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ADIPIC ACID

Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. It is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.

CAS NO:124-04-9
EC NO:204-673-3

SYNONYMS:
adipic acid; hexanedioic acid; 124-04-9; Adipinic acid; 1,4-Butanedicarboxylic acid; Adilactetten; Acifloctin; Acinetten; 1,6-Hexanedioic acid; Molten adipic acid; Kyselina adipova; Adipinsaure [German]; Acide adipique [French]; Kyselina adipova [Czech]; Hexanedioate; Adipinsaeure; Adi-pure; UNII-76A0JE0FKJ; NSC 7622; MFCD00004420; Adipic acid [NF]; Adipic acid, 99%; Hexan-1,6-dicarboxylate; 76A0JE0FKJ; butane-1,4-dicarboxylic acid; 1,6-HEXANE-DIOIC ACID; CHEBI:30832; NSC7622; Adipic acid (NF); NCGC00091345-01; E355; hexane-1,6-dioic acid; DSSTox_CID_1605; DSSTox_RID_76232; DSSTox_GSID_21605; Adipinsaure; Acide adipique; FEMA Number 2011; CAS-124-04-9; CCRIS 812; FEMA No. 2011; HSDB 188; EINECS 204-673-3; BRN 1209788; Adipinate; adipic-acid; Molten adipate; AI3-03700; adipic acid group; hexane dioic acid; 1,6-Hexanedioate; 0L1; Neopentyl Glycol Flake; ADIPIC-DB ACID; ACMC-1BBQS; Adipic acid-[13C6]; C6-140-polymorph-I; C6-180-polymorph-I; C6-220-polymorph-I; C6-260-polymorph-I; C6-298-polymorph-I; 1, 6-Hexanedioic Acid; Adipic acid, >=99%; WLN: QV4VQ; bmse000424; EC 204-673-3; SCHEMBL4930; Adipic acid-1,6-13C2; CHEMBL1157; NCIOpen2_001004; NCIOpen2_001222; HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH; Adipic acid, >=99.5%; 4-02-00-01956 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); BIDD:ER0342; INS No. 355; Hexanedioic-d8 acid-d2(9CI); DTXSID7021605; Adipic acid, puriss., 99.8%; Pharmakon1600-01301012; NSC-7622; ZINC1530348; Tox21_111118; Tox21_202161; Tox21_300344; ANW-18185; BBL011615; LMFA01170048; NSC760121; SBB040846; STL163338; AKOS000119031; Tox21_111118_1; CCG-230896; CS-W018238; HY-W017522; MCULE-1336748609; NE10314; NSC-760121; Hexanedioic-2,2,5,5-d4acid (9CI); NCGC00091345-02; NCGC00091345-03; NCGC00091345-04; NCGC00091345-05; NCGC00254389-01; NCGC00259710-01; AC-10343; BP-21150; BP-30248; Hexanedioic Acid, Butanedicarboxylic Acid; 101-EP2269610A2; 101-EP2269988A2; 101-EP2270002A1; 101-EP2270008A1; 101-EP2270113A1; 101-EP2272935A1; 101-EP2275413A1


Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. It is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.Adipic acid is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is the 1,4-dicarboxy derivative of butane. It has a role as a food acidity regulator and a human xenobiotic metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of an adipate(1-).Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid. It is insoluble in water. The primary hazard is the threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. It is used to make plastics and foams and for other uses.Monoclinic prisms from ethyl acetate, water, or acetone and petroleum ether.Slightly soluble in water. Freely soluble in ethanol.Stable under recommended storage conditions.Melts and may decompose to give volatile acidic vapors of valeric acid and other substances.Corrosion rate for ASTM grade 2 Titanium: 0.0 mm/yr at 232 °C for 67% (wt) concn.Absorbed adipic acid is primarily excreted in the urine unchanged or in the breath of carbon dioxide.Radioactive adipic acid was fed to fasted experimental rats and the metabolic products identified in the urine were urea, glutamic acid, lactic acid, beta-ketoadipic acid, and citric acid. The presence of beta-ketoadipic acid provided some evidence that adipic acid is metabolized by beta-oxidation in much the same fashion as fatty acids. Further evidence was provided by the appearance of succinate in the urine of rats fed radioactive (14)C-adipic acid and injected with malonic acid. The presence of radioactive acetyl-gamma-phenyl-alphaaminobutyric acid after feeding gamma-phenyl-alpha-aminobutyric acid and (14)C-labeled adipic acid provided very strong evidence that acetate is a metabolite of adipic acid. Radioactive glycogen was isolated following feeding of glucose and radioactive adipic acid.Adipic acid is a colorless or white crystalline solid. It is odorless and has a sour taste. It is very soluble in water. Adipic acid is present in some plants and is a chemical in tobacco and tobacco smoke. USE: Adipic acid is a commercially important chemical used during the production of nylon, plastics, lubricants, adhesives, and polyurethane foam. Adipic acid is also used in baking powders instead of cream of tartar and other foods. It is an ingredient in some laundry detergents and may be present in some hair care products. Adipic acid is also a component of hydraulic fracturing fluid. EXPOSURE: Workers in industries that use or produce adipic acid may be exposed through skin contact or breathing in air containing adipic acid dusts. The general population may be exposed to adipic acid by eating foods or having contact with consumer products containing adipic acid. Exposure may also occur by smoking cigarettes or breathing air containing adipic acid. If adipic acid is released to the air, it will be degraded by reactions with other chemicals or bind to particles that will eventually fall to the ground. It will not bind to particles in soil and water and is expected to move through soil. It is not expected to move into the air from soil or water surfaces. It will be degraded by microorganisms in soil and water. It is not expected to build up in aquatic organisms. RISK: Skin, eye, and respiratory irritation or burns can occur with exposure to adipic acid as a solid, in a solution, or as dust particles in the air. Bronchial asthma has been reported in a couple case studies of workers exposed to adipic acid. Severe diarrhea, stomach and intestinal lesions, liver damage, and bleeding in the lung were seen in laboratory animals given high-to-very high oral doses of adipic acid. Some animals died after very high oral doses. No health problems were observed in laboratory animals after repeated ingestion of low-to-moderate doses or repeated exposure to moderate levels of adipic acid in air. Birth defects were not increased in offspring of laboratory animals given high oral doses of adipic acid during pregnancy. The effect of adipic acid on fertility has not been assessed in laboratory animals. No evidence of cancer was found in laboratory rats fed moderate levels DCHP for their lifetime. The potential for adipic acid to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens.The major markets for adipic acid include use as feedstocks for nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols and plasticzers.Applications documented for adipic acid are as a lubricant additive in coatings, and foams, and in shoe soles, as tanning agent in leather industry, pH regulator in processes such as in the production of cleaning agents, pelletizing agent in disinfectant pills for drinking water, additive in flue gas sulfurization, in the coating of dishwashing machine tablets and as an additive in chemicals.As an acidulant in dry powdered food mixtures, especially in those products having delicate flavors & where addition of a tang to the flavor is undesirable./Adipic acid/ addition to foods imparts a smooth, tart taste. In grape-flavored products, it adds a lingering supplementary flavor and gives an excellent set to food powders containing gelatin ... For concentrations /of adipic acid ranging/ from 0.5-2.4 g/100 mL, the pH ... varies less than half a unit. ... pH is low enough to inhibit browning of most fruits and other foodstuffs.Adipic acid condenses with hexamethylenediamine in water or methanol to form hexamethylenediammonium adipate, the nylon salt of nylon 6,6.Used in production of ester lubricants.Used in the preparation of tetracyclates.Adipic acid imparts flexibility in the alkyd structure and is primarily used in alkyds designed for application as plasticizers.Manufacture artificial resins, plastics (nylon), urethane foams. Buffering agent. Used as acidulant in baking powders instead of tartaric acid, cream of tartar and phosphate because adipic acid is not hygroscopic. As an intermediate in lubricating oil additives.Adipic acid has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a gelling agent.Both oil base and water base fracturing fluids are being used in the fracturing industry. Water base, which includes alcohol-water mixtures and low strength acids, make up the majority of treating fluids. The common chemicals added to these fluids are polymers for viscosity development, crosslinkers for viscosity enhancement, pH control chemicals, gel breakers for polymer degradation following the treatment, surfactants, clay stabilizers, alcohol, bactericides, fluid loss additives and friction reducer.Commercially important processes ... employ two major reaction stages. The first reaction stage is the production of the intermediates cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, usually abbreviated as KA, KA oil, ol-one, or anone-anol. The KA (ketone, alcohol), after separation from unreacted cyclohexane (which is recycled) and reaction by-products, is then converted to adipic acid by oxidation with nitric acid.Two companies Verdezyne and Rennovia are developing bio-based adipic acid production. Verdezyne uses genetically modified enzymes to ferment glucose to adipic acid. ... Rennovia uses air oxidation to convert glucose to glucaric acid, followed by hydrodeoxygenation to convert glucaric acid to adipic acid.Oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, or cyclohexanone with air or nitric acid.80% FOR NYLON 6,6 FIBERS; 5% FOR NYLON 6,6 PLASTICS; 4% FOR POLYURETHANE RESINS; 4% FOR PLASTICIZERS AND SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS; 0.5% FOR FOOD ADDITIVES; 0.5% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS INCLUDING POLYESTER RESINS (1971).CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic acid. Total nylon 66, 87% (reactant for nylon 66 fibers, 77%; reactant for nylon 66 resins, 10%); polyurethane resins, 4%: plasticizers, 3%; miscellaneous including food and polyester resin uses, 2%; exports, 3%.CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic acid. Demand: 1985: 1.5 billion lb; 1986: 1.68 billion lb; 1987: 1.66 billion lb.CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic Acid. Total nylon 6/6, 88% (reactant for nylon 6/6 fibers, 77%; reactant for nylon 6/6 resins, 11%); polyurethane resins, 3%; plasticizers, 2.5%; exports, 4.5%: miscellaneous, including food and polyester resin uses, 2%.CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic acid. Demand: 1988: 1.64 billion lb; 1989: 1.65 billion lb; 1993 /projected/: 1.85 billion lb. (Includes exports, but not imports, which totaled 42 million lb last year.)CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic acid, Demand: 1.8 billion pounds, 1994; 1.85 billion pounds, 1995; 2 billion pounds /projected/, 1999 (Demand is for the US and includes exports, which were 125 million pounds in 1994, but not imports which were 110 million pounds.)CHEMICAL PROFILE: Adipic acid, Uses: Nylon 6/6, 85 % (fibers, 75%; resins, 10%); polyurethane resins, 8%; plasticizers, 3%; miscellaneous, including unsaturated polyester resins and food applications, 4%.Nylon 6,6 accounts for 85% of the total adipic acid demand. The other applications are polyurethane (5%), adipic esters (4%), and other (6%).Hexanedioic acid is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Hexanedioic acid. Aggregated National Production Volume: 1 billion pounds and greater.Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Hexanedioic acid. National Production Volume: 1,829,428,840 lb/yr.Each year, an estimated 35,000 wells are hydraulically-fractured in the U.S. Although the oil and gas extraction industry as a whole has a relatively higher fatality rate compared to most of the U.S. general industry... there is currently no worker injury/illness or fatality data publicly available for hydraulic fracturing or flowback operations. Regardless of the availability of data, more workers are potentially exposed to the hazards created by hydraulic fracturing and flowback operations due to the large increase in the number of these operations in the past decade. /Hydraulic fracturing/Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipic acid in cracking candy and soft drinks (food additive).Chromatographic determination of the esters has also become the method of choice for determining adipic acid in oxidation mixtures, synthetic fatty acid mixtures, and synthetic polyamides.Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of adipate content of acetylated di-starch adipate was studied.The analytical procedures for food-grade adipic acid are described .... Assay is by direct titration. ... Ash is determined gravimetrically as the residue remaining after ashing 100 g of adipic acid at 850 °C in a platinum dish.Inhalation of vapor irritates mucous membranes of the nose and lungs, causing coughing and sneezing. Contact with liquid irritates eyes and has a pronounced drying effect on the skin; may produce dermatitis. (USCG, 1999)Behavior in Fire: Melts and may decompose to give volatile acidic vapors of valeric acid and other substances. Dust may form explosive mixture with air.Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.Combustible when exposed to heat or flame.Dust: Irritating to eyes, nose, and throat. Solid: Irritating to skin and eyes.Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air. If dry, it can be charged electrostatically by swirling, pneumatic transport, pouring, etc.Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)Accidental release measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.Environmental considerations- land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.Environmental considerations- water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.Electrochemical measurements have been made on the system Cu(2+), adipic acid, nitric acid (which models the effluent from adipic acid plants) to investigate the reasons for the observed low current efficiency for copper deposition from such soln. The most probable cause is a cathodic shift in the deposition potential of copper making the reduction of NO3- the preferred process. Depletion experiments have been carried out on real effluent in two three-dimensional cells, a bipolar trickle tower and a porous reticulated carbon bed. Each performs reasonably well and, while the current efficiencies are low (about 20%), the deposition is essentially mass-transfer controlled.Neutralizing agents for acids and caustics: Rinse with dilute ... soda ash solution.Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.Adipic acid is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for adipic acid: Biological treatment.Landfill, incineration: Material can be burned in an approved incinerator.Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.Although there are no special precautions in the normal handling of adipic acid, good industrial housekeeping practices, personal hygiene, and avoidance of prolonged and repeated skin or eye contact is indicated.Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non Combustible Solids.Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the aerosol may cause asthmatic reactions.Normal protection against exposure to finely divided organic solids (rubber gloves, plastic goggles).ADIPIC ACID is a carboxylic acid. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions. Behavior in Fire: Melts and may decompose to give volatile acidic vapors of valeric acid and other substances.This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Adipic acid is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.Adipic acid is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).Adipic acid is white crystalline solid. The major markets for adipic acid include use as feedstocks for nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols and plasticzers. Nylon 6,6 fibers and engineering resins accounted for approximately 85% of total adipic acid consumption in 2011. Polyester polyols and plasticizers, which combined accounted for 24-32% of global adipic acid consumption in 2010 . Other applications documented for adipic acid are as a lubricant additive in coatings, and foams, and in shoe soles, as tanning agent in leather industry, pH regulator in processes such as in the production of cleaning agents, pelletizing agent in disinfectant pills for drinking water, additive in flue gas sulfurization, in the coating of dishwashing machine tablets and as an additive in chemicals. Adipic acid has been identified as being used in hydraulic fracturing as a gelling agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Adipic acid exhibits an asthma hazard index of 0.75 using the chemical asthma hazard assessment program. Substances with indices of >0.5 have a high probability of being an asthmagen. Threshold for irritation of the human eye was 20 mg/cu m. ANIMAL STUDIES: Adipic acid is slightly toxic on acute exposure but produces moderate to severe eye irritation in rabbits (20 mg/24 hr). High concentrations of adipic acid can cause persistent pulmonary structural and functional alterations. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Adipic acid is slightly to moderately toxic to fish, daphnia, and algae in acute tests.Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation. We present the first case of occupational asthma to colophony-free solder wire containing an adipic acid flux, previously only reported in a pharmaceutical factory worker who was in contact with spiramycin powder. The 43-yr-old female presented with rhinitic symptoms in 1992. She had worked as a solderer and desolderer of alternator parts since June 1989. The process used a colophony-free solder wire containing an adipic acid flux from 1996, but, when desoldering, colophony fluxes may still have been present. From 1998, she experienced a gradual onset of breathlessness and chest tightness, which she noticed was affecting her keep-fit. She had had no asthma, hay fever or eczema in childhood, and there was no family history of these conditions. She was a lifelong nonsmoker and gave negative skin-prick test results to common environmental allergens. She started to show nocturnal waking and shortness of breath in the morning, feeling better on days away from work, particularly on holiday. She also noticed that she felt better when not soldering at work. She carried out serial peak expiratory flow measurements four times daily for a total of 4 weeks. When plotted using the Oasys program, they showed work-related changes, with an Oasys score of 3.1 (probable occupational asthma; a score of >2.50 has a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 94% for occupational asthma diagnosis) and an area between the curves (ABC) score of 15 L/min x hr (an ABC score of >/= 15 L/min x hr has a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 100%). She was admitted for specific inhalation challenge testing to colophony- and adipic-acid-fluxed solder wires. She melted /about/ 1 m of solder wire (using an iron heated to 170 °C) over three challenges, totalling 30 min for the colophony-containing wire and 12 min for the adipic acid wire. ... She exhibited a late asthmatic reaction after the adipic acid exposure, with her forced expiratory volume in 1 sec falling by a maximum of 28% from baseline. She showed no reaction to the colophony-fluxed solder wire. Her methacholine reactivity before challenge was 3,450 ug methacholine (normal) using the method of Yan et al., halving following adipic acid wire challenge to 1,729 ug (mildly hyperreactive). Adipic acid exhibits an asthma hazard index of 0.75 using the chemical asthma hazard assessment program. Substances with indices of >0.5 have a high probability of being an asthmagen. Other non-colophony-based fluxes, such as palmitic acid and dodecanedioic acid, also have high hazard indices (0.92 and 0.94, respectively). On follow-up, the worker had joined a different company as a toilet cistern assembler. She still showed significant asthma, with occasional nocturnal wakening and a St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score of 50.8. Her methacholine reactivity was normal at >4,800 ug. Thus adipic-acid-fluxed solder wire is a new cause of occupational asthma.Two cases of bronchial asthma due to spiramycin in workers of a pharmaceutical factory are reported. The subjects complained of cough, breathlessness and symptoms of asthma at work when coming into contact with spiramycin's powder. The symptoms cleared when away from work for more than 3 or 4 days. Inhalation challenge tests by aerosolization of solutions of spiramycin reproduced asthmatic reactions dual in type in both patients, the immediate component of the response has not been previously described for this antibiotic. Furthermore, one of the patients developed an immediate asthmatic reaction also after inhalation of a solution of adipic acid, and additive to bind spiramycin and diminish its irritant action. The reaction was obtained at a non-irritant concentration of the acid, was reproducible and inhibited by previous administration of sodium cromoglycate: this finding and the failure to elicit the reaction in the other patient suggest a hypersensitivity reaction to this substance.Adipic acid's production and use as a feedstock in the manufacture of nylon 6,6 resins and fibers, polyester polyols, plasticizers, and lubricant additives and as a food acidulant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an ingredient if hydraulic fracturing fluids will result in its direct release to the environment. Adipic acid can be released into the environment via burning of biomass and motor exhaust. Adipic acid is a chemical constituent of tobacco smoke. Adipic acid is found in beet juice and tobacco and can be formed in the ambient atmosphere via photooxidation of olefins and hydrocarbons. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.27X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates adipic acid will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase adipic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 days. Particulate-phase adipic acid will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, adipic acid is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 24. The pKa values of adipic acid are 4.44 and 5.44, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.8X10-12 atm-cu m/mole. Adipic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation screening tests indicate that adipic acid is readily biodegradable in soil and water. A CO2 evolution of 84% was observed after 30 days aerobic incubation in a soil flask test. If released into water, adipic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in the water column based on its estimated Koc. Adipic acid was rapidly degraded in a river die-away test with 50% and 90% degradation being achieved in 3.5 and 7 days, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to adipic acid may occur through inhalation of dust particles and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where adipic acid is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to adipic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of foods and dermal contact with consumer products containing adipic acid.Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed) Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective. Do not attempt to neutralize, because of exothermic reaction. cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressing after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

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