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Activated ACH is an organic compound that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals (including humans) as a neurotransmitter.
Activated ACHs name is derived from its chemical structure: it is an ester of acetic acid and choline.
Activated ACH also effectively coagulates over a broader pH range (as high as5- 9.5) versus traditional metal salts and lower basicity PACl.
CAS Number: 12042-91-0
Molecular Formula: AlClH5O-
Molecular Weight: 83.47
EINECS Number: 234-933-1
Synonyms: Basic aluminum chloride, Aluminum chlorohydroxide, Aluminum chloride, basic, 407PSC3OC7, Aluminum chlorohydrate anhydrous, Aluminum chlorhydrate (Al2(OH)5Cl), Aluminum chlorohydrate (Al2(OH)5Cl), ALUMINUM CHLORHYDROXIDE (AL2(OH)5CL), BASIC ALUMINUM CHLORIDE (AL2(OH)5CL), ICEKING Refresh Armpit, DTXSID8050449, Every Man Jack Sea Salt Antiperspirant, Every Man Jack Cedarwood Antiperspirant, Every Man Jack Sandalwood Antiperspirant, 12042-91-0, 1327-41-9, aluminum chloride hydroxide, Aluminum(III) chloride pentahydroxide, H5Al2ClO5, SCHEMBL1727377, ZGRQKCWNBYXGOB-UHFFFAOYSA-H, AKOS025294168, NS00086067, ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDROXIDE, ALUMINUM CHLOROHYDROXIDE, DIHYDRATE, ALUMINUM HYDROXYCHLORIDE, DIHYDRATE, MACROSPHERICAL(R) 95, BASIC ALUMINUM CHLORIDE, CHLORHYDROL(R), POLYALUMINUM CHLORIDE, aluminum chloride oxide
Activated ACH is a highly polymerized solution of polyaluminum hydroxychloride.
Activated ACH is characterized by having the highest aluminum concentration(23% Al2O3) of any commercially available aluminum based solution.
Activated ACH, the aluminum oxide content is 46% ~ 50%.
Activated ACH at 83% is also the highest available for any polyaluminum based solution.
Basicity refers to the degree of acid neutralization and also represents a measure of how highly polymerized the aluminum in Activated ACH is.
The highly polymerized aluminum species in Activated ACH have much higher cationic charges than the aluminum in standard salts such as alum or aluminum chloride, and even other polyaluminum products.
Activated ACH can offer both a higher level of performance and lower overall dosages.
The high degree of acid neutralization (basicity) also means that the effect on pH when applying ACH will be negligible.
Activated ACH, short for Activated Aluminum Chlorohydrate, is a specially treated and enhanced form of the basic aluminum chlorohydrate compound, which belongs to a group of aluminum-based salts commonly used for their astringent, antiperspirant, and coagulant properties.
This “activated” version undergoes additional processing—such as thermal treatment, purification, or particle size reduction—to improve its performance, making it more effective, more stable in solution, and faster-acting than standard aluminum chlorohydrate.
Parts in the body that use or are affected by acetylcholine are referred to as cholinergic.
Activated ACH is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction.
In other words, it is the chemical that motor neurons of the nervous system release in order to activate muscles.
This property means that drugs that affect cholinergic systems can have very dangerous effects ranging from paralysis to convulsions.
Activated ACH is also a neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system, both as an internal transmitter for both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system, and as the final product released by the parasympathetic nervous system.
Activated ACH is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.
In the brain, Activated ACH functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator.
The brain contains a number of cholinergic areas, each with distinct functions; such as playing an important role in arousal, attention, memory and motivation.
Activated ACH has also been found in cells of non-neural origins as well as microbes.
Recently, enzymes related to its synthesis, degradation and cellular uptake have been traced back to early origins of unicellular eukaryotes.
The protist pathogens Acanthamoeba spp. have shown evidence of the presence of Activated ACH, which provides growth and proliferative signals via a membrane-located M1-muscarinic receptor homolog.
Partly because of acetylcholine's muscle-activating function, but also because of its functions in the autonomic nervous system and brain, many important drugs exert their effects by altering cholinergic transmission.
Numerous venoms and toxins produced by plants, animals, and bacteria, as well as chemical nerve agents such as sarin, cause harm by inactivating or hyperactivating muscles through their influences on the neuromuscular junction.
Drugs that act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, such as atropine, can be poisonous in large quantities, but in smaller doses they are commonly used to treat certain heart conditions and eye problems.
Scopolamine, or diphenhydramine, which also act mainly on muscarinic receptors in an inhibitory fashion in the brain (especially the M1 receptor) can cause delirium, hallucinations, and amnesia through receptor antagonism at these sites.
Activated ACH functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
In the CNS, cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus support the cognitive functions of those target areas.
In the PNS, acetylcholine activates muscles and is a major neurotransmitter in the autonomic nervous system.
Activated ACH in the serum exerts a direct effect on vascular tone by binding to muscarinic receptors present on vascular endothelium.
These cells respond by increasing production of nitric oxide, which signals the surrounding smooth muscle to relax, leading to vasodilation.
In the central nervous system, Activated ACH has a variety of effects on plasticity, arousal and reward.
Activated ACH has an important role in the enhancement of alertness when we wake up, in sustaining attention and in learning and memory.
Damage to the cholinergic (acetylcholine-producing) system in the brain has been shown to be associated with the memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Activated ACH has also been shown to promote REM sleep.
Activated ACH has been implicated in learning and memory in several ways.
The anticholinergic drug scopolamine impairs acquisition of new information in humans and animals.
In animals, disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the neocortex impairs the learning of simple discrimination tasks, comparable to the acquisition of factual information and disruption of the supply of acetylcholine to the hippocampus and adjacent cortical areas produces forgetfulness, comparable to anterograde amnesia in humans.
The disease myasthenia gravis, characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue, occurs when the body inappropriately produces antibodies against acetylcholine nicotinic receptors, and thus inhibits proper acetylcholine signal transmission.
Over time, the motor end plate is destroyed.
Drugs that competitively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (e.g., neostigmine, physostigmine, or primarily pyridostigmine) are effective in treating the symptoms of this disorder.
They allow endogenously released acetylcholine more time to interact with its respective receptor before being inactivated by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft (the space between nerve and muscle).
Activated ACH is a neurotransmitter released at nerve endings in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Activated ACH is a stable cholinergic agonist with muscarinic and nicotinic actions.
Activated ACH is available as white or off-white hygroscopic crystals, or as a crystalline powder.
Activated ACH is hygroscopic in nature and is highly soluble in water, alcohol, propylene glycol and chloroform.
Density: 1.95[at 20℃]
vapor pressure: 0.001Pa at 20℃
InChI: InChI=1S/Al.ClH.H2O.3H/h, 1H, 1H2, , , /p-1
InChIKey: HMVUEGRSFKSLII-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SMILES: [AlH3].[OH-].Cl
Activated ACH is a choline molecule that has been acetylated at the oxygen atom. Because of the charged ammonium group, acetylcholine does not penetrate lipid membranes.
Because of this, when the molecule is introduced externally, it remains in the extracellular space and at present it is considered that the molecule does not pass through the blood–brain barrier.
Activated ACH, injected at 20 mg/kg body weight, reduces mortality and plasma proinflammatory cytokines in mice with experimentally-induced sepsis.
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism is probably mediated by interaction of acetylcholine with α7n cholinoreceptor on monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, which decreases the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.
Activated ACH is synthesized in certain neurons by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase from the compounds choline and acetyl-CoA.
Cholinergic neurons are capable of producing ACh.
An example of a central cholinergic area is the nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal forebrain.
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase converts acetylcholine into the inactive metabolites choline and acetate.
This enzyme is abundant in the synaptic cleft, and its role in rapidly clearing free Activated ACH from the synapse is essential for proper muscle function.
Certain neurotoxins work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, thus leading to excess Activated ACH at the neuromuscular junction, causing paralysis of the muscles needed for breathing and stopping the beating of the heart.
Like many other biologically active substances, Activated ACH exerts its effects by binding to and activating receptors located on the surface of cells.
There are two main classes of acetylcholine receptor, nicotinic and muscarinic.
They are named for chemicals that can selectively activate each type of receptor without activating the other: muscarine is a compound found in the mushroom Amanita muscaria; nicotine is found in tobacco.
Activated ACH receptors are ligand-gated ion channels permeable to sodium, potassium, and calcium ions.
In other words, they are ion channels embedded in cell membranes, capable of switching from a closed to an open state when acetylcholine binds to them; in the open state they allow ions to pass through.
Activated ACH receptors come in two main types, known as muscle-type and neuronal-type.
The muscle-type can be selectively blocked by curare, the neuronal-type by hexamethonium.
The main location of muscle-type receptors is on muscle cells, as described in more detail below.
Activated ACHs are located in autonomic ganglia (both sympathetic and parasympathetic), and in the central nervous system.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have a more complex mechanism, and affect target cells over a longer time frame.
In mammals, five subtypes of muscarinic receptors have been identified, labeled M1 through M5.
All of them function as G protein-coupled receptors, meaning that they exert their effects via a second messenger system.
The M1, M3, and M5 subtypes are Gq-coupled; they increase intracellular levels of IP3 and calcium by activating phospholipase C. Their effect on target cells is usually excitatory.
The M2 and M4 subtypes are Gi/Go-coupled; they decrease intracellular levels of cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase.
Their effect on target cells is usually inhibitory.
Activated ACH receptors are found in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system of the heart, lungs, upper gastrointestinal tract, and sweat glands.
Activated ACH is the substance the nervous system uses to activate skeletal muscles, a kind of striated muscle.
These are the muscles used for all types of voluntary movement, in contrast to smooth muscle tissue, which is involved in a range of involuntary activities such as movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract and constriction of blood vessels.
Skeletal muscles are directly controlled by motor neurons located in the spinal cord or, in a few cases, the brainstem.
These motor neurons send their axons through motor nerves, from which they emerge to connect to muscle fibers at a special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction.
When a motor neuron generates an action potential, it travels rapidly along the nerve until it reaches the neuromuscular junction, where it initiates an electrochemical process that causes Activated ACH to be released into the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber.
The acetylcholine molecules then bind to nicotinic ion-channel receptors on the muscle cell membrane, causing the ion channels to open. Sodium ions then flow into the muscle cell, initiating a sequence of steps that finally produce muscle contraction.
The autonomic nervous system controls a wide range of involuntary and unconscious body functions.
Its main branches are the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.
Broadly speaking, the function of the sympathetic nervous system is to mobilize the body for action; the phrase often invoked to describe it is fight-or-flight.
The function of the parasympathetic nervous system is to put the body in a state conducive to rest, regeneration, digestion, and reproduction; the phrase often invoked to describe it is "rest and digest" or "feed and breed".
Both of these aforementioned systems use acetylcholine, but in different ways.
At a schematic level, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are both organized in essentially the same way: preganglionic neurons in the central nervous system send projections to neurons located in autonomic ganglia, which send output projections to virtually every tissue of the body.
In both branches the internal connections, the projections from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia, use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to innervate (or excite) ganglia neurons.
In the parasympathetic nervous system the output connections, the projections from ganglion neurons to tissues that do not belong to the nervous system, also release acetylcholine but act on muscarinic receptors.
In the sympathetic nervous system the output connections mainly release noradrenaline, although acetylcholine is released at a few points, such as the sudomotor innervation of the sweat glands.
Activated ACH is a neurotransmitter that binds to nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Activated ACH mediates motor function at the neuromuscular junction but also has functions in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Activated ACH is involved in learning and memory through actions at nicotinic AChRs in the CNS.
The actions of acetylcholine are terminated primarily via the action of acetylcholinesterase, which breaks it down into acetate and choline.
Activated ACH mimics the effects of acetylcholine and has been used to determine the function of acetylcholine in various biological processes.
Activated ACH inhibits peptide aggregation of p53 mutants in vitro at micromolar concentrations.
It increases alveolar fluid clearance in a dose-dependent manner and enhances Na+/K+-ATPase activity, effects which are blocked by atropine, in a mouse model of pulmonary edema.
In chemical terms, Activated ACH is an inorganic polymer with the general formula AlₙCl(3n–m)(OH)m, and it has a high aluminum-to-chloride ratio, which contributes to its strong binding capacity and reactivity.
The "activated" version of ACH typically exhibits a higher charge density and greater surface activity, allowing it to form stronger complexes with water, sweat, proteins, or suspended solids, depending on the application.
Uses:
Activated ACH is used by organisms in all domains of life for a variety of purposes.
It is believed that choline, a precursor to acetylcholine, was used by single celled organisms billions of years ago for synthesizing cell membrane phospholipids.
Following the evolution of choline transporters, the abundance of intracellular choline paved the way for choline to become incorporated into other synthetic pathways, including acetylcholine production.
Activated ACH is used by bacteria, fungi, and a variety of other animals.
Many of the uses of acetylcholine rely on its action on ion channels via GPCRs like membrane proteins.
One of the most prominent and well-established uses of Activated ACH is in the formulation of high-efficacy antiperspirant products, including clinical-strength roll-ons, sprays, gels, and creams, which are specifically designed for individuals who experience excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) or require long-lasting protection under intense physical or emotional stress.
The "activated" form of aluminum chlorohydrate works more effectively because it has been chemically optimized to exhibit faster reactivity and deeper penetration into the skin, allowing it to quickly form gel-like plugs within the sweat ducts, which in turn helps to block the flow of perspiration to the surface of the skin.
Due to its improved solubility and stability, Activated ACH is also ideal for low-residue or invisible formulas, meaning it can be used in products that don’t leave white marks or cause staining on clothes, which is a major concern with older aluminum salts.
Furthermore, many prescription-strength antiperspirants—especially those recommended for night use—contain Activated ACH due to its enhanced ability to reduce sweat production overnight, which helps patients manage localized hyperhidrosis on the underarms, hands, feet, or face.
Another major application of Activated ACH is in water purification and treatment systems, where it functions as a high-performance inorganic coagulant that helps remove suspended solids, organic matter, bacteria, and even trace heavy metals from drinking water or industrial wastewater.
Because the activated version of Activated ACH has a higher charge density and greater surface area, it can bind more effectively with impurities, causing them to clump together (in a process known as flocculation) so they can be easily filtered or settled out of the water.
Its high efficiency allows water treatment plants to achieve better clarity with lower chemical dosages, which not only reduces costs but also produces less sludge, making it a more environmentally friendly option.
Activated ACH is widely used in municipal water systems, paper and pulp manufacturing, textile dyeing operations, and food and beverage processing facilities, where maintaining clean, safe water is essential to operations.
In the medical field, Activated ACH is also used in dermatological treatments, particularly for managing primary or secondary hyperhidrosis, a condition in which patients suffer from abnormally excessive sweating unrelated to temperature or activity.
Topical pharmaceutical formulations that contain activated ACH are often prescribed by dermatologists for localized treatment, especially when over-the-counter antiperspirants fail to control the condition.
Its fast action, low irritation potential, and powerful sweat-blocking capacity make it suitable for application to sensitive areas such as the underarms, palms, soles of the feet, forehead, and groin.
Activated ACH is used in combination with other treatments such as iontophoresis or botulinum toxin (Botox) for more comprehensive management of severe sweating.
In the cosmetics industry, Activated ACH is occasionally used in oil-control skincare products, including mattifying primers, setting sprays, and pore-refining treatments, especially those formulated for oily or combination skin types.
Its astringent properties allow it to temporarily tighten the skin, reduce pore visibility, and help maintain a shine-free appearance throughout the day by absorbing excess oil and moisture on the skin’s surface.
Activated ACH may also be found in certain body wipes, deodorizing powders, or refreshing mists that are designed for on-the-go sweat and odor control, especially in hot or humid climates.
In some products marketed for use during sports or outdoor activities, Activated ACH enhances the skin’s dryness without the heaviness or residue of older antiperspirants.
Because of its powerful moisture-absorbing and antibacterial-supportive effects, Activated ACH is also used in hygiene-related formulations, including cleansing wipes, feminine hygiene sprays, foot powders, and odor-control insoles or sprays.
In these products, it helps to control odor by reducing moisture, which limits the growth of odor-causing bacteria on the skin or in shoes, garments, or sports gear.
Some household or personal hygiene sprays, such as those used in gyms, hospitals, or shoe storage, may also include low concentrations of Activated ACH to help neutralize sweat-based odors in fabrics or surfaces that are prone to bacterial build-up.
Safety Profile:
Although Activated ACH is considered safe for general use in cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparations, especially when formulated properly, it can still cause mild to moderate skin irritation in some individuals—particularly those with sensitive skin, eczema, or a history of contact dermatitis.
Because activated forms are often more chemically reactive than non-activated versions, they can penetrate the upper layers of the skin more easily, which may result in redness, itching, stinging, or dryness, especially if applied to broken, shaved, or freshly waxed skin.
The irritation risk increases with frequent application or when used in high concentrations, such as in clinical-strength or prescription formulations.
Activated ACH, especially in aerosol or spray formulations, poses a risk of eye contact, which can lead to mild to moderate irritation.
If the compound accidentally gets into the eyes, it may cause burning sensations, tearing, redness, or temporary blurred vision. Although these symptoms are usually reversible, immediate rinsing with clean water is recommended, and prolonged exposure should be avoided.
For this reason, caution should be taken when applying products containing ACH around the face or when using sprays in enclosed spaces.
When used in aerosol sprays, powders, or fine mists, Activated ACH can be inhaled into the respiratory tract, particularly if used in poorly ventilated areas.
Inhalation of aluminum-containing particles may lead to throat irritation, coughing, sneezing, or shortness of breath, particularly in people with asthma, chronic bronchitis, or respiratory sensitivities.
Although typical consumer exposure levels are low, long-term inhalation in industrial or occupational settings has raised concerns about potential lung tissue accumulation and inflammation.
Regulatory authorities, including the FDA and European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, recommend avoiding direct inhalation of aerosolized aluminum compounds, especially in spray antiperspirants.
