BENZYL ALCOHOL

CAS NO:100-51-6
EC NO:202-859-9

SYNONYMS
(Hydroxymethyl)benzene;alcohol bencilico;Alcool benzylique;Benzenecarbinol;Benzenemethanol;Benzolmethanol;benzyl alcohol;BENZYLALCOHOL;Benzylalkohol;BENZYLIC ALCOHOL;Hydroxytoluene;NSC 8044;Phenylcarbinol;Phenylmethanol;PHENYLMETHANOL-HYDROXYTOLUENE;Phenylmethyl alcohol;Sunmorl BK 20;TB 13G;?-Hydroxytoluene;?-Toluenol;benzyl alcohol;phenylmethanol;benzenemethanol;100-51-6;phenylcarbinol;Benzoyl alcohol;benzylalcohol;Benzenecarbinol;Hydroxytoluene;Phenylmethyl alcohol;alpha-Toluenol;(Hydroxymethyl)benzene;Phenolcarbinol;Benzal alcohol;alpha-hydroxytoluene;benzylic alcohol;Alcool benzylique;Benzylicum;Methanol, phenyl-;Phenylcarbinolum;hydroxymethylbenzene;Phenyl-Methanol;BENZYL-ALCOHOL;Euxyl K 100;Bentalol;Aromatic alcohol;Caswell No. 081F;alpha.-Toluenol;Benzyl alcohol (natural);Alcool benzilico [DCIT];Itch-X;alcoholum benzylicum;NCI-C06111;benzenmethanol;.alpha.-Hydroxytoluene;Benzylalkohol;FEMA No. 2137;Aromatic primary alcohol;Alcool benzylique [INN-French];Benzyl alkohol;Alcohol bencilico [INN-Spanish];Methanol benzene;Alcoholum benzylicum [INN-Latin];UNII-LKG8494WBH;NSC 8044;HOCH-Ph-polymer;phenylmethan-1-ol;BnOH;HSDB 46;CCRIS 2081;Benzyl alcohol Natural;Benzyl alcohol [USAN:INN:JAN];EINECS 202-859-9;EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009502;BRN 0878307;TOLUENE,ALPHA-HYDROXY;Benzenemethanol; Phenylcarbinol; Phenylmethyl alcohol;Phenylmethanol; alpha-Hydroxytoluene; Benzoyl alcohol; Hydroxytoluene; Benzenecarbinol; alpha-toluenol; (hydroxymethyl)benzene;

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is often abbreviated "Bn" (not to be confused with "Bz" which is used for benzoyl), thus benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. Benzyl alcohol has moderate solubility in water (4 g/100 mL) and is miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. The anion produced by deprotonation of the alcohol group is known as benzylate or benzyloxide.

Natural occurrences
Benzyl alcohol is produced naturally by many plants and is commonly found in fruits and teas. It is also found in a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth and ylang-ylang. It is also found in castoreum from the castor sacs of beavers.

Preparation
Benzyl alcohol is produced industrially from toluene via benzyl chloride, which is hydrolyzed:

C6H5CH2Cl + H2O › C6H5CH2OH + HCl
Another route entails hydrogenation of benzaldehyde, a by-product of the oxidation of toluene to benzoic acid.

For laboratory use, Grignard reaction of phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde and the Cannizzaro reaction of benzaldehyde also give benzyl alcohol. The latter also gives benzoic acid, an example of an organic disproportionation reaction.

Reactions
Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.

Benzyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide. This is an example of a Ritter reaction:

C6H5CH2OH + NCCHCH2 › C6H5CH2N(H)C(O)CHCH2

Applications
Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, waxes, shellacs, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. Thus it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible viscosity enhancers to encourage the mixture to cling to painted surfaces.

It is a precursor to a variety of esters and ethers, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. E.g. benzyl benzoate, benzyl salicylate, benzyl cinnamate, dibenzyl ether, benzyl butyl phthalate.

It is also used in e-liquid for e-cigarettes to enhance the flavors used.[citation needed] When applied to damaged skin or mucous membranes at a 10% concentration, it acts as a local anesthetic and antimicrobial agent.[citation needed] It can be utilized as a degreaser in rug cleaning products.[citation needed] As a dye solvent, it enhances the process of dying wool, nylon, and leather.It also has use as a photographic film developer and as an insect repellent.[citation needed]

Use in health care
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative at low concentration in intravenous medications, cosmetics, and topical drugs.Some caution is necessary if a high percent of Benzyl alcohol is used as benzaldehyde arises from benzyl alcohol when used as preservative in an injectable formulation solution.

Benzyl alcohol, sold under the brand name Ulesfia, was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009, as a 5% solution for the treatment of head lice in people 6 months of age and older. It affects the louse's spiracles, preventing them from closing.These then become clogged with water or mineral oil or other matter and cause the insect to die from asphyxiation.

Benzyl alcohol is used effectively for treating lice infestations as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo with 5% benzyl alcohol.

Other uses
Benzyl alcohol has nearly the same refraction index as quartz and wool fiber. If a clear quartz object is immersed in benzyl alcohol, it becomes almost invisible. This test has been used to determine non-destructively whether an object is truly made of quartz.[citation needed] Similarly, white wool immersed in benzyl alcohol also becomes almost invisible, clearly revealing contaminants such as dark and medullated fibers and vegetable matter.[citation needed]

Contact dermatitis

Illustration of allergic contact dermatitis
Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient used in the manufacture of soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos, and facial cleansers and is popular due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. It is a common ingredient in a variety of household products and can cause severe allergic contact dermatitis in a significant percentage of the population.

Safety
Benzyl alcohol has low acute toxicity with an LD50 of 1.2 g/kg in rats. It oxidizes rapidly in healthy individuals to benzoic acid, conjugated with glycine in the liver, and excreted as hippuric acid. Very high concentrations can result in toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis.

Benzyl alcohol is toxic to neonates and is associated with the gasping syndrome.

Benzyl alcohol is severely toxic and highly irritating to the eye.Pure benzyl alcohol produces corneal necrosis.

Benzyl alcohol is not considered to be a carcinogen, and no data are available regarding teratogenic or reproductive effects.
Benzyl Alcohol min. 99.5%

Benzyl Alcohol min. 99.5% used as:
- Chemical intermediate
- Solvents
- Photosensitive materials and other photochemical products
- Viscosity control
- Odorous substances
- Flow accelerator

Miscellaneous
Benzyl alcohol is a water-white liquid with a faint aromatic odor and a sharp burning taste. It has a molecular weight of 108.13 and a specific gravity of 1.045. Aqueous solution of benzyl alcohol is neutral. Benzyl alcohol decomposes to benzaldehyde slowly when exposed to air. For this reason, storage tanks should be blanketed with nitrogen. Benzyl alcohol is incompatible with oxidizing agents. Problems may occur when polystyrene syringes are used with certain types of drug products containing benzyl alcohol since these agents can extract and dissolve the plastic. At times the rubber tip may release a constituent to the drug product.

General information
Benzyl alcohol is commonly used as a preservative in multidose injectable pharmaceutical formulations. For this purpose, concentrations in the range of 0.5–2.0% are used and the whole amount of benzyl alcohol injected is generally very well tolerated. Concentrations of 0.9% are used in Bacteriostatic Sodium Chlorine (USP), which is often used in the management of critically ill patients to flush intravascular catheters after the addition of medications or the withdrawal of blood, and in Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for injection (USP), used to dilute or reconstitute medications for intravenous use. The content of benzyl alcohol in a lot of injectable pharmaceutical formulations needs to be considered carefully. The view still taken in many countries that the additives and excipients in medicines are trade secrets must be deplored. The duty to declare them is only imposed in some countries.

The toxic effects of benzyl alcohol include respiratory vasodilatation, hypertension, convulsions, and paralysis.

Benzyl alcohol (synonyms: hydroxytoluol, phenylcarbinol, phenylmethanol) is generally used as a solvent in the production of perfumes, paints and adhesives, etc. In nature it occurs in the flowers of jasmine (up to 6%), carnation, etc. It is reported that this compound may produce together with air explosive mixtures including benzaldehyde, which acts narcotically. The explosive limit is at 20 °C, 1.8–16.3 vol%. Its toxicity is 2–3 times higher than that of isopropanol. The local reactions seen on the skin are flush and irritations, while inhaling may induce vomiting, headache, diarrhea, and/or collapse.

The activity of benzyl alcohol on head lice was reported by Meinking et al. (2010) when testing the United States product Ulesfia, which contains 5% benzyl alcohol (Table 2). It was shown in their tests that the benzyl alcohol blocks the closing (= contraction) of the spiracles (= stigma = the external entry openings of the breathing system of the lice), so that the non-pharmacological substances of the product (mineral oils, etc.) may enter and asphyxiate the lice by covering the exchange region between cells and free oxygen. These effects are documented even after an exposure of only 10 min. Of course, the efficacy is not neurotoxic as is correctly stated by the FDA, but the potential side effects of the benzyl alcohol are considerable.

BENZYL ALCOHOL
Benzyl alcohol (?-hydroxytoluene) is an aromatic alcohol used as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations ranging from 0.9% to 2.0% in many multidose medication vials and parenteral solutions. It is readily oxidized in vivo to benzoic acid, and conjugated with glycine to form hippuric acid. Neonates have reduced capacity to metabolize benzoic acid, and toxicity may result from bioaccumulation of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid with repetitive dosing. Neonates inadvertently given 100 to 240 mg/kg/day of benzyl alcohol (mostly in bacteriostatic catheter flush solutions) developed a syndrome of CNS depression, severe metabolic acidosis, gasping respiration, thrombocytopenia, hepatorenal failure, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, bradycardia, skin breakdown, cardiovascular collapse, and death, termed the “gasping baby syndrome.”28 The evidence for causation rests on the original case-control description, elevated concentrations of serum and urine metabolites, and the disappearance of the syndrome with the removal of bacteriostatic solutions from the nursery.28,29 A reduction in kernicterus, intracranial hemorrhage, neurologic deficit, and perhaps mortality has also been associated with elimination of benzyl alcohol solutions in neonates.30–32 The daily dose of benzyl alcohol should not exceed 5 mg/kg body weight.33 Some common parenteral medications formulated with benzyl alcohol include amiodarone, atracurium, atropine sulfate, bacteriostatic water and saline for injection, bumetanide, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, furosemide, glycopyrrolate, heparin, hydroxyzine, metoclopramide, midazolam, lorazepam, pancuronium, physostigmine, procainamide, prochlorperazine, succinylcholine, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Historically, benzyl alcohol was used as a bacteriostatic flush for intravenous lines. In 1981 and 1982, several deaths in the neonatal intensive care unit were attributed to the use of benzyl alcohol. These patients presented with neonatal gasping syndrome, characterized gradual neurologic deterioration, severe metabolic acidosis, sudden onset of gasping respirations, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse.121,122

Extensive workup in these patients revealed that the illness was the result of repetitive administration of the bacteriostatic solutions containing the benzyl alcohol. Benzoic acid is a by-product of benzyl alcohol, and it is likely that neonates are unable to detoxify the benzoic acid when benzyl alcohol is given repetitively.122 The syndrome disappeared after use of benzyl alcohol was discontinued in nurseries.

Benzyl alcohol (CASRN: 100-51-6) is a clear, colorless liquid at room temperature that has gained broad use in commerce due to a wide range of advantageous properties including comparatively moderate toxicity, high polarity, solubility in water and other solvents, low vapor pressure, and faint pleasant aromatic scent. While its major commercial uses are in fragrances and in industrial processes as solvent and textile dye assistant, benzyl alcohol enjoys many other uses. It is an ingredient commonly found in consumer and healthcare products, and arises as a natural product in plants, fruits, tea, and wines. The principal routes of occupational exposure to benzyl alcohol are via inhalation and dermal contact where benzyl alcohol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to this compound via dermal contact with consumer products, and to a lesser extent via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and drinking water. Its toxicity became notable when it was associated with the deaths of preterm infants. Chronic cancer studies have proven negative, as have the majority of genotoxicity studies. In humans, exposure to benzyl alcohol can produce irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, and central nervous system depression leading to convulsion, paralysis, and respiratory failure. Low concentrations of benzyl alcohol are used as a bacteriostatic agent in intravenous preparations. In healthy individuals, it is rapidly oxidized to benzoic acid in the liver, and then it is excreted as hippuric acid (glycine conjugate). Only one state (Florida, USA) has set minimum contamination level goal as 2100 µg l-1 in drinking water. Orally administered LD50 doses for this compound range from 1360 to 1580 mg per kg body weight and 1230–3120 mg per kg bodyweight for mice and rats respectively. The main treatment for benzyl alcohol toxicity is discontinuation of the exposure and supportive care. Hemodialysis may enhance the elimination of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites and may also be useful to help correct severe metabolic acidosis.

Benzyl alcohol (Ulesfia 5% lotion).
Benzyl alcohol lotion 5% (Ulesfia) is the first FDA-approved non-neurotoxic louse treatment available in the U.S., approved for children ?6 months of age. Benzyl alcohol occludes the respiratory spiracles of the louse, and the quantity applied must be sufficient to saturate the hair completely. Treatment achieved 100% efficacy after both 10- and 30-minute applications in a phase II trial. Phase III trials comparing the product to vehicle placebo for two 10-minute applications showed it to be safe and effective (P<0.001).1 Benzyl alcohol can induce histamine release and produce scalp itching, but overall is very well tolerated.

Mechanism of action
Benzyl alcohol is thought to inhibit lice from closing their respiratory spiracles, allowing the lotion to obstruct the spiracles and causing the lice to asphyxiate.

Clinical use
Because of the mechanism of action of benzyl alcohol, lice are less likely to develop resistance to the drug compared with permethrin. Patients with long hair may need up to six bottles of lotion to completely cover their hair during a single application. Because benzyl alcohol does not eliminate lice eggs, a second treatment, 1 week after the first, is necessary.

Adverse effects
Although unlikely with topical application, intravenous products containing benzyl alcohol have been associated with neonatal gasping syndrome, with manifestations including gasping respiration, metabolic acidosis, and hypotension. As a result of the risk of neonatal gasping syndrome, this drug should not be administered in infants younger than 6 months.

Benzyl Alcohol 5% (Ulesfia Lotion).
Benzyl alcohol lotion is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for children 6 months and older and may be the treatment of choice. The quantity applied must be sufficient to saturate the hair completely for 10 minutes. FDA phase 3 drug trials comparing the product to vehicle placebo for two 10-minute applications showed it to be safe and effective (P < 0.001).3 Toxicity has been reported with intravenous exposure to benzyl alcohol in neonates and low birth weight infants. The “gasping syndrome” (characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations) has been associated with benzyl alcohol dosages of >99?mg/kg/day. The product label indicates that benzyl alcohol was quantified in a single plasma sample in 4 out of 19 subjects (21%) after topical application, including 3 subjects in the 6 months to 3 years age group at 0.5 hour after treatment. The level ranged from 1.97 to 2.99?µg/mL—levels unlikely to produce toxicity. With topical use, benzyl alcohol can induce histamine release and produce scalp itching and eye irritation.

Benzyl alcohol is an aqueous soluble preservative widely used in injectable pharmaceutical preparations as well as in cosmetic products. Although toxic in neonates and infants, it is generally recognized as safe by the FDA at concentrations up to 5% in adults. The effect of benzyl alcohol present as preservative in bacteriostatic normal saline has recently come under investigation when administered via intraarticular injection. Patients who undergo MRI-based arthrography for standard clinical indications are commonly administered a contrast agent like gadolinium diluted in bacteriostatic saline. Clifford et al. recently performed a clinical study to prospectively evaluate the effect of benzyl alcohol present in saline, on post-procedural pain in patients following direct shoulder arthrography [13c].

In this study 138 patients underwent MR arthrography. Using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale, patients were asked to report their shoulder pain level before and after the procedure and also followed up for 2 days after the procedure. A control group of 62 patients received preservative-free saline solution as contrast agent diluent while a test group of 62 patients received saline containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol. The patients were randomized for this study and the effect of preservative vs. control on pain level was estimated with multiple regression.

The observed pain scale scores were significantly higher (0.79 units, P = 0.0382) with benzyl alcohol preservative compared with control (saline). In both study groups, the pain scale scores decreased slightly after the procedure, increased by roughly 1 unit over baseline for the test group and 0.3 unit over baseline for the control group by 6 hours after the procedure, were 0.50 unit over baseline for the test group and 0.12 unit over baseline for the control group at 24 hours, then fell to be slightly greater than baseline at 48 hours with benzyl alcohol and slightly less than baseline without benzyl alcohol. These trends over time were highly significant (P < 0.0001).

This report provides evidence of significantly increased patient discomfort when using normal saline preserved with benzyl alcohol as a diluent. This new study is consistent with similar findings reported in the literature [14c, 15c]. Therefore it warrants further investigation and caution while choosing the appropriate diluent for systemic administration of drugs or diagnostic agents.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIE

PHYSICAL STATE;clear, colorless liquid
MELTING POINT;-15 C
BOILING POINT;203 - 205 C
SPECIFIC GRAVITY;1.046
SOLUBILITY IN WATER;4 gr/100ml
VAPOR DENSITY    3.72
AUTOIGNITION    ;436     
Health: 2 
Flammability: 2 
Reactivity: 0
REFRACTIVE INDEX;1.540
FLASH POINT ;104 C

STABILITY ;Stable under ordinary conditions

GENERAL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATIONS

Benzyl is the prefix describing the presence of the redical "C6H5CH2-". An simple example is benzyl alcohol,  C6H5CH2OH. Benzyl alcohol, also called phenylmethanol or phenylcarbinol, is a clear, colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor; melting at 15 C and Boiling at 205 C. It is a primary alcohol with arene group. It is partially soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol and ether. Benzyl alcohol is prepared by the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride in the presence of soda ash. Benzyl alcohol has properties of strong polarity and limited water solubility. It features also good solvency, low toxicity and low vapor pressure. It is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, epoxy resin coatings, and as a degreasing agent in cleaning as well as for chemical reaction process. It reacts with acids (acetic, benzoic, and sebacic acids, and etc) to form numerous esters, salts and other compounds, thus is used widely as a valued intermediate in industrial field as well as in making soap, perfumeand flavors. This compound is used as a dyeing assistant for filament nylons. Its applications include many pharmaceutical preparations and bacteriostatic compounds. It was used for antipruritic activity to relieve itching. Carbinol is a primary alcohol with general formula RCH2OH. In carbinol nomenclature system, the term of carbinol is methanol itself and other groups are considered to have replaced one of the methanol hydrogen atoms to describe larger alcohols as derivatives of carbinol. This nomenclature system is particularly useful when the groups attached to the methanol carbon are large, aromatic, and cyclo groups. Benzyl alcohol is called phenylcarbinol or benzenecarbinol while benzyl carbinol is phenylethyl alcohol.

Benzyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol with the formula c6h5ch2oh. The benzyl group is often abbreviated as "bn" (not to be confused with the "BZ" used for benzoyl), so the benzyl alcohol is denoted as BnOH. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a slightly pleasant aromatic odor. Its polarity, low toxicity, and low evaporation make it a useful solvent. Benzyl alcohol is moderately soluble in water (4 g / 100 mL) and miscible in alcohols and diethyl ether. By Group Group deprotonation, urea anion is known as benzylate or benzyloxide. Reactions
Like 5 alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters. In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular for protecting groups as they can be taken up by mild hydrogenolysis.

Enyl alcohol reacts with acrylonitrile to give n-benzylacrylamide. This is an example of the Ritter reaction:

C6H5CH2OH + NCCHCH2 › C6H5CH2N (H) C (O) CHCH2
Application
Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, linen, shellac, paints, varnishes and epoxy coatings. As such, it can be used in paint strippers, especially when combined with compatible Viscosity enhancers to encourage bonding to painted surfaces, it is the precursor to a variety of esters used in the soap, perfume and flavor industries. Also, e-liquid is used for e-cigarette to develop the flavors used. When applied to damaged skin or mucous membranes at 10%, it acts as an anesthetic and antimicrobial agent and is sometimes found in cleansing products as a degreaser. As a dye solvent, improves wool, nylon and leather dying development, also has use as a photo enhancer and as an insect repellent

Use in healthcare
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative in intravenous drugs, cosmetics, and topical medications.

Benzyl alcohol with a wall of 5% has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of head lice in children older than 6 months and possibly. The effects of this lice on spiracles prevent them from closing. These are then clogged with water or mineral oil or other substance, causing the insects to die without suffocation.

Benzyl alcohol is used in the treatment of lice infestations with 5% benzyl alcohol as the active ingredient in lotion shampoo.

Other China
Benzyl alcohol has almost the same refractive index as quartz and wool fiber. If a clear quartz object is dipped in benzyl alcohol, it will be almost invisible. This test is not to see if an object is really made of quartz. Similarly, white wool dipped in benzyl alcohol also becomes almost invisible to expose contaminants such as dark and medullated fibers and vegetable matter.

Contact dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis drawing
Benzyl alcohol is an ingredient as it is applied in soaps, topical creams, skin lotions, shampoos and facial cleansers and is popular because of its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal ingredients. It is a common ingredient in a variety of household products and can cause severe allergic contact dermatitis in a significant percentage of the population.

How is it produced?
Benzyl alcohol production is carried out by several methods. Among them

The reaction is carried out by hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde.
The reaction is carried out by hydrolysis of Benzyl chloride.
In the production reaction from toluene, a 3-step reaction is performed by hydrogenation of methyl benzoate. In the first stage, benzoic acid is oxidized to obtain toluene. In the second step, it is put into the esterification reaction with methyl alcohol. It is obtained by hydrogenating the obtained methyl benzoate.
What are its Physical and Chemical Properties?
It has an aromatic fragrance. It is a transparent colorless liquid. It has a bitter almond odor due to oxidation. It has adhesive properties.

Its density is 1.045 g / mlt.

It has flammable feature.

Its boiling point is 401 ° C.

It is slightly soluble in water as a solubility. Miscible with ether, ethyl alcohol and chloroform.

It is an unstable chemical. Therefore, it should not be stored for a long time. If it stays for a long time, it gets oxidized in the air and turns into benzaldehyde and benisol. Because of this, it can have a benzaldehyde scent odor of almond aroma.

In addition, it is oxidized to benzoic acid in the presence of antioxidants such as nitric acid.

Where are the Uses of Benzyl Alcohol?
It is used in perfume, soap, ointment and lotion.
It is used as an auxiliary substance in the status of antimicrobial agent in pharmaceutical preparations.
It is used as a flavoring agent in the perfumery industry.
It is used as a solvent for gelatin, casein and cellulose acetate.
It is used as a solvent chemical for injectable preparations in the pharmacy. However, it is a notoriously effective excipient.
It can be used as a food additive.
Pharma grade benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic and a local anesthetic.
Used as a solvent for ink, paint, varnish and epoxy resin coatings.
It has high effectiveness against gram positive bacteria.
It can also be used as degreasing agent, dyeing polyamide and bonding aid.
It is used as an adjuvant in transdermal or percutaneous applications.
What Are The Factors Affecting Their Prices?
Benzyl alcohol prices are directly dependent on the prices of the chemicals used in its production. As the prices of benzoic acid increase, the prices of this chemical will increase. It also depends on aldehyde prices. Prices will increase as aldehyde prices increase.

The use of benzyl alcohol has increased with the development of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Therefore, the prices of this chemical have also increased.