AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

CAS No.: 7727-54-0
EC No.: 231-786-5

Synonyms:
AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AP; APS; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; PER; Ammonium persulfate; 7727-54-0; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; Diammonium persulfate; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammoniumpersulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; UNII-22QF6L357F; CCRIS 1430; Persulfate d'ammonium [French]; PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT; EINECS 231-786-5; UN1444; 22QF6L357F; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent; HSDB 7985; Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; ammonium persuiphate; ammonium per sulphate; ammonium peroxidisulfate; ammonium persulphate-d8; ACMC-209shx; Ammonium peroxydisulphate; DSSTox_CID_9691; EC 231-786-5; DSSTox_RID_78810; DSSTox_GSID_29691; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; KSC377E8T; H8N2O8S2; DTXSID9029691; CTK2H7289; KS-00000W9M; Tox21_201161; ANW-41203; AKOS025243328; LS-2430; NCGC00258713-01; K346; SC-46807; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; CAS-7727-54-0; DB-056201; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2); AMMONIUM PEROXODISULFATE; AMMONIUM PEROXODISULPHATE; AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE; AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE, POUCHES; AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE; AP; APS; PER; PEROXIDISULFURIC ACID; diammoniumperoxydisulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; diammoniumperoxydisulphate; diammoniumpersulfate; diammoniumproxydisulfate; diammoniumproxydisulphate; peroxydisulfuricacid([(ho)s(o)2]2o2),diammoniumsalt; Peroxydisulfuricacid,diammoniumsalt; peroxydisulphuricacid,diammoniumsalt; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULPHATE; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; diammonium peroxodisulphate; ammonium persulphate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; Diammonium persulfate; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2); Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; Peroxydisulfuric acid, diammonium salt; Persulfate d'ammonium; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; ammoniumpersulfaatti (fi); Ammoniumpersulfat (de); Ammooniumpersulfaat (et); ammónium-perszulfát (hu); amonija persulfāts (lv); amonijev peroksodisulfat (sl); amonio persulfatas (lt); amoniu persulfat (ro); amónium-persulfát (sk); diammoniumperoksodisulfaatti (fi); diammoniumperoksodisulfat (no); diammoniumperoxodisulfaat (nl); diammoniumperoxodisulfat (da); Diammooniumperoksodisulfaat (et); diammónium-peroxodiszulfát (hu); diamonija peroksidisulfāts (lv); diamonijev peroksodisulfat (hr); diamonio peroksodisulfatas (lt); diamoniu peroxodisulfat (ro); diamonium-peroxodisulfát (cs); nadtlenodisiarczan(VI) diamonu (pl); AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; peroksodisiarczan(VI) diamonu (pl); perossodisolfato di diammonio (it); peroxodissulfato de diamónio (pt); peroxodisulfate de diammonium; persulfate d'ammonium (fr); peroxodisulfato de diamonio (es); peroxodisíran amonný (cs); peroxodisíran amónny (sk); Υπερθειικο αμμώνιο (el); υπεροξοδιθειικό διαμμώνιο (el); амониев персулфат (bg); диамониев пероксoдисулфат (bg); Diammonium persulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium saltpersulfated’ammonium; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; [(Sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxydanide de diammonium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 231-786-5 [EINECS]; 7727-54-0 [RN]; ammonium peroxodisulfate; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; ammonium peroxydisulphate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; ammonium persulphate; APS; Diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Diammonium peroxodisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; DIAMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Diammonium persulphate; Diammonium-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; MFCD00003390 [MDL number]; Persulfate d'ammonium [French]; SE0350000; [7727-54-0]; 398469-95-9 [RN]; ACS, 98.0%; ammonium per sulfate; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [oxidizer]; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; Ammonium persulfate, ACS reagent; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; Ammonium persulphate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; ammoniumpersulfate; azane; sulfooxy hydrogen sulfate; diammonium O-(sulfonatoperoxysulfonyl)oxidanidolate; diammonium O-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanidolate; diammonium sulfato sulfate; diammonium sulfonatooxy sulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; diammonium[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide; diazanium and sulfonatooxy sulfate; diazanium sulfonatooxy sulfate; diazanium;sulfonatooxy sulfate; EINECS 231-786-5; O-[(sulfoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanol diamine; Peroxydisulfuric acid; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2); Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; peroxydisulfuric acid diamine; Peroxydisulfuric acid, diammonium salt; 过硫酸铵 [Chinese]; Ammonium persulfate; 7727-54-0; Ammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulfate; Diammonium peroxodisulphate; Diammonium persulfate; Ammonium peroxodisulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; Ammoniumpersulfate; Diammonium peroxydisulphate; Persulfate d'ammonium [French]; PEROXYDISULFURIC ACID, DIAMMONIUM SALT; EINECS 231-786-5; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), diammonium salt; Ammonium persulfate, 98%, extra pure; Ammonium persulfate, 98+%, ACS reagent; Persulfate d'ammonium; HSDB 7985; Ammonium persulfate, 99+%, for molecular biology, DNAse, RNAse and Protease free; ammonium persuiphate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate; ammonium per sulphate; ammonium peroxidisulfate; ammonium persulphate-d8; ACMC-209shx; Ammonium peroxydisulphate; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; CAS-7727-54-0; DB-056201; Ammonium persulfate [UN1444] [Oxidizer]; diammonium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide; Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), ammonium salt (1:2);AMMONIUM PERSULFATE; Ammonium persulfate

AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

General description
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. APS forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism. The bases, most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile). The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size.[2] APS has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry.[3]

Application
Ammonium persulfate has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels.[4][5][6]
Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate
Structural formulas of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
Ball-and-stick models of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
Solid sample of ammonium persulfate, as a white powder
Names
Other names
Ammonium peroxydisulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number    
7727-54-0 check
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
Interactive image
ChemSpider    
56400 check
ECHA InfoCard    100.028.897 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number    
231-786-5
E number    E923 (glazing agents, ...)
PubChem CID    
62648
RTECS number    
SE0350000
UNII    
22QF6L357F check
UN number    1444
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)    
DTXSID9029691 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula    (NH4)2S2O8
Molar mass    228.18 g/mol
Appearance    white to yellowish crystals
Density    1.98 g/cm3
Melting point    120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) decomposes
Solubility in water    80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility    Moderately soluble in MeOH
Hazards
Safety data sheet    7727-54-0
GHS pictograms    GHS03: OxidizingGHS07: HarmfulGHS08: Health hazard
GHS Signal word    Danger
GHS hazard statements    H272, H302, H315, H319, H334, H317, H335
GHS precautionary statements    P210, P221, P284, P305+351+338, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)    
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
122OX
Threshold limit value (TLV)    Airborne: 0.1 mg/m³ (TWA)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)    689 mg/kg (rat, oral);
2,000 mg/kg (rat, dermal);
2.95 mg/L for 4 hours (rat, inhalation)
Related compounds
Other anions    Ammonium thiosulfate
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium sulfate
Other cations    Sodium persulfate
Potassium persulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒ verify (what is check☒ ?)
Infobox references
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.
Contents
1    Preparation
2    Uses
3    Safety
4    References
5    External links
Preparation
Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.[1][2] The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.[3]

Uses
As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.

Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:[4]

[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.[5] This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.[6] The oxidation equation is thus: S
Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.
Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry.[7] For example, in the Minisci reaction.
Safety
Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.[8]

It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women.[9] Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues.[10]

Description
Thermo Scientific Pierce Ammonium Persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is used with TEMED to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Part No. 17919) to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.

Details:
• Name: Ammonium persulfate (APS)
• Formula: (NH4)2S2O8
• CAS number: 7727-54-0
• Molecular weight: 228.2
• Purity: ≥98.0%
• Insolubles: ≤0.005%

Chemical polymerization consists of the chemical oxidative polymerization and metal-catalyzed coupling condensation. In a typical route of chemical oxidative polymerization, an oxidation agent (e.g., ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate) is dissolved with a monomer in a solvent at a certain temperature. The oxidation agent initiates the polymerization and the monomer oxidizes to radical cation. Two radical cations concatenate to a dimer. The resultant dimer oxides to a dimer radical cation and this permanency reaction constitutes the oligomer followed by formation of polymer chain [134]. This radical cation mechanism is still unknown, but it has been adopted by many researchers [135,136]. Chemical polymerization is recommended if the enlarged production scale is needed. The common CPs, such as PANI, PPy, are mostly prepared by chemical polymerization.

PANI can be produced by the chemical polymerization in acidic solution with potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, or ammonium persulfate etc. as the oxidation agent [134,137]. Gomes and Oliveira have reported a classical experimental method to prepare doped PANI by using ammonium persulfate as an oxidation agent [138]. The detailed experimental method is as follows: 20 mL of aniline was dissolved in 40 mL of 1 mol/L aqueous solution of HCl (hydrochloric acid) and the prepared solution was kept in a mixture of ice-salt at –10°C. At the same time, 12 g of ammonium persulfate was added to 160 mL of 1 mol/L aqueous solution of HCl. The prepared acid solution of ammonium persulfate was dropped into the acid solution of aniline under stirring for 2 h at –10°C. The precipitate was filtered, rinsed with aqueous solution of HCl and then dried at room temperature for 72 h to obtain a doped state conductive PANI (PANI-HCl) powder. In addition to chemical polymerization in acidic medium, it has been reported that the PANI can be synthesized in aqueous solution by a similar method to that mentioned above without adding acid [139].

As one of the most common and stable CPs, PPy can also be produced by chemical polymerization with FeCl3 or ammonium persulfate as oxidation agent similar to PANI [140]. Also, it is well known that the electrical, morphological properties, and stability of PPy produced by this method depend on the reaction condition.

Ammonium persulfate
To prepare a 10% (w/v) solution: Dissolve 1 g ammonium persulfate in 10 mL of H2O and store at 4°C. Ammonium persulfate decays slowly in solution, so replace the stock solution every 2-3 wk. Ammonium persulfate is used as a catalyst for the copolymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide gels. The polymerization reaction is driven by free radicals generated by an oxido-reduction reaction in which a diamine (e.g., TEMED) is used as the adjunct catalyst.

General description
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is a widely used reagent in biochemistry and molecular biology for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels. APS forms oxygen free radicals in aqueous solution by a base-catalyzed mechanism. The bases, most commonly used as catalysts, are tertiary amines such as TEMED (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine) or DMAPN (3-dimethylaminopropionitrile). The free radicals will cause the polymerization of acrylamide and bis-acrylamide to form a gel matrix, which can be used for separating macromolecules by size.[2] APS has also been utilized to study protein-protein interactions via photoinitiated crosslinking chemistry.[3]

Application
Ammonium persulfate has been used for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels and acrylamide hydrogels.[4][5][6]
Ammonium persulfate
Ammonium persulfate
Structural formulas of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
Ball-and-stick models of two ammonium cations and one peroxydisulfate anion
Solid sample of ammonium persulfate, as a white powder
Names
Other names
Ammonium peroxydisulfate
Identifiers
CAS Number    
7727-54-0 check
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
Interactive image
ChemSpider    
56400 check
ECHA InfoCard    100.028.897 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number    
231-786-5
E number    E923 (glazing agents, ...)
PubChem CID    
62648
RTECS number    
SE0350000
UNII    
22QF6L357F check
UN number    1444
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)    
DTXSID9029691 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula    (NH4)2S2O8
Molar mass    228.18 g/mol
Appearance    white to yellowish crystals
Density    1.98 g/cm3
Melting point    120 °C (248 °F; 393 K) decomposes
Solubility in water    80 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility    Moderately soluble in MeOH
Hazards
Safety data sheet    7727-54-0
GHS pictograms    GHS03: OxidizingGHS07: HarmfulGHS08: Health hazard
GHS Signal word    Danger
GHS hazard statements    H272, H302, H315, H319, H334, H317, H335
GHS precautionary statements    P210, P221, P284, P305+351+338, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)    
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
122OX
Threshold limit value (TLV)    Airborne: 0.1 mg/m³ (TWA)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)    689 mg/kg (rat, oral);
2,000 mg/kg (rat, dermal);
2.95 mg/L for 4 hours (rat, inhalation)
Related compounds
Other anions    Ammonium thiosulfate
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium sulfate
Other cations    Sodium persulfate
Potassium persulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒ verify (what is check☒ ?)
Infobox references
Ammonium persulfate (APS) is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8. It is a colourless (white) salt that is highly soluble in water, much more so than the related potassium salt. It is a strong oxidizing agent that is used in polymer chemistry, as an etchant, and as a cleaning and bleaching agent.
The dissolution of the salt in water is an endothermic process.
Contents
1    Preparation
2    Uses
3    Safety
4    References
5    External links
Preparation
Ammonium persulfate is prepared by electrolysis of a cold concentrated solution of either ammonium sulfate or ammonium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.[1][2] The method was first described by Hugh Marshall.[3]

Uses
As an oxidizing agent and a source of radicals, APS finds many commercial applications.

Salts of sulfate are mainly used as radical initiators in the polymerization of certain alkenes. Commercially important polymers prepared using persulfates include styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene. In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:[4]

[O3SO–OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−
The sulfate radical adds to the alkene to give a sulfate ester radical. It is also used along with tetramethylethylenediamine to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide in making a polyacrylamide gel, hence being important for SDS-PAGE and western blot.

Illustrative of its powerful oxidizing properties, it is used to etch copper on printed circuit boards as an alternative to ferric chloride solution.[5] This property was discovered many years ago. In 1908, John William Turrentine used a dilute ammonium persulfate solution to etch copper. Turrentine weighed copper spirals before placing the copper spirals into the ammonium persulfate solution for an hour. After an hour, the spirals were weighed again and the amount of copper dissolved by ammonium persulfate was recorded. This experiment was extended to other metals such as nickel, cadmium, and iron, all of which yielded similar results.[6] The oxidation equation is thus: S
Ammonium persulfate is a standard ingredient in hair bleach.
Persulfates are used as oxidants in organic chemistry.[7] For example, in the Minisci reaction.
Safety
Airborne dust containing ammonium persulfate may be irritating to eye, nose, throat, lung and skin upon contact. Exposure to high levels of dust may cause difficulty in breathing.[8]

It has been noted that persulfate salts are a major cause of asthmatic effects in women.[9] Furthermore, it has been suggested that exposure to ammonium persulfate can cause asthmatic effects in hair dressers and receptionists working in the hairdressing industry. These asthmatic effects are proposed to be caused by the oxidation of cysteine residues, as well as methionine residues.[10]

Description
Thermo Scientific Pierce Ammonium Persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is used with TEMED to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.

Ammonium persulfate (APS) is an oxidizing agent that is often used with tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED, Part No. 17919) to catalyze the polymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide to prepare polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis.

Details:
• Name: Ammonium persulfate (APS)
• Formula: (NH4)2S2O8
• CAS number: 7727-54-0
• Molecular weight: 228.2
• Purity: ≥98.0%
• Insolubles: ≤0.005%

Chemical polymerization consists of the chemical oxidative polymerization and metal-catalyzed coupling condensation. In a typical route of chemical oxidative polymerization, an oxidation agent (e.g., ferric chloride or ammonium persulfate) is dissolved with a monomer in a solvent at a certain temperature. The oxidation agent initiates the polymerization and the monomer oxidizes to radical cation. Two radical cations concatenate to a dimer. The resultant dimer oxides to a dimer radical cation and this permanency reaction constitutes the oligomer followed by formation of polymer chain [134]. This radical cation mechanism is still unknown, but it has been adopted by many researchers [135,136]. Chemical polymerization is recommended if the enlarged production scale is needed. The common CPs, such as PANI, PPy, are mostly prepared by chemical polymerization.

PANI can be produced by the chemical polymerization in acidic solution with potassium dichromate, hydrogen peroxide, or ammonium persulfate etc. as the oxidation agent [134,137]. Gomes and Oliveira have reported a classical experimental method to prepare doped PANI by using ammonium persulfate as an oxidation agent [138]. The detailed experimental method is as follows: 20 mL of aniline was dissolved in 40 mL of 1 mol/L aqueous solution of HCl (hydrochloric acid) and the prepared solution was kept in a mixture of ice-salt at –10°C. At the same time, 12 g of ammonium persulfate was added to 160 mL of 1 mol/L aqueous solution of HCl. The prepared acid solution of ammonium persulfate was dropped into the acid solution of aniline under stirring for 2 h at –10°C. The precipitate was filtered, rinsed with aqueous solution of HCl and then dried at room temperature for 72 h to obtain a doped state conductive PANI (PANI-HCl) powder. In addition to chemical polymerization in acidic medium, it has been reported that the PANI can be synthesized in aqueous solution by a similar method to that mentioned above without adding acid [139].

As one of the most common and stable CPs, PPy can also be produced by chemical polymerization with FeCl3 or ammonium persulfate as oxidation agent similar to PANI [140]. Also, it is well known that the electrical, morphological properties, and stability of PPy produced by this method depend on the reaction condition.

Ammonium persulfate
To prepare a 10% (w/v) solution: Dissolve 1 g ammonium persulfate in 10 mL of H2O and store at 4°C. Ammonium persulfate decays slowly in solution, so replace the stock solution every 2-3 wk. Ammonium persulfate is used as a catalyst for the copolymerization of acrylamide and bisacrylamide gels. The polymerization reaction is driven by free radicals generated by an oxido-reduction reaction in which a diamine (e.g., TEMED) is used as the adjunct catalyst.