room temperature will inactivate the most resistant bacteria and mold spores within 15 min, and direct application of the liquid achieves the same action within 1 min.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is sometimes used at a concentration of 4%, but there is no evidence from actual gnotobiotic applications that this is more effective than 1.
Optimal sporicidal activity in the vapor phase is achieved at 80% relative humidity.
Acetyl hydroperoxide solution should always be prepared immediately before use, because it loses about half of its strength within 24 h.
Thirty minutes of contact time is sufficient.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is corrosive, and it is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Personnel using Acetyl hydroperoxide should wear gloves, disposable clothing, and a full-face respirator with chemical filter cartridges.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is not considered a carcinogen by the Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or the National Toxicology Program, and it is not genotoxic or mutagenic, although it can be a tumor promoter.
Combining Acetyl hydroperoxide with hydrogen peroxide results in synergistic antimicrobial activity.
Spor-Klenz™ (Steris Life Sciences), a ready-to-use sterilant solution containing 1% hydrogen peroxide and 0.08% Acetyl hydroperoxide, has broad sporicidal efficacy and completely inactivates Mycobacterium spp. after 20 min of contact time at 20°C.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has become an accepted sterilant for gnotobiotics.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an exceptional broad-spectrum biocide and can be used in many industrial fields.
If you are having problems with bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses, Acetyl hydroperoxide offers the right solution to maintain your hygiene standards.
Acetyl hydroperoxide in low concentrations is effective against all types of microorganisms, even at low temperatures.
As a result, Acetyl hydroperoxide stands for safe and environmentally friendly disinfection.
After use, the Acetyl hydroperoxide breaks down into the ecologically harmless products oxygen, water and vinegar.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced by mixing acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide.
In addition to Acetyl hydroperoxide, the resulting liquid concentrate also contains acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, water and stabilizers.
In what fields is Acetyl hydroperoxide used?
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a reliable disinfectant and is used in a wide range of fields:
-Commercial launderettes
-Food and drinks industry
-Agriculture/veterinary hygiene
-Pulp and paper industry
-Water and wastewater treatment
-Hospital hygiene
A powerful and sustainable sanitizer:
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Industries across the globe are dealing with two major trends developing in parallel:
Rising standards for disinfection accompanied by growing environmental scrutiny.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless, liquid organic formulation, responds to both these trends.
As the leading global supplier of high-quality Acetyl hydroperoxide, Solvay draws upon years of experience to formulate this highly effective biocide for use in a growing number of applications:
-Disinfecting and sterilizing equipment and packaging to guarantee food quality and safety
-Protecting animal health and welfare by disinfecting houses and equipment
-Providing Acetyl hydroperoxide for the final treatment step in wastewater purification
-Cleaning and disinfecting industrial laundries used by hospitals and hotels
-Washing fruits, vegetables and meats to protect against harmful pathogens and food spoilage without impacting food quality
-Oxygenating soil through irrigation systems in the agricultural industry
-Protecting against biofouling in paper production
While Acetyl hydroperoxide has a burgeoning, results-based reputation for various applications in sanitation, disinfection and sterilization; it also provides an eco-friendly alternative to harsher products on the market.
Similar to hydrogen peroxide, Acetyl hydroperoxide decomposes into everyday molecules found all around us: water, oxygen and acetic acid ౼ a readily biodegradable molecule.
Key Markets of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
-Aquaculture
-Aseptic Packaging
-Cleaning in Place
-Food & Beverages
-Food Processing
-Laundry
-Pulp & Paper
-Wastewater Treatment
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in numerous applications, including as a chemical disinfectant in healthcare, sanitizer in the food industry, and purifier during water treatment.
Acetyl hydroperoxide’s an often preferred cleaning agent because it leaves no toxic residue and it is no-rinse.
Given Acetyl hydroperoxide’s increasing popularity and use throughout multiple industries, more attention is now being focused on health hazards and associated risks when PAA is used in the workplace.
Moreover, Acetyl hydroperoxide’s ability to become airborne, the varying concentrations that may be used, and the relatively low occupational exposure limits (OELs) mean that if you are going to use PAA, there is an increased need to review company risk assessment procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE) choices for various applications of Acetyl hydroperoxide.
Here, we will take a deeper dive into what Acetyl hydroperoxide is, the hazards employees may face if exposed to it, and controls employers can consider taking to help protect employees
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic compound produced by reacting acetic acid, a component of vinegar, and hydrogen peroxide.
This creates an equilibrium mixture of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and Acetyl hydroperoxide.
The vapor above a Acetyl hydroperoxide solution contains all three of these compounds.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizer and a highly reactive, unstable, volatile peroxide-based molecule for which there is currently no NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) or OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL).
However, there are other established exposure limit values for Acetyl hydroperoxide, which include:
-American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has published a threshold limit value–short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) of 0.4 ppm (1.24 mg/m3)
-EPA’s National Advisory Committee for the Development of Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for Hazardous Substances has published acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs)
-NIOSH has proposed 0.64pm (1.7mg/m3) as an immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) concentration value, which is currently under review
-The state of California HEAC is considering a PEL of 0.2ppm per 8hr TWA
-For more information, please see the technical data bulletin entitled: Worker Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Tips for Acetyl hydroperoxide use in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing.
In terms of potential health effects, Acetyl hydroperoxide may be corrosive to eyes and skin with direct contact and has some volatility, so worker exposure can occur to airborne aerosol and vapor.
Acetyl hydroperoxide Use in Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is commonly used as a broad-spectrum biocide in medical and industrial applications.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a powerful oxidizing agent that kills microorganisms by penetrating the cell wall.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is even effective against anthrax spores.
Acetyl hydroperoxide-containing products can have many applications where pharmaceuticals are manufactured, processed, or administered.
These activities often are accompanied by cleaning, sanitizing, disinfecting, sterilizing, or neutralizing and Acetyl hydroperoxide-containing products may be chosen by facilities for all these tasks.
Increased use of Acetyl hydroperoxide may also occur due to increased public scrutiny and regulatory pressure around contaminated products and worker health.
The nature of these cleaning and disinfecting tasks often means repeatedly using higher Acetyl hydroperoxide concentrations spread over large surface areas, which may result in significant worker exposures.
Keep in mind that these EPA-regulated products must be used according to label directions, which can limit potential opportunities for reducing exposure by changing the way a product is used (such as not spraying when the product label indicates to apply using a sprayer or not maintaining a wet surface for the prescribed contact time).
Air monitoring for Acetyl hydroperoxide can be challenging because it is highly reactive, Acetyl hydroperoxide can quickly degrade, Acetyl hydroperoxide is commonly found with other components, and the lack of a NIOSH or OSHA validated sampling method.
Improvements for monitoring are in demand because of the increased marketplace use of these products and evolving exposure concerns.
Qualitative assessments can be performed that are more academic and based on modeling, though that has proven to be challenging.
Also, quantitative exposure assessments should be conducted where required.
Acetyl hydroperoxide Use in the Food and Beverage Processing Industry
Acetyl hydroperoxide-containing products can have many applications where poultry, meat, vegetables, and beverages are processed.
These activities often are associated with cleaning, sanitizing, or sterilizing and Acetyl hydroperoxidecontaining products may be chosen for all these tasks where appropriate.
Increased use of Acetyl hydroperoxide may also be expected due to increased public scrutiny from food recalls and increasing Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) FDA regulatory pressure around contaminated food products.
What Is Acetyl hydroperoxide?
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidising agent with excellent disinfectant properties.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic acid with an acrid odour, represented by the formula CH3CO3H.
What Is Acetyl hydroperoxide Used For?
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a common disinfection widely used in the food and beverage market and in the healthcare industry.
A more powerful oxidizing agent than its chlorine counterparts, Acetyl hydroperoxide has become increasingly popular since it was first registered as an antimicrobial substance in 1985.
As with all disinfectants, monitoring of residuals and dosing is important to ensure that levels are not too high or low.
However, unlike other common sanitizers, Acetyl hydroperoxide is effective at weakly acidic pH levels and its efficacy is not greatly impacted by temperature.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is described as an efficient “broad spectrum biocidal agent”.
This means that Acetyl hydroperoxide will effectively kill the majority of bacteria, including E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella which all cause food poisoning/gastrointestinal illnesses, and pseudomonas which can cause chest and blood infections.
Just like chlorine, Acetyl hydroperoxide is an oxidizing agent, and works as a disinfectant by damaging the cell walls of microorganisms that are present in the water.
Once the cell wall is damaged, the bacteria will die, and so no longer pose a threat to human/animal health.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is widely used as a disinfectant across the food and beverage industry, including for dairy, meat, poultry, brewing and bottling applications.
To find out about the role of Acetyl hydroperoxide in the poultry industry read our support article What Role Does Disinfection Play in Poultry Processing in the US.
A relatively expensive sanitiser, Acetyl hydroperoxide is popular due to reduced levels of disinfection by-products (DBP) because it breaks down into food-safe and environmentally friendly residues.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is effective in reducing the microbial load of wash water and reducing cross-contamination in food and beverage products.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits concentrations in produce wash water, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates Acetyl hydroperoxide as a general use pesticide.
A study by CEBAS has identified Palintest sensor technology as the best method for testing Acetyl hydroperoxide in produce wash water.
The study compared how 5 different test method measured Acetyl hydroperoxide in four types of wash water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a disinfectant used to kill harmful bacteria from drinking water streams.
Acetyl hydroperoxide produces fewer harmful DBPs than its chlorine counterpart.
Dosing control is critical in drinking water to ensure that the water has been effectively ‘cleaned’ but is not overdosed, posing potential danger, as well as affecting the taste of the final product.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in a similar way to chlorine to help with debulking sludge in wastewater, as well as an effective disinfectant and odour control agent.
For wastewater applications, dosing control is vital to protect aquatic life and the environment.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used in some laundry detergents as a bleaching agent.
As Acetyl hydroperoxide is a more effective bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide is converted to PAA using a catalyst to enhance the cleaning power of the detergent during the wash.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is rapidly tidal at low concentrations against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, molds, and algae under a wide variety of conditions.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also effective against anaerobic and spore forming bacteria.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is affective at killing biofilm microorganisms at low concentrations and short contact times.
Unlike a number of other biocides, the biocidal activity of Acetyl hydroperoxide is not affected by pH or water hardness and biocidal activity is retained even in the presence of organic matter.
For these reasons, Acetyl hydroperoxide is well suited as a biocide in industrial cooling water and papermaking systems.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is compatible with additives commonly used in these systems.
Although Acetyl hydroperoxide is a potent biocide, it is unique in that it does not produce toxic byproducts and its decomposition products, acetic acid, water and oxygen, are innocuous and environmentally acceptable.
INTRODUCTION to Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Demand for microbial growth control is increasing throughout the industrial water treatment sector.
Microbial growth in cooling water, process water, and water purification systems causes reduced heat transfer efficiency, reduced flow, blockages, corrosion, and loss of yield.
The conventional method of controlling microbial growth is through the use of organic biocides.
While organic biocides do inhibit microbial growth, economic and environmental concerns require improved methods.
For these reasons, there is increasing interest in the use of peroxygen compounds as biocides in industrial water treatment applications.
Hydrogen peroxide has received attention over the years as a potential biocide for industrial water treatment applications.
One advantage of using hydrogen peroxide is that no harmful decomposition products preformed.
Factors which have limited these of hydrogen peroxide in industrial water treatment applications include poor activity at low temperatures and concentrations and decomposition by catalase and peroxidase.
It would be desirable to have a biocide with the advantages of hydrogen peroxide but with greater biocidal active and freedom from inactivation by catalase and peroxidase.
The peroxide of acetic acid, peroacetic acid, or Acetyl hydroperoxide is such a biocide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide formulations are equilibrium mixtures containing Acetyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, water and stabilizer.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a more potent biocide than hydrogen peroxide, being rapidly tidal at low concentrations against abroad spectrum of microorganisms.
The biocidal activity of Acetyl hydroperoxide is due to the oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, disulfide bonds, and double bonds in proteins, lipids and other cellular constituents which disrupts the chemiosmotic and transport functions of the cell membrane.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has previously only been used in the U.S. in the food industry at high concentrations (100-500 ppm Acetyl hydroperoxide).
Biodegradable, low residue Acetyl hydroperoxide disinfectant. An effective and versatile oxidising disinfectant which can be used for terminal disinfection (buildings, water systems, pathways etc), fogging and water sanitisation.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is currently allowed under the National Organic Program (NOP) regulations for use in organic crop production, organic livestock production, and in organic food handling.
This report addresses the use of Acetyl hydroperoxide in organic processing and handling, including post-harvest handling of organically produced plant and animal foods.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is currently allowed for use in organic handling in wash water and rinse water, including during post-harvest handling, to disinfect organically produced agricultural products according to FDA limitations, and to sanitize food contact surfaces, including dairy-processing equipment and food-processing equipment and utensils
Acetyl hydroperoxide also known as peroxyacetic acid.
Acetyl hydroperoxide belongs to the group of peroxy acids and arises upon treatment of acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide dissolves in water and is characterised by a strong oxidising effect.
Due to the latter, Acetyl hydroperoxide is used as bleaching agent, but also as disinfectant, e.g. for surface and instrument disinfection.
Acetyl hydroperoxide's spectrum of activity comprises Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Acetyl hydroperoxide's fixating properties in case of organic soils can have drawbacks when used as disinfectant.
Properties of the Substance: Pure anhydrous Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid with a strong, pungent acrid odor.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic substance which is completely miscible with water (water solubility of 1000 g/L at 20 °C) and is also soluble in ether, sulfuric acid and ethanol.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a strong oxidizing agent – stronger than chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is highly unstable and decomposes to its original constituents under various conditions of temperature, concentration and pH.
Acetyl hydroperoxide decomposes violently at 230ºF (110ºC).
Acetyl hydroperoxide diluted with 60% acetic acid, when heated to decomposition, emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Pure Acetyl hydroperoxide is not commercially available because it is explosive.
For this reason it is not technically possible to determine the melting point, boiling point and vapor pressure of pure Acetyl hydroperoxide experimentally.
Estimates based on modeling have been reported as -42 °C for melting point, about 105 °C for boiling point and 32 hPa at 25 °C for vapor pressure.
The properties of commercial Acetyl hydroperoxide solutions vary based on concentrations (ratios) of their components for different grades. The physical and chemical properties of commercial equilibrium grades of 5% - 35% PAA are generally consistent in composition
Specific Uses of Acetyl hydroperoxide: The primary use of Acetyl hydroperoxide is as a bactericide and fungicide, especially in food processing.
The current NOP regulations permit the use of Acetyl hydroperoxide as a disinfectant in wash water and rinse water for raw and processed fruits and vegetables and meat and eggs (direct food contact) according to FDA limitations, and as a sanitizer on food contact surfaces.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be utilized over a wide temperature spectrum (0 to 40ºC), in clean-in-place (CIP) processes, and in carbon dioxide-saturated environments.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can also be used with hard water.
In addition, protein residues do not affect its efficiency.
No microbial resistance to Acetyl hydroperoxide has been reported.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is efficient over a wide spectrum of pH values, from 3.0 to 7.5.
Acetyl hydroperoxide was first registered in the U.S. as a pesticide for use as a disinfectant, sanitizer and sterilant in 1985
Acetyl hydroperoxide preparations usually contain a synthetic stabilizer such as HEDP (1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1- diphosphonic acid) or dipicolinic acid (2,6-dicarboxy-pyridine) to slow the rate of oxidation or decomposition of Acetyl hydroperoxide.
These stabilizers are chelating agents that bind with metal ions and reduce their activity in solution.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is highly soluble in water (1000 g/L at 20ºC) and is also a highly reactive oxidizer.
Based on its vapor pressure, Acetyl hydroperoxide could be expected to exist primarily in the gas phase in the atmosphere.
In air the half-life of Acetyl hydroperoxide is 22 minutes.
The abiotic degradation of Acetyl hydroperoxide increases with temperature and higher pH.
At a temperature of 25 °C and at pH of 4, 7 and 9, the degradation half-life values were 48 hours, 48 hours and less than 3.6 hours, respectively.
Acetyl hydroperoxide exerts its oxidizing effect on contact with reducing materials, breaking down to water and acetic acid.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is also reported to have very low adsorption to soil.
Hydrogen peroxide, its co-active ingredient, also oxidizes on contact, breaking down into water and oxygen.
Acetyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide, therefore, degrade quickly and have low persistence in the environment and on food.
The Technical Report for hydrogen peroxide may be referenced for further information on the persistence or concentration of hydrogen peroxide and its by-products in the environment.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has been found in some instances to have beneficial effects related to environmental contamination.
One study reports Acetyl hydroperoxide to be effective in degrading toxic compounds benzo(a)pyrene and -methylnaphthalene in lake sediments through oxidation of the parent compound.
Acetyl hydroperoxide was readily biodegradable during a biodegradation test when its biocidal effect was prevented.
Acetyl hydroperoxide will be degraded in a sewage treatment plant if the influent concentration is not extremely high.
If effluents generated during the production or use of Acetyl hydroperoxide are treated by a waste water treatment plant, no emission of Acetyl hydroperoxide to the aquatic environment is expected.
Acetic acid, the byproduct of Acetyl hydroperoxide, is also highly soluble, has low adsorption to soil, and biodegrades in water into carbon dioxide and water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide's aerobic soil-half life is reported as an average of 0.05 days.
Thus, Acetyl hydroperoxide also has very low persistence in the environment.
The residual amounts of acetic acid on food sanitized with Acetyl hydroperoxide solutions are expected to be within levels considered acceptable for antimicrobials.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used for chemical sanitation of food surfaces and food contact surfaces.
The objective of chemical sanitation is elimination of microbiological threats to human health in the foods we eat.
The microbial load on foods is determined by practices from farm to fork, including on-farm worker sanitary practices (hand-washing, etc.), animal and poultry husbandry practices (crowding, Salmonella-free laying hens, etc.), animal and poultry slaughtering practices, rapid cooling, harvested produce storage and pest control, and the time interval between harvest and consumption or between harvesting and processing.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is the combination of two important and versatile compounds: hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
The two chemicals combine to form a new compound, Acetyl hydroperoxide.
This is an equilibrium reaction where over a period of hours, Acetyl hydroperoxide is formed in situ by assuming elements of both reagents to form the new compound.
Since Acetyl hydroperoxide is an equilibrium product, it can be formulated to have varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide or acetic acid; it’s important to note however, that the equilibrium product will still contain a measured amount of PAA.
Therefore, many different characteristics can be produced.
For example, some FDA formulated products have very high levels of acid and lower levels of hydrogen peroxide; which reduce the possibility of discoloring the skin of either meat or poultry carcasses that are being treated.
Conversely, other formulations may have a higher percentage of hydrogen peroxide that arrest various microorganisms like yeast and molds.
Benefits of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is regularly used in a variety of industries due to its many benefits.
PERACETIC ACID IS EFFECTIVE AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF MICROORGANISMS
Microbes cost industry billions of dollars per year spent in compromised product.
Microbes contaminate and spoil finished products – everything from food to water systems to paper and paint products.
We’re able to quickly detect and quantitate specific microorganisms.
Acetyl hydroperoxide provides quick results, allowing our customers to act immediately.
Acetyl hydroperoxide breaks down safely to environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) with no toxic byproducts.
PERACETIC ACID PROVIDES EFFECTIVE ODOR CONTROL
Odor control solutions containing Acetyl hydroperoxide do not require multiple chemicals to generate and are considered a more powerful and stable oxidizer than hydrogen peroxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide and Food Production:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used for sanitizing of food contact surfaces, sanitizing and disinfecting of animal premises and as a food processing aid for antimicrobial intervention without imparting odors, colors, or flavors to the finished product.
MEAT APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in process water and ice used to spray, wash, rinse, or dip meat carcasses, parts, trim, and organs; and in chiller water or scald water for meat carcasses, parts, trim, and organs.
POULTRY APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in process water and ice used to spray, wash, rinse, or dip poultry carcasses, parts, trim, and organs; and in chiller water, immersion baths (e.g. Less than 40o f), or scald water for poultry carcasses, parts, trim, and organs.
PROCESSED AND PREFORMED MEAT APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in water, brine, and ice for washing, rinsing, or cooling of processed or pre-formed meat products.
PROCESSED AND PREFORMED POULTRY APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in water, brine, and ice for washing, rinsing, or cooling of processed and pre-formed poultry products.
BRINE, SAUCE, AND MARINADE APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in brines, sauces, and marinades applied either on the surface or injected into processed or unprocessed, cooked or uncooked, whole or cut poultry parts pieces.
SURFACE SAUCES AND MARINADE APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in surface sauces and in marinades applied on processed and pre-formed meat and poultry products.
FISH AND SEAFOOD APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in process water and ice used to commercially prepare fish and seafood.
SHELL EGG APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in process water for washing shell eggs.
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used in process water and ice used for washing or chilling fruits and vegetables.
NUTS AND SEEDS APPLICATIONS
Acetyl hydroperoxide may be used as a spray on seeds for sprouting and on edible seeds and nuts.
APPLICATIONS FOR PERACETIC ACID IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Acetyl hydroperoxide has many applications related to the treatment of process water, cooling water and wastewater.
These may include:
-The treatment of water used in primary or secondary oil and gass recovery systems to control anaerobic sulfide forming bacteria and aerobic slime forming bacteria
-Control of slime forming bacteria and biofouling in recirculating cooling water systems, non-food contact water systems and ornamental or recreation water
-Oil and gas used in the treatment of produced water, cooling water, influent systems, retort water systems, irrigation water systems and wastewater
Acetyl hydroperoxide is one of the few sporicidals that can perform this job safely and effectively.
The key reason for this is that Acetyl hydroperoxide is an effective sporicide at very low concentrations (less than 1%).
Adding to the case of Acetyl hydroperoxide is that the chemical is also listed in <1072> classification as a validated cold sterilant.
So, Acetyl hydroperoxide represents a doubly effective chemistry.
When you consider that the only other chemicals validated as both a sporicidal agent and sterilant by the USP <1072> are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is deployed in a vapor form and at high concentration (far over 10%), and Ethylene oxide, you understand the need for a more user-friendly option.
Acetyl hydroperoxide at 0.015% concentration in a liquid form can be used for daily low level biodecontamination in aseptic rooms replacing bleach (toxic and corrosive), quaternary ammonium, or other low-level biocides.
Advantages of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide has additional benefits which increase its value as an ideal cleanroom sporicidal agent, including:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is fully biodegradable (breaks down into oxygen, water, and acetic acid).
Acetyl hydroperoxide leaves no residual on the surfaces after it evaporates.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be validated as a sterilant even at a very low concentration level.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used in both liquid and/or vapor (dry fog) form, is fully compatible with modern cleanroom materials, and is available at a pharmaceutical grade chemical purity level.
FDA and USP guidelines play a big part in developing pharmaceutical activities in facilities all over the world.
Developing effective, compliant disinfection procedures for the facilities is where the users of disinfectants sometimes get in trouble.
The best course of action for users to save time and money is to follow the recommendations set forth by the USP <1072>, getting the right efficacy, and simplifying the protocols.
When considering the risk vs. the benefits, Acetyl hydroperoxide is one of the better choices for cleanroom disinfection, and it is now being used by more and more biopharma companies.
Acetyl hydroperoxide was first registered as a disinfectant in 1985 by the EPA.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is produced by combining acetic acid (vinegar) and hydrogen peroxide.
The result is a peroxide version of acetic acid (vinegar) that has a very distinctive and a pungent vinegary smell.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a weak acid compared to acetic acid but can be highly corrosive if not used at the appropriate dilutions.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a versatile chemical that can be used in a variety of applications with its main use as a disinfectant product in food and beverage processing/producing plants due to the fact that it leaves no harmful residues and decomposes into harmless by-products.
As a cleaner, Acetyl hydroperoxide performs poorly as it lacks detergency properties.
As alluded to in previous blogs, you may wonder whether increasing the concentration of this acid would benefit its cleaning.
The answer in short is: No.
A higher concentration would not increase its cleaning abilities and in fact would lead to an increase in corrosiveness.
As a germicide, Acetyl hydroperoxide shows fairly strong efficacy against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
Like many disinfectants, the temperature, pH and concentration all play a significant role in determining the antimicrobial properties.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is bactericidal at 10ppm, fungicidal at 30 ppm and virucidal at 400 ppm in a 5 minute contact time.
Furthermore, Acetyl hydroperoxide is sporicidal at concentrations of 3000 ppm.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is more effective at slightly higher temperatures and its germicidal activity increases at higher pH ranges.
Combinations of Acetyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide further boost the efficacy profile, as this blend can prevent the formation of biofilms on hard surfaces.
The method by which Acetyl hydroperoxide attacks pathogens is through the reaction with the cellular walls.
This leads to breakdown of cell membranes and cellular death due to cell content leakage.
An issue regarding Acetyl hydroperoxide usage is its stability.
In the presence of water, Acetyl hydroperoxide breaks down quickly.
This would have a direct affect on the viability of the product over time.
Acetyl hydroperoxide’s safety profile can also be closely correlated to its concentration.
The higher the concentration, the worse the safety profile is.
For example, an in use solution of Acetyl hydroperoxide of 5% has relatively low oral toxicity at this dilution.
However, respiratory issues, including occupational asthma development associated with Acetyl hydroperoxide have been reported.
Further, Acetyl hydroperoxide can strongly sensitize respiratory organs and cause mucus membrane inflammation.
Furthermore Acetyl hydroperoxide is important to be weary of skin and eye exposure as it can cause irritation.
Overall, Acetyl hydroperoxide proper care needs to be taken in its use.
The environmental profile of Acetyl hydroperoxide once again depends on the concentrations encountered.
At high concentrations, Acetyl hydroperoxide can be toxic.
However, in use concentrations do not pose major threats to the environment.
Furthermore, Acetyl hydroperoxide is a readily decomposable substance and breaks down to products that are not considered harmful to the environment.
Cleaning Effectiveness:
Acetyl hydroperoxide has poor cleaning capabilities.
Safety Profile:
Acetyl hydroperoxide has a safe oral toxicity, however, it is sensitizing to the respiratory tract and irritating to skin and the eyes.
Environmental Profile:
Acetyl hydroperoxide readily decomposes and its primary and secondary products are all deemed non-harmful to the environment.
Cost Effectiveness:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is readily available from various manufacturers and can be found in both concentrated and ready-to-use formats.
Properties of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an organic chemical compound that is used in a mixture with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colourless liquid that has a strong vinegar-like odour that can be smelt at very low levels.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a very powerful oxidant, which means that PAA removes electrons from other reactants.
Acetyl hydroperoxide chemical is highly reactive but breaks down to acetic acid (vinegar) and water so it leaves no harmful residue, which makes it the chemical of choice when looking for a food-safe antimicrobial.
The process for using Acetyl hydroperoxide as a disinfectant can simply be defined by a combination of hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid and water.
Acetyl hydroperoxide functions as a disinfectant by oxidizing the outer cell membrane of microbes.
The stronger the solution of Acetyl hydroperoxide, the more effective it is as an antimicrobial, but the more dangerous to everyone around.
This highly biocidal oxidiser removes surface contaminants, such as viruses and spores, in many different ways.
What are the dangers of Acetyl hydroperoxide?
According to NIOSH. Concentrations of 15% or higher, also give rise to fire and explosion hazards and reactivity issues.
It is important to ensure that training and safety precautions for Acetyl hydroperoxide are in place.
Another major concern is that Acetyl hydroperoxide has a pungent vinegar type odour, even at low levels.
If you are working around Acetyl hydroperoxide and do not smell it, it's more than likely it is due to olfactory fatigue.
Olfactory fatigue is also known as nose blindness or odour fatigue.
While making sure the items you're disinfecting are safe, make sure to keep track of Acetyl hydroperoxide safety where you work.
Description of Acetyl hydroperoxide:
Bleaching agent for food starch.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a component of antimicrobial washes for poultry carcasses and fruit.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor reminiscent of acetic acid.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be highly corrosive.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used as a bleaching agent especially for Kraft pulp.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used at weakly acidic pH and relatively low temperature.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a relative efficient and selective bleaching agent, and it is often used as an alternative to chlorine dioxide and elemental chlorine in totally chlorine free bleaching sequences (TCF).
Acetyl hydroperoxide is however relatively expensive, and is difficult to store due to its high reactivity.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a much weaker acid than the parent acetic acid, with a pKa of 8.2.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an ideal antimicrobial agent due to its high oxidizing potential.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is broadly effective against microorganisms and is not deactivated by catalase and peroxidase, the enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide.
Acetyl hydroperoxide also breaks down in food to safe and environmentally friendly residues (acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide), and therefore can be used in non-rinse applications.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used over a wide temperature range (0-40 °C), wide pH range (3.0-7.5), in clean-in-place (CIP) processes, in hard water conditions, and is not affected by protein residues
Where is Acetyl hydroperoxide used?
Workplaces where Acetyl hydroperoxide is used include:
-Meat and poultry processing plants
-Dairy and cheese processing plants
-Healthcare facilities
-Food establishments
-Beverage plants, including breweries and wineries
-Paper and pulp facilities
-Water treatment facilities
-Cooling water towers
Acetyl hydroperoxide or Peroxyacetic Acid is a strong oxidizer useful for high level disinfection and sterilization.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is used as a delignifying and brightening agent in the production of environmentally friendly TCF and ECF pulps.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is an excellent product for post-bleaching of pulps.
High and consistent pulp brightness of the pulp, with good stability, can be achieved via post-bleaching using Acetyl hydroperoxide in storage towers of bleached pulp.
Post-bleaching is an outstanding tool for producing a fiber quality that meets downstream needs.
Mills previously having problems with brightness variation, reaching brightness targets, post-bleach yellowing, and cleanliness of pulp or paper have successfully applied it.
Additionally, a reduction in consumption of optical brighteners and biocides can be obtained with improved retention of wet end chemicals.
The overall costs in the pulp and papermaking process will be reduced with the help of Acetyl hydroperoxide post-bleaching.
Acetyl hydroperoxide application in Wine:
Acetyl hydroperoxide is gaining popularity as a sanitizing agent in the wine industry for its broad microbicidal capacity, and rapid, on-contact efficacy under a range of conditions.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can be used to sanitize a range of surfaces and equipment, including tanks, pumps, lines, and filters, and is non-corrosive to stainless steel at the dilute usage concentrations.
Moreover, Acetyl hydroperoxide is a non-chlorinated cleaning agent, so will not form trichloroanisole (TCA; “cork taint”), which is formed through chlorine–phenol reactivity and enymatic conversion by molds, and also will not add salinity to process water, causing waste disposal problems, and therefore does not carry many of the problems posed by other sanitizing agents, such as trisodium phosphate (TSP).
Acetyl hydroperoxide, the antimicrobial properties of peroxyacetic acid, was first described in 1902.
However, Acetyl hydroperoxide was more than 50 years before PAA was “rediscovered” and commercially introduced.
The long lag time was likely caused by a lack of understanding of how to stabilize Acetyl hydroperoxide solutions and by reports of spontaneous decomposition of highly concentrated solutions.
Today, Acetyl hydroperoxide has become a common choice of sanitizer/disinfectant for breweries because of its broad antimicrobial activity and its “compatibility” with beer.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a clear liquid shipped in specially vented containers similar to those used for bleach and hydrogen peroxide.
In concentrate and strong-use solutions, Acetyl hydroperoxide exhibits a strong, characteristic odor reminiscent of acetic acid or vinegar, especially when handled or agitated.
Acetyl hydroperoxide solutions are produced by mixing acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution, often assisted through a sulfuric acid catalyst.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has a very high oxidation potential and is therefore an ideal antimicrobial agent.
Acetyl hydroperoxide has an extremely broad killing spectrum and is effective against bacteriophages and spores.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is a very effective cold sanitizer and can be used over a wide range of temperatures (0°C–40°C) as well as a wide range of pH (1–7.5).
Acetyl hydroperoxide is non-foaming and therefore an excellent choice for use in cleaning in place applications.
Acetyl hydroperoxide is relatively unstable and breaks down readily into acetic acid (acetate), water, and atomic oxygen.
This form of oxygen poses no risk of oxidation to beers that come into contact with it.
These breakdown products are environmentally friendly and Acetyl hydroperoxide is certified for use in the production of organic beers.
Brewers appreciate the effectiveness of Acetyl hydroperoxide; however, it must be handled carefully because it is highly concentrated and can cause burns
Acetyl hydroperoxide is only available in acidified, stabilized solutions with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid.
The compositions and strengths of the products vary, with active concentrations of Acetyl hydroperoxide typically ranging 5-15 percent/L.
This relatively broad concentration range is the first thing to consider when planning water treatment.
Acetyl hydroperoxide products are used in most of the rearing phases, for egg disinfection and water quality control in hatcheries, raceways, growout tanks and delivery ponds.
Acetyl hydroperoxide can efficiently control parasites, reduce dinoflagellates and suppress fungal infections related to the handling of broodstock.
Acetyl hydroperoxide applications:
Choosing the correct dose of Acetyl hydroperoxide depends on the water composition, fish size, temperature and system design.
Treatment protocols include pulse dosage, where the chemical is added once on a daily basis.
They can also include repetitive additions or continuous low dosage over prolonged periods.
Preferred IUPAC name:
Ethaneperoxoic acid
Other names:
Peroxyacetic acid
Acetic peroxide
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Proxitane
PERACETIC ACID
Ethaneperoxoic acid
79-21-0
Estosteril
Acetic peroxide
Peroxoacetic acid
Monoperacetic acid
Osbon AC
Acetyl hydroperoxide
Proxitane 4002
Desoxon 1
Hydroperoxide, acetyl
Ethaneperoxic acid
Caswell No. 644
UNII-I6KPI2E1HD
HSDB 1106
EINECS 201-186-8
I6KPI2E1HD
BRN 1098464
CHEMBL444965
F50
LCAP
Aceticperoxide
peractic acid
per-acetic acid
acetic acid oxide
Peroxy acetic acid
AcOOH
Acecide
ACMC-20egd0
CH3CO2OH
CH3C(O)OOH
DSSTox_CID_5853
EC 201-186-8
DSSTox_RID_77948
DSSTox_GSID_25853
DTXSID1025853
CTK2H7553
Tox21_112402
BDBM50266095
ZINC38141555
AKOS015837803
C(C)(=[O+][O-])O
DB14556
LS-1775
CAS-79-21-0
SC-46796
ACETIC PEROXIDE
ACETYL HYDROPEROXIDE
DESOXON 1
ESTOSTERIL
ETHANEPEROXOIC ACID
HYDROPEROXIDE, ACETYL
MONOPERACETIC ACID
OSBON AC
OXYPEL
PERACETIC ACID
PERETHANOIC ACID
PEROXOACETIC ACID
PEROXYACETIC ACID
PROXITANE 12A
PROXITANE 1507
PROXITANE 4002
PROXITANE S
