PRODUCTS

ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE

Antimony(III) oxide is used in lead acid batteries in the automotive sector.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.

CAS number: 1309-64-4
EC / EINECS number: 215-175-0
MDL number: MFCD00011214
Molecular formula: Sb₂O₃
Molecular weight: ~ 291.52 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Antimony trioxide, diantimony trioxide, antimony sesquioxide, antimonous oxide, Antimony(III) oxide, Antimony oxide, Antimony trioxide, Antimonous oxide, Sb₂O₃, ATO, antimony oxide, Diantimony trioxide, Antimony(III) oxide, Antimony(III) oxide, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Flowers of Antimony, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, ANTIMONY OXIDE, Antimony(III) oxide, ANTIMONOUS OXIDE, ANTIMON(III)OXIDE, ANTIMONIUM TRIOXIDE, at3, JOS, ap50, AT3D, Diantimony trioxide, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 1309-64-4, Antimonious oxide, Exitelite, Timonox, Twinkling star, Antimony White, Thermoguard B, Thermoguard L, Thermoguard S, White star, Fireshield H, Dechlorane A-O, Stibiox MS, Amspec-KR, Patox C, Patox H, Patox L, Patox M, Patox S, Atox B, Atox F, Atox R, Atox S, Antimony oxide (Sb2O3), Antimony sesquioxide, Timonox White Star, Microfine A 05, Octoguard FR 10, Flameguard VF 59, Chemetron fire shield, Antimony(3+) oxide, Flame Cut 610, Flame Cut 610R, Antimony Bloom 100A, Antimony Bloom 500A, Weisspiessglanz, Nyacol A 1510LP, Fireshield FSPO 405, Nyacol A 1530, AP 50 (metal oxide), NCI-C55152, AT 3B, LSB 80, AP 50, A 1588LP, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM, Antimony oxide (SB203), P217481X5E, CI 77052, C.I. 77052, A 1582, oxostibanyl stibinate, RefChem:113184, DTXCID303880, 215-175-0, Antox, DTXSID4023880, Senarmontite, antimony(3+), oxygen(2-), oxygen(-2) anion, 12412-52-1, Valentinite, FireShield LS-FR, LS-FR, Weisspiessglanz [German], AT 3 (fireproofing agent), MIC 3, CCRIS 4495, HSDB 436, HM 203P, EINECS 215-175-0, EINECS 215-474-6, AN 800, Nyacol A-1530, O3Sb2, Sb2O3,, SCHEMBL302281, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [MI], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [HSDB], ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE [IARC], UNII-P217481X5E, ANTIMONIUM OXYDATUM [HPUS], AKOS030228225, EC 215-175-0, Q409035, 1317-98-2, a1530, SB OXIDE, C.I. 77052, oxoantimony, ANTIMONY OXIDE, ANTIMONOUS OXIDE, dioxodistiboxane, ANTIMONY(+3)OXIDE, ANTIMON(III)OXIDE, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, Antimony trioxide, diantimony trioxide, Antimony(III) oxide, Antimonyoxidepowder, DI-ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, Antimony (III) oxide, C.I. Pigment White 11, Antimonyoxideelecgrwhitepowder, Antimony sesquioxide, Antimonous oxide, Antimony oxide, Oxo-oxostibanyloxystibane, Diantimony trioxide, Antimonious oxide, Antimony oxide, Antimony oxide (Sb2O3), Antimony sesquioxide, Antimony White, Antimony(3+) oxide, Antox, C.I. Pigment White 11, CI Pigment White 11, Diantimony trioxide, Exitelite, Flowers of antimony, Patox C, Thermoguard B, Timonox, Timonox White Star, White star, antimonious oxide, antimony sesquioxide, antimony(3+), oxygen(2-), antimony(III) oxide

When Antimony(III) oxide reacts with air through heating, it forms an inorganic compound known as antimony trioxide.
Antimony(III) oxide is one of the essential compounds of antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is gray or white and exists in a cubic crystalline form.

Antimony(III) oxide is also known as Atox B, Atox E, Antimony white, Flowers of Antimony, Blue star RG.
Antimony(III) oxide, a white crystalline solid, is insoluble in water.

Antimony(III) oxide is an inorganic semiconducting material with high photon conductivity and superior chemical stability.
Antimony(III) oxide naturally occurs as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.

Antimony(III) oxide is a white solid often considered the most important compound of antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is acquired through oxidization of raw minerals containing it and purified by sublimation, or alternatively through the treatment of metallic antimony in furnaces.

Antimony(III) oxide is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 10 000 tonnes per annum.
Antimony(III) oxide is a white crystalline oxide of antimony — widely used industrially as a flame retardant synergist (especially in plastics, textiles, coatings), as well as opacifier/pigment (glass, ceramics, enamel, paint), and as catalyst in polymer production.

Antimony(III) oxide is relatively stable, with high melting/sublimation points, low water solubility, and good compatibility for incorporation in various materials.
Antimony(III) oxide's main advantages are flame-retardant effectiveness (in synergy), opacity/whiteness/pigment properties, and catalytic utility.

Antimony(III) oxide is an inorganic compound.
Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions by hydrolysis.
Antimony(III) oxide is a whitish powder and crystalline.

Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony trioxide is a noncombustible, odorless, white crystalline powder.
Antimony(III) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.

Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in nitric acid.
Antimony(III) oxide is a white insoluble solid.
Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide with a strong tendency to act as a base.

Antimony(III) oxide can be prepared by direct oxidation by air, oxygen, or steam and is formed when antimony(III) chloride is hydrolyzed by excess boiling water.
Antimony(III) oxide is a white crystalline solid.

Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in water.
Antimony(III) oxide is a white crystalline solid.
Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in water.

Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony(III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.

Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
A mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.
Antimony(III) oxide mainly has two preparation methods including dry and wet.

Dry method is through reducing the crude sulfur trioxide generated from the calcined sulfantimonide ore into metallic antimony in the presence of coke with soda as the melting promoting agent.
The wet method is through leaching sulfur antimony ore with hydrochloric acid to generate antimony trichloride and further hydrolysis with caustic soda to obtain it.

Antimony(III) oxide appears white in color and it is an odourless white crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in water.
Antimony(III) oxide is the most important compound prepared from antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is found in nature and extracted from the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.

Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions only with hydrolysis.
Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide and it exhibits redox nature, it can be readily oxidized to antimony pentoxide and related antimony (V) compounds, but it is also easily reduced to antimony, sometimes with production of stibine.

Antimony(III) oxide is a white or gray orthorhombic or equiaxed crystalline powder.
After heating, Antimony(III) oxide turns yellow, and after cooling, it turns white or gray again.
Density 5.2g/cm3, melting point 656 ℃, boiling point 1550 ℃ of Antimony(III) oxide(sublimation), below 557 ℃ for stable orthorhombic crystal system, above 557 ℃ for stable equiaxed crystal system.

Antimony(III) oxide is soluble in hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, tartaric acid, acetic acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, insoluble in water, alcohol, dilute sulfuric acid.
Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide.

Antimony(III) oxide is reduced to metallic antimony by solid carbon or carbon monoxide, hydrogen and other gases at low temperature.
Antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3) is a slightly soluble, white crystalline powder.
Antimony(III) oxide is produced by smelting antimony-containing ores or reacting antimony trichloride with water.

Antimony is not abundant in the earth’s crust.
Antimony(III) oxide may also be referred to as antimony oxide, or in manufacturing as antimony white.
Antimony(III) oxide is a noncombustible, odorless, white crystalline powder.

Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.
Antimony(III) oxide is a mixed arsenic-antimony oxide occurs in the nature as the very rare mineral stibioclaudetite.
Antimony (III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.

Antimony(III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.
Like most polymeric oxides, Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.

Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony(III) oxide, is a chemical compound.
Antimony(III) oxide's chemical formula is Sb2O3.
Antimony(III) oxide has antimony and oxide ions in it.

Antimony(III) oxide has antimony in its +3 oxidation state.
Antimony(III) oxide is mainly produced by two ways either by oxidation of antimony or by the process of re-volatilizing of crude antimony trioxide.

The method of production of Antimony(III) oxide is mainly dependent on the composition of ores.
Antimony(III) oxide market size is projected to reach USD 2.37 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 6.0% between 2018 and 2023.
The growth of the antimony market can be attributed to the increasing use of antimony in the chemical industry.

Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in water.
Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3.
Antimony(III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony.

Antimony(III) Oxide or Antimony Trioxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable Antimony source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Antimony(III) Oxide is also available in pellets, pieces, powder, sputtering targets, tablets, and nanopowder (from American Elements' nanoscale production facilities).

USES and APPLICATIONS of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is widely used as flame retardant synergist for various plastics.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.

Antimony(III) oxide is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Antimony(III) oxide is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and polymers.

Other release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).

Release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Other release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Antimony(III) oxide can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Antimony(III) oxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Antimony(III) oxide can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic (e.g. dishes, pots/pans, food storage containers, construction and isolation material), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).

Antimony(III) oxide is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, pH regulators and water treatment products, lubricants and greases and paper chemicals and dyes.
Antimony(III) oxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, rubber products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement).

Antimony(III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.
In the chemical industry, Antimony(III) oxide is prominently used in flame synergist, catalyst, and stabilizer.
Release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Antimony(III) oxide is used in the following products: polymers, coating products, laboratory chemicals and semiconductors.

Other release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide is likely to occur from: indoor use, outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives), outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Antimony(III) oxide is used in the following products: polymers, laboratory chemicals, coating products, semiconductors, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and inks and toners.
Antimony(III) oxide has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Antimony(III) oxide is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment.
Antimony(III) oxide is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment and textile, leather or fur.

Release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation of mixtures, formulation in materials, manufacturing of the substance and as processing aid.

The automotive industry is the second-largest end-use industry of antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is used in lead acid batteries in the automotive sector.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.

Release to the environment of Antimony(III) oxide can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), formulation in materials, in the production of articles and formulation of mixtures.

Antimony(III) oxide stands out as one of the most versatile and widely used compounds of antimony, with commercial applications in a large number of industries.
Antimony(III) oxide’s primary application is to generate flame-retardant properties in polymers through combination with halides.

The Antimony(III) oxide sputtering target is used for thin film deposition, decoration, semiconductor, display, LED and photovoltaic devices, functional coating as nicely as other optical information storage space industry, glass coating industry like car glass and architectural glass, optical communication, etc.

The major use of Antimony(III) oxide is as a Flame Retardant synergist in plastics, rubber, textiles, adhesives, fiberglass & paper.
Glass manufacturers use it as a fining agent or as degasser (to remove bubbles).
Porcelain and enameling services use it as an opacifier.

Paint manufacturers use Antimony(III) oxide as a white pigment.
Antimony(III) oxide is sometimes used with other materials to form yellow pigments.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as an opacifier in low fire glazes and porcelain enamel (mainly leadless but it has been replaced to an extent by titania).

Antimony is easily reducible; thus an oxidizing agent like potassium nitrate may be required to prevent it from going into solution and losing its opacifying power and affecting color.
Antimony(III) oxide is not useful in glazes over cone 1 due to volatilization.

Antimony can be used as a yellow body stain in combination with rutile or titanium.
Antimony will bleach the surface of low fire red-burning clay to a buff color to produce variegated coloration.
The glass industry uses antimony as a decolorizing and fining agent to clarify glasses and as a stabilizing agent in the production of emerald green glass.

Antimony(III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.
Antimony(III) oxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.
Antimony(III) oxide is widely used in the preparation of fire retardant paint in conjunction with chlorine containing resins.

Antimony (III) based materials show great potential as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), owing to their high energy density as well as long lifespan.
Antimony(III) oxide is used in lead acid batteries in the automotive sector.

Antimony(III) oxide composite exhibits high specific charge capacity of 640.8 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1 after 50 cycles in lithium-ion batteries.
Antimony(III) oxide anode exhibits a high capacity of 550 mA h g–1 at 0.05 A g–1 and 265 mA h g–1 at 5 A g–1 and a reversible capacity of 414 mA h g–1 at 0.5 A g–1 is achieved after 200 stable cycles in sodium-ion batteries.

Antimony(III) oxide can greatly increase flame retardant effectiveness while used in combination with halogenated flame retardants as a synergist in coatings, plastics, fiber, paints, adhesives, rubber, and textiles.
Antimony(III) oxide also finds applications as catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and rubber, and as opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics, and enamels.

Antimony(III) oxide nanoparticle is used in optical materials with high refractive index.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as doped material for electronic industry.
Antimony(III) oxide has other applications such as ceramics, sensors, catalysts, fillers, and flame retardants.

Antimony(III) oxide can be used in the production of PET as a catalyst.
In same glasses Antimony(III) oxide is an explanatory aid, in semiconductors it is an additive.
Antimony(III) oxide is suitable to be preferred as a component in the manufacture of complex inorganic colored rutile pipments.

Antimony(III) oxide is one of the most important commercial compounds.
The raw stat may become volatile again.
In same cases Antimony(III) oxide contains rich mining features.

Antimony(III) oxide prevents foaming on the Windows.
Since it is flame retardant, added to colors, Antimony(III) oxide looks even more vibrant.
Antimony(III) oxide has a wide range of applications, with its primary use being as a flame retardant in plastic materials.

Plastics are widely used in automobiles, home appliances, industrial machinery, and housing, but they are generally flammable.
By adding Antimony(III) oxide along with halogen-based flame retardants to these plastics, we can impart high flame retardancy, which reduces the risk of fires caused by electrical shorts or deterioration of electrical equipment.

This helps prevent personal injury and economic loss from fires.
Antimony(III) oxide is the most important commercial compound of antimony, a brittle, silvery-white semimetal that conducts heat poorly.
Antimony(III) oxide is found in nature as the minerals stibnite.

Antimony(III) oxide is synthetically produced by roasting antimony metal in a furnace with oxygen present or recycled from lead-based batteries.
Antimony(III) oxide is predominantly used in polymer where resistance to ignition and flammability are required.

Antimony(III) oxide is used as white pigment, white glass, enamel, medicine, cement, filler, mordant and fire-retardant coatings, etc.
excellent inorganic white pigment, mainly used for paint coloring.
Antimony(III) oxide is used for a variety of resin, synthetic rubber, canvas, paper, paint and other flame retardants, petrochemical, synthetic fiber catalyst.

Antimony(III) oxide is used for the manufacture of mordant, lactalbumin, is the raw material for the synthesis of antimony salt.
The enamel industry, Antimony(III) oxide is used to increase the opacity and surface gloss of enamel.
The glass industry, Antimony(III) oxide is used as a decolorizing agent in place of arsenious acid.

Antimony(III) oxide is an additive flame retardant, which is often used in combination with other flame retardants and smoke suppressants, and synergistic effects can be produced among the components.
Antimony(III) oxide in the early stage of combustion, the first is melting, forming a protective film on the surface of the material to isolate the air, through the internal endothermic reaction, reduce the combustion temperature.

Antimony(III) oxide is vaporized at high temperature, diluting the oxygen concentration in the air, thus playing a flame retardant role.
The annual consumption of Antimony(III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively.
The main application of Antimony(III) oxide is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials.

The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars.
Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.
Antimony(III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.

Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.
Antimony(III) oxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.

Antimony(III) oxide is a nonreactive white pigment prepared from metallic antimony using a similar technique to that used for the preparation of zinc oxide.
Antimony(III) oxide is widely used in the preparation of fire retardant paint in conjunction with chlorine containing resins.

On exposure to fire, the chlorine gas liberated by decomposition of the resin component of the paint film reacts with the Antimony(III) oxide to produce a vapor of antimony chloride that blankets the flames.
Antimony(III) oxide is also used to modify the heavy chalking characteristics of anatase form of titanium oxide.

Antimony(III) oxide (commonly referred to as antimony oxide), Sb2O3 is used to impart flame retardancy to plastics.
Although Antimony(III) oxide is found in nature, it is too impure to be used.
Flameretardant grades of Antimony(III) oxides are manufactured from either antimony metal or the sulfide ore by oxidation in air at 600–800 °C.

The particle size and chemical reactivity of Antimony(III) oxide are determined by the processing conditions, enabling the production of several different grades.
Antimony(III) oxide is from 99.0–99.9 wt % Sb2O3.

The remainder consists of 0.4–0.01 wt % arsenic; 0.4–0.01, lead; 0.1–0.0001, iron; 0.005–0.0001, nickel; and 0.01–0.0001, sulfates.
Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in water and the loss on drying at 110 °C is 0.1 wt % max.
Antimony(III) oxide has been used as a white pigment since ancient times.

The pigmentation from antimony oxide in plastics can be controlled and adjusted by the judicious selection of a Antimony(III) oxide grade having a specific particle size.
Antimony(III) oxide with the smallest particle size and the narrowest particle-size range imparts the whitest color and highest opacity.

Translucent plastics can be made by using low tint grades with relatively large particles.
Uses of Antimony(III) oxide: manufacture of tartar emetic; as paint pigment; in enamels and glasses; as mordant; in flame-proofing canvas.
Antimony(III) oxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.

Antimony(III) oxide is a synergistic of halogens, typically chlorine and bromine based, necessary to achieve performance levels in compliance with European labeling directives and at the same time pass specific tests for fireproof materials such as UL94 or in the automotive sector.

Antimony(III) oxide is also used as a catalyst for PET manufacture, as a frictional additive in automotive brake linings, as a clarifier for glass, as an opacifier for enamels, and in ceramic and textile applications.
Antimony(III) oxide mostly used as synesis which with halogen flame retardant in most of polymer materials compounding.

Antimony(III) oxide is also can be used as clarifier additive inside glass making.
Antimony(III) oxide is used used for ceramic glaze and pigment & coating.
Antimony(III) oxide is used Fining agent; Catalysts; Filler; Flame retardant; Optical materials (with high refractive index); Gas sensors;

Humidity sensors; ceramic industry; Doped material for the electronics industry; and varistor.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a catalyst, vulcanization of rubber, an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a flame retardant.

Flame retardant synergist: The main use of Antimony(III) oxide— often combined with halogenated flame retardants in plastics, textiles, coatings, foams, rubber, etc.
Antimony(III) oxide enhances flame-retardant effectiveness, helping to suppress fire or slow combustion.

Opacifier / pigment / filler: Antimony(III) oxide is used in glass, ceramics, enamels, paints — as opacifying agent or white pigment (or whitening / opacity enhancer).
Catalyst for manufacture of polymers: For example, Antimony(III) oxide is used in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), rubber vulcanization, and other polymerization or chemical processes.

Miscellaneous industrial uses of Antimony(III) oxide: Historically and industrially in certain ceramics, enamels, glass; possibly in metal-antimony related processes and other specialized applications.
Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in water.

Antimony(III) oxide is mainly used as a chemical synergist in chlorinated and brominated flame-retardants, increasing the retardants’ effectiveness.
Flame retardants containing Antimony(III) oxide are used widely in producing textiles, plastics, rubber, and paints.

Antimony(III) oxide is the main catalyst used to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyester fibers.
PET is commonly used in plastic packaging for water and soft drinks.
Antimony(III) oxide is also used as a pigment and/or clarifying agent in certain glasses and ceramics.

As of 1995, Antimony(III) oxide gained popularity as an additive in optical glass, replacing arsenious oxide.
Antimony metal increases hardness and strength in lead alloys and is used in lead storage batteries, solder, sheet and pipe metal, bearings, castings, and pewter.

Antimony(III) oxide is produced when elemental antimony is heated and/or oxidized.
Antimony(III) oxide is used to fireproof fabrics, paper and plastics, as a paint pigment and for many other uses.

-Flame Retardant uses of Antimony(III) oxide:
There are several classes of flame retardants, among this Antimony(III) oxide is the best compound.
Antimony(III) oxide (Antimony(III) oxide) provides unique properties not easily obtained through other products when applied in a variety of industrial processes.

Increasing Fire Safety Ensuring high levels of fire safety.
Antimony(III) oxide greatly increases flame retardant effectiveness.

Flame Retardant are substances that can be chemically inserted into the polymer molecule or be phisically blended in polymers after polymerization to suppress, reduce, delay or modify the propagation of a flame through a plastic materials.

Antimony(III) oxide does not react as flame-retardants directly.
Antimony(III) oxide are used as synergists to enhance the activity of halogenated flame-retardants by stepwise releasing the halogenated radicals to retard gas phase chain reaction of flame spread.
Many industries use antimony as a flame retardant synergist including but not limited to the plastics, textiles, rubber, paper, and paint industries.

Antimony(III) oxide can be used as an appropriate synergist for flame retarding polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyethylene (PE), ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), epoxies, phenolic, polyurethanes, and many others.
Apart from this Antimony(III) oxide and other antimony compounds also used as flame retardant.

-Plastic Industry uses of Antimony(III) oxide:
The Leading Catalyst for Manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET Plastics)
Antimony(III) oxide is the major catalyst for the production of PET plastic used in the packaging of mineral water and soft drinks.

PET is one of the best materials for plastic bottles, with a history of safe use by millions of consumers every day.
Antimony(III) oxide’s safe use in the production of PET bottles has been confirmed by the World Health Organisation (2003) and the European Food Safety Authority (2004).
The use of Antimony(III) oxide as a catalyst in PET bottles does NOT impact the safety of the beverages.

-Glass Industry uses of Antimony(III) oxide:
Antimony(III) oxide can also be used as a fining agent or as degasser in the manufacturing of glass.
It is added to the glass melt to remove bubbles from the solution.
Many specialty glass companies use Antimony(III) oxide for this purpose.

-Uses of Antimony(III) oxide: Flame Retardancy
Antimony(III) oxide is used; a significant amount of antimony trioxide produced annually goes to enhance flame retardancy.
Antimony(III) oxide is added to certain flame retardants, making them efficient in consumer products such as textiles, upholstered furniture, children’s products, and plastics.

In its physical state, Antimony(III) oxide has no flame-retardant properties.
However, when combined with other compounds, Antimony(III) oxide acts as a synergist.
Typically, Antimony(III) oxide combines with halogenated compounds to create chemical compounds with flame retardant properties.

-Flame retardant uses of Antimony(III) oxide:
Antimony(III) oxide is a widely used flame retardant suitable to being used for polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, epoxy resin, polyurethane and other plastics.

However, Antimony(III) oxide has low flame retardant effect when being used alone.
Instead Antimony(III) oxide has good synergistic effect when being used in combination with phosphates, chlorine-containing compounds (such as chlorinated paraffins, PCBs, perchloro-glutar-cyclodecane etc.), bromine-containing compounds (such as Hexabromobiphenyl, Hexabromobenzene) with the flame retardant performance being improved significantly.

Combining of Antimony(III) oxide with chloride or bromide can result in antimony trichloride or antimony bromide which is reactive and volatile substances which can promote the halogen movement and generation of carbides in its solid form as well as capturing free radicals in its gas form.

These reactions can all contribute to flame retardancy.
Antimony(III) oxide is always combined with zinc oxide, sodium hydroxide, etc. to be used as brominated synergist flame retardant synergist for being applied to plastic fire prevention system.

Antimony(III) oxide can also be used in the manufacture of antimony potassium tartrate, pigments, porcelain enamels, dyes and other media.
Antimony(III) oxide can also be used as a catalyst for polyester poly-condensation

INDUSTRY USES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide, together antimony tetroxide and antimony pentoxide, are the current three compounds forming between antimony and oxygen with industrial application.
Antimony can form a series of oxide with oxygen such as Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Sb6O13, and Sb2O as well as gaseous SbO.

However, only the first three compounds have significance in industrial production with other oxides mostly being the transition product of various kinds of antimony production process.
Antimony(III) oxide (Sb2O3, Mr291.50) is a dual-type substance including cubic crystal and monoclinic crystal type.

For different crystal form of Antimony(III) oxide, the density and refractive index also slightly differ.
The density and refractive index of cubic crystal is 5.2 and 2.087, respectively while is 5.67 and 2.18 for the monoclinic crystal, respectively.

Antimony(III) oxide commonly derived from hydrolysis of SbCl3 is rhombic crystal can burn to red heat in an inert gas or in vacuum and can generate square crystal upon sublimation.
Antimony(III) oxide is a kind of white powder with the density being 5.67g/cm3.

Antimony(III) oxide becomes yellow when being heated and turn back to white upon being cooled.
Upon 656 ℃, Antimony(III) oxide can be molten into yellow or gray liquid with becoming white asbestos-like mercerizing substance.

Antimony(III) oxide is slightly soluble in water, ethanol and dilute acid, easily soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid and tartaric acid, and is also soluble in fuming nitric acid and fuming sulfuric acid; it form antimonite upon be dissolved in alkali.

NOTES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Store Antimony(III) oxide in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.
Store Antimony(III) oxide away from strong oxidizing agents.
Keep Antimony(III) oxide container tightly closed.

RELATED COMPOUNDS of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Other anions
*Antimony trisulfide
*Antimony triselenide
*Antimony telluride

Other cations
*Dinitrogen trioxide
*Phosphorus trioxide
*Arsenic trioxide
*Bismuth trioxide

Related compounds
*Diantimony tetraoxide
*Antimony pentoxide

PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Global production of Antimony(III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002.
China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and South Africa and other countries (2%).
As of 2010, Antimony(III) oxide was produced at four sites in the EU.

It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude Antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal.
Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe.
Several processes for the production of crude Antimony(III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material.

The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors.
Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes.

These steps do not take place in the EU but closer to the mining location.
Re-volatilizing of crude Antimony(III) oxide

Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude Antimony(III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C.
The reaction is the following:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2

Step 2) The crude Antimony(III) oxide is purified by sublimation.
Oxidation of antimony metal
Antimony metal is oxidized to Antimony(III) oxide in furnaces.

The reaction is exothermic.
Antimony(III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters.

The size of the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow.
The reaction can be schematically described by:
4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3

PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide.
Antimony(III) oxide dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate.

Antimony(III) oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.
With nitric acid, Antimony(III) oxide is oxidized to antimony(V) oxide.
When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal.

With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas stibine is produced.
When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6, is formed.

STRUCTURE of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
The structure of Antimony(III) oxide depends on the temperature of the sample.
Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.
Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide.

The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit.
The Sb–O distance is 197.7 pm and the O–Sb–O angle of 95.6°.
This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.

Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges between the Sb centers.
This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.

PRODUCTION of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
The process involves:
Stopping the thermal decomposition reaction under gas
Sealing against oxygen
The carbonaceous char is formed under the solid phase

*PET production
Antimony(III) oxide is also used as a catalyst in producing polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer commonly used in bottles, films, and synthetic fibers.
It is also among the most popular materials in the beverage and food packaging industry.

It is a suitable material because it is lightweight and impermeable to CO2.
As with other compounds in PET, antimony can be used to migrate water into the bottles.

However, current legislation establishes migration limits for antimony trioxide and other compounds.
The amount of antimony used in the preparation of PET may range from 100-300 mg/kg.

This implies that a one-liter bottle can contain 3-9 milligrams of antimony.
The high amount shows that the set limits can exceed if total migration occurs.
For that reason, further studies have been carried out to determine the leaching or migration of the substance.

PREPARATION of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE FROM ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE.
Add the ammonia into the boiling liquid of antimony potassium (one part of antimony potassium tartrate K (SbO) C4H4O6 is dissolved in 10 parts of water).
Boil for a period of time, filtered, wash to give Antimony(III) oxide.

Among them, only trace amounts of silicon, magnesium has been detected from the Antimony(III) oxide generated from the hydrolysis method through spectroscopy qualitative analysis.
It is suitable as spectral analysis standard.

Add 15 g of analytic purity grade Antimony(III) oxide to the 500 mL beaker, further add 30 ml of high purity hydrochloric acid (1 + 1), and dissolve it under stirring.
Filter the solution with washed sand glass funnel to remove insoluble impurities.

Further dilute it to 400 mL with high purity water when white chlorine oxide antimony is precipitated.
Once the solution becomes clear, decant the supernatant liquid and wash the precipitate through decantation for several times.

To the washed precipitate, add 200 mL of high-purity ammonia (1 + 25) and boil for 5~10 min, when the antimony oxychloride all becomes Antimony(III) oxide.
The generated Antimony(III) oxide particle is much smaller than the antimony oxychloride.

Pour out the clearing solution and boil again for several times using the same method in dilute ammonia.
Check the washed solution with silver nitrate.
When the poured liquid no longer contains chlorine ions, all the antimony oxychloride has been completely converted to Antimony(III) oxide.

Then use high-purity water decantation for wash the precipitate for several times.
Use of Antimony(III) oxide:

Buchner funnel for filtration and then wash the precipitate with high purity water until the washed liquid becomes neutral again.
The washed precipitate is dried in an oven at 150 ℃ to constant weight.
Take it out after cooling to get the final product of Antimony(III) oxide.

COMMERCIAL ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
A grain size of 5–10 cm suffices in conventional processes because fresh surface is always exposed for reaction owing to volatilization of the trioxide.

Very low grade ores must be ground more finely to separate the sulfide from the gangue.
The yield depends on the process and the sulfide content of the ore, varying between 60 and 90 % or more.

Commercial Antimony(III) oxide should be at least 99.5% Sb2O3.
If Antimony(III) oxide is finely crystalline, adheres firmly to the fingers, and does not cake, it is considered of good quality.

Antimony(III) oxide must be white.
A reddish tinge indicates the presence of antimony(III) sulfide.

The yellowish shade of selenium and lead(II) oxide is also undesirable.
The arsenic content should be on the order of 0.1 %.

RECOVERY of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is being used as flame retardant in an increasing quantities.
Antimony(III) oxide is produced mostly by roasting sulfidic antimony ores or other antimony-containing raw materials.

To recover Antimony(III) oxide of higher purity, especially for the separation of arsenic and antimony oxide, selective volatilization of the more volatile arsenic trioxide and selective condensation of the less volatile antimony tetroxide at high temperatures, leaving arsenic trioxide to condense out at lower temperatures, can be applied.

Antimony(III) oxide can also be recovered from complex antimony sulfide ores by reaction with calcium chloride.
The reaction takes place in an oxidizing atmosphere at about 500 ℃.
Sb2S3 + 3 CaCl2 + 6 O2 → 2 SbCl3 + 3 CaSO4.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is a white or gray mineral, sometimes pale red, white streak and adamantine or silky luster.
Mohs hardness of Antimony(III) oxide is 2–3.

RELATED COMPOUNDS of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Other anions
*Antimony trisulfide
*Antimony triselenide
*Antimony telluride

Other cations
*Dinitrogen trioxide
*Phosphorus trioxide
*Arsenic trioxide
*Bismuth trioxide

Related compounds
*Diantimony tetraoxide
*Antimony pentoxide

FEATURES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE AS CATALYSTS:
Antimony compounds are excellent catalysts to accelerate the polymerization in polyester manufacturing.
Antimony(III) oxide is the most widely used polymerization catalyst in both domestic and overseas markets in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)from ethylene glycol(EG)and high purity terephthalic acid(TPA), or dimethyl terephthalete(DMT).

BENEFITS / USEFUL CHARACTERISTICS of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
In powder form, stable, relatively inert at ambient conditions (low solubility in water), making Antimony(III) oxide practical for use as additive.

Effective as a flame retardant synergist, particularly when combined with halogenated flame retardants — Antimony(III) oxide is widely used and established in plastics, textiles, coatings.

Antimony(III) oxide provides opacity / whiteness when used as pigment / opacifier, useful in glass, ceramic, enamel, paint industries.
As a catalyst, Antimony(III) oxide helps in polymer production (e.g. PET) — industrial importance for plastics manufacturing.

ADDITIONAL NOTES & PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is described as “mono-constituent inorganic substance” in regulatory registry (i.e. a pure compound, not a mixture) under the relevant registration.
Purity typical for technical grades is high (e.g. around 98.7–100 % for main Antimony(III) oxide constituent), though impurities (trace of metals or other oxides) may exist depending on source.

Under different manufacturing or thermal conditions, different polymorphs / crystal structures may form (cubic vs orthorhombic), which may slightly affect density, refractive index, and behavior.

In high-temperature conditions (furnace, glass / ceramic manufacturing, etc.), Sb₂O₃ may oxidize further, or convert to other Antimony(III) oxides (e.g. antimony tetroxide Sb₂O₄) depending on oxygen availability.

PREPARATION of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is obtained by roasting stibnite:
2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2Sb2O3 + 6SO2.

Temperature and air feed is carefully controlled in the process to suppress any formation of antimony tetroxide (Sb2O4).
Antimony(III) oxide is separated from any arsenic trioxide (As2O3) that may be present as an impurity by volatilization, as the latter is much more volatile than the former.

Antimony(III) oxide may be also prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of antimony trichloride and subsequent dehydration of hydrous oxide under controlled heating (rapid or vigorous heating may partially oxidize Sb(III) to Sb(V).
Antimony(III) oxide also may be made by heating the metallic element with oxygen or air.
The volatilizing trioxide is condensed and collected.

OCCURRENCE of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide occurs in nature as minerals, valentinite [1317-98-2] and senarmontinite [12412-52-1].
Antimony(III) oxide is used as a flame retardant in fabrics; as an opacifier in ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels; as a catalyst; as a white pigment in paints; as a mortar in the manufacture of tartar emetic; and in the production of metallic antimony.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is a white or gray orthorhombic or equiaxed crystal powder.
melting point of Antimony(III) oxide is 656 ℃
boiling point of Antimony(III) oxide is 1550 ℃
relative density of Antimony(III) oxide is 5.67

solubility
Antimony(III) oxide is soluble in hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium sulfide, tartaric acid, concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated nitric acid, insoluble in water, alcohol, dilute sulfuric acid.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide occurs as colorless orthorhombic modifications, valentinite, or colorless cubic form, senarmontite; density 5.67 g/cm3 (valentinite), 5.20g/cm3 (senarmontite); cubic modification is dimeric, consisting of Sb2O6 discrete molecules; refractive index 2.087.
Antimony(III) oxide melts in the absence of oxygen at 656°C; boils at 1,550°C (sublimes); sublimes in vacuum at 400°C; very slightly soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents; soluble in HCl, caustic alkalies and tartaric acid.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide is formed as a white smoke by roasting antimony sulfide in a limited supply of air:
When roasting is conducted in excess air, the nonvolatile tetroxide is formed:
The tetroxide is a double oxide of Sb2O3 and Sb2O5, better represented as SbIIISbVO4.

Both Sb2O3 and Sb2O5 hydrate yield the tetroxide when heated in air at 800–900 °C.
The oxides and oxide hydrates are insoluble in water.

Antimony(III) oxide is insoluble in dilute H2SO4 and HNO3 but dissolves in HCl.
Antimony(III) oxide also dissolves in alkalis to form antimonites.

The alkali antimonates, e.g., NaSb(OH)6, obtained by the oxidation of the antimonites, are insoluble in water.
The Antimony(III) oxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.

For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas.

The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if the compound is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.

PRODUCTION METHOD of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
The preparation method of Antimony(III) oxide method is divided into dry and wet method.
Dry method includes antimony metal and stibnite method; wet including acid leaching and antimony salt decomposition method.

Dry
Antimony metal method (dry method);
Reaction equation:
Sb + O2 → Sb2O3

Methods of operation:
700 kg of 99.8% antimony metal (sulfur containing 29 × 10-6) was heated in a graphite furnace to 1200 ℃; pour into air for 5 min within 0.3m3/min, until the sulfur dioxide content in exhaust≤5 × 10-6, cool to 786 ℃, pour into air for12 h at the rate of 2m3/min to obtain the Antimony(III) oxide with the yield being 92.1%.

Stibnite (dry method);
Reaction equation:
2Sb2S3 + 9O2 → 2Sb2O3 + 6SO2 ↑
Sb2O3 + 3C → 2Sb + 3CO ↑
4Sb + O2 → 2Sb2O3

Operation:
Select the high grade stibnite containing Sb 50%~60%, As 0.1%, Pb 0.007%, Fe 0.16%, S 11.42%, Al2O3 0.66%, CaO 4.75%, MgO <0.5%, SiO2 8.65%, HgO 0.0026%.

Mix this concentrate together with iron ore (Fe 50.17%) containing 10% antimony concentrate as well as 2% limestone (CaO> 50%) and add them into the fuming furnace slag bath at a certain speed, put air, coal mixture into it to adjust the temperature of the liquid slag as well as atmosphere in the furnace to maintain the temperature being at about 1250 °C, and the gas phase CO2/CO in the furnace gas phase being 4.78, 1 g PO2 =-8.33, add the material for continuous melting.

The antimony is mainly existed Sb2O3 (with a small amount being in sulfide form) was constantly fumed into the gas phase; upon the purification of flue gas, transfer the sulfide into Sb2O3 through the burning in flue and combustion chamber with the oxides in the flue gas being separately collected separately in each part of collecting device, wherein Antimony(III) oxide is collected in flue vortex.
The fume and dust collected by the electrostatic precipitator has high purity and can be used as Antimony(III) oxide.

The collected dust and tail gas is released after the absorption of sulfur dioxide.
After completion of the addition of the material, continuously put air and coal for melting and fuming for about 1h; when the fume is almost free of white volatiles, the process ends; release 2/3 slag.

Acid leaching method (wet).
Reaction equation:
Sb2S3 + 6HCl → 2SbCl3 + 3H2S ↑
SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl + 2HCl
2SbOCl + 2NH4OH → Sb2O3 + NH4Cl + H2O

operation method:
Take 600 kg of antimony sulfide ore containing Sb 60.07%, Pb 0.9% and less than 60 mesh, continuously add into acid leaching tub with the leaching solution composition being HCl 1.0mol/L, Fe2 + 70g/L (added FeCl2), Sb3 + 4.2 g/L, leaching solution: solid = 2: 1, apply steam heating to 80 ℃.
Under mechanical stirring, put into chlorine gas for extraction for 6h.

Filter, purify to get a leaching liquid containing Sb 283g/L.
Further apply hydrolysis at room temperature.
Antimony oxychloride was washed several times by water and further neutralized with ammonia for 30min to have pH = 8~9.

Further wash to pH = 7, filter and dry to give 406 kg of Antimony(III) oxide powder which contains Sb2O3: 99.80%, particle size being lower than 325 mesh, and whiteness being 97%.
Antimony salt solution (wet).

Reaction equation:
2Sb + 3Cl2 → 2SbCl3
SbCl3 + H2O → SbOCl + 2HCl
4SbOCl + H2O → Sb2O3 • 2SbOCl + 2HCl
Sb2O3 • 2SbOCl + 2NH4OH → 2Sb2O3 + 2NH4Cl + H2O

Methods of operation: metal antimony is reacted with chlorine to generate antimony trichloride, which is further subjects to distillation, hydrolysis, ammonolysis, washing, centrifuge and separation, and drying to obtain the finished product of Antimony(III) oxide.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
The inorganic compound, Antimony(III) oxide, has a density of 5.7 g cm3 and a vapor density of 10 (air = 1).
The boiling point of Antimony(III) oxide is 1425°C, and the melting point is 1425°C.
Antimony(III) oxide is only soluble with hydrolysis, where it forms an aqueous solution.
However, Antimony(III) oxide is marginally water soluble.

Antimony Trioxide Structure
Antimony(III) oxide structure varies depending on the temperature of the sample.
For instance, dimeric Sb4O6 is discovered under high temperatures.
The Sb4O6 molecules appear as bicyclic cages that look the same as related oxides of phosphorous trioxide and phosphorous (III).
This cage structure is maintained in a cubic habit.
A more stable orthorhombic form with pairs of Sb-O chains is discovered if the compound is exposed to temperatures below 606 °C.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Antimony(III) oxide can be prepared by two processes, the direct and the indirect process.

Indirect process
In this process, antimony metal or ores is melted in a furnace to give ATO vapors.
The vapors are quenched with air and cooled to convert the vapor to white powder.
These powders are further filtered to give Antimony(III) oxide powder.

Direct process
In this process, crude Antimony oxide is roasted in the presence of air to give ATO vapors.
The vapors are then condensed to convert the vapor to white powder.
These powders are further filtered to give Antimony(III) oxide powder.

PREPARATION METHOD of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
The preparation method is divided into a dry method and a wet method.
The dry method is a method for producing a product from stibnite or metallic antimony by roasting and oxidation.
The wet process is a process by which stibnite or metallic antimony is reacted with an acid by a liquid phase process to produce a product.

*dry process:
stibnite (Sb2 s3) was calcined at 1000 °c in the presence of Coke.
The Antimony(III) oxide vapor generated by oxidation is collected, and after condensation, the metal antimony is generated by heating and reduction with Coke using soda ash as flux.
The resulting metallic antimony is then oxidized in air to give Antimony(III) oxide.

*wet process
(1) antimony salt ammonolysis method: Antimony trichloride is generated by reacting metallic antimony with chlorine gas, and Antimony(III) oxide is obtained by distillation, hydrolysis, ammonolysis, washing, centrifugal separation and drying.

(2) hydrochloric acid method using stibnite as raw material: Stibnite reacts with hydrochloric acid in the presence of nitric acid, and is hydrolyzed, precipitated and dried to obtain a finished product.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
Name: Sb2O3 (Antimony Oxide)
CAS number: 1309-64-4
EC / EINECS number: 215-175-0
Molecular formula: Sb₂O₃
Molecular weight: ~291.52 g/mol
IUPAC name: Sb2O3 (Antimony Oxide) / oxostibanyl stibinate
Appearance: white crystalline solid / powder
Crystal forms: exists in different crystal modifications — e.g. cubic (senarmontite) or orthorhombic (valentinite)
Density / Specific gravity: ~5.20 to 5.67 g/cm³ depending on crystal form
Melting point: ~655 °C (lit)

Boiling / Sublimation point: ~1550 °C (sublimes) under appropriate conditions
Vapor pressure: e.g. 13.3 hPa at ~660 °C (for heated material)
Solubility: Very slightly soluble in water. For example, <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 °C is given for some grades
Other solubility / chemical reactivity: Insoluble in many dilute acids (e.g. dilute H₂SO₄, HNO₃),
but dissolves in concentrated or strong acids (e.g. HCl) and in alkaline (basic) conditions — forming antimonites/antimonates
Behavior on heating: On heating (especially in powdered form, in air), may ignite/burn; at high temperature forms gas-phase dimeric Sb₄O₆
Stability / chemical nature: Amphoteric oxide (can behave as base in reactions), typical inorganic oxide
Chemical formula: Sb2O3

Molar mass: 291.518 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Odor: odorless
Density: 5.2 g/cm3, α-form
Density: 5.67 g/cm3 β-form
Melting point: 656 °C (1,213 °F; 929 K)
Boiling point: 1,425 °C (2,597 °F; 1,698 K) (sublimes)
Solubility in water: 370±37 μg/L between 20.8 °C and 22.9 °C
Solubility: soluble in acid

Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −69.4×10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD): 2.087, α-form
Refractive index (nD): 2.35, β-form
Structure:
Crystal structure: cubic (α) <570 °C
Crystal structure: orthorhombic (β) >570 °C
Coordination geometry: pyramidal
Dipole moment: zero

Physical state: powder
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/range: 655 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 1.550 °C - lit.
Flammability (solid, gas): The product is not flammable.
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 0,0287 g/l at 20 °C
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water: Not applicable for inorganic substances
Vapor pressure: No data available

Density: ca.5,2 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 5,9 at 24 °C - OECD Test Guideline 109
Relative vapor density:
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CBNumber: CB3438204
Molecular Formula: O3Sb2

Molecular Weight: 291.52
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
MOL File: 1309-64-4.mol
Melting point: 655 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 1550 °C (lit.)
Density: 5.20
bulk density: 800-1300kg/m3
vapor pressure: 13.3 hPa (660 °C)

Flash point: 1550°C subl.
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: 2.70mg/l
form: powder
color: White
Specific Gravity: 5.67
Odor: wh. cubic or orthorhombic cryst., odorless
biological source: rabbit
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble. <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

Merck: 14,711
crystal system: Cube
Space group: Fd3m
Molecular Weight: 291.52 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 291.79277 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 289.79237 Da

Topological Polar Surface Area: 3 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 5
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 0
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 5
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS: 1309-64-4
EINECS: 215-175-0
InChI: InChI=1/O.Sb/q;+3/rOSb/c1-2/q+3
InChIKey: MUBFITUCTVFSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Molecular Formula: O3Sb2
Molar Mass: 291.52
Density: 5.20

Melting Point: 655 °C (lit.)
Boling Point: 1550 °C (lit.)
Flash Point: 1550°C subl.
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble.
Solubility: 2.70mg/l
Vapor Presure: 13.3 hPa (660 °C)
Appearance: White crystal
Specific Gravity: 5.67

Color: White
Exposure Limit: ACGIH: TWA 0.5 mg/m3NIOSH:
IDLH 50 mg/m3; TWA 0.5 mg/m3
Merck: 14,711
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Sensitive: Easily absorbing moisture
MDL: MFCD00011214
Appearance: white crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 99.00 to 100.00

Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 5.20000 @ 25.00 °C.
Boiling Point: 1425.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
Soluble in: water, 0.06589 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
Insoluble in: water
CAS: 1309-64-4
IUPAC Name: diantimony(3+) trioxidandiide
Molecular Formula: O3Sb2

InChI Key: GHPGOEFPKIHBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: [O--].[O--].[O--].[Sb+3].[Sb+3]
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 291.52
Synonym: Sb2O3 (Antimony Oxide)
MDL Number: MFCD00011214
Appearance (Color): White
Form: Powder
Assay from Supplier's CofA: ≥98.5 to ≤101.5%

Formula: Sb2O3
Purity: 99.999%
CAS Number: 1309-64-4
Molecular Weight: 291.52
Color & Form: White Solid
Boiling Point: 1425° C
Specific Gravity: 5.67
Solubility in water: Very slightly soluble

FIRST AID MEASURES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ANTIMONY(III) OXIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available