CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE = TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE = TRICALCIUM DIPHOSPHATE

CAS No.: 7758-87-4
EC-No. : 231-840-8
MDL Number: MFCD00015984
Chemical Formula: Ca3O8P2

Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. 
Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. 
Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritious value and are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth enamel. 
In milk, Calcium phosphate exists in a colloidal form in micelles bound to casein protein with magnesium, zinc, and citrate–collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP). 

Various calcium phosphate minerals are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. 
Calcium phosphate is a compound used in supplements and antacids.
Calcium phosphate is an odorless white solid. 
Sinks and mixes with water. 
Tricalcium bis(phosphate) is a calcium phosphate.

Calcium phosphate is a compound that contains both calcium and phosphorus. 
Calcium phosphate is a naturally occurring mineral that is a large component of bones and teeth. 
Calcium phosphate has a variety of roles in the body, and some people may benefit from supplementation. 
Calcium phosphate, also known as tricalcium phosphate, is a type of mineral. 

Calcium phosphate is a compound containing calcium and phosphorus, or phosphoric acid.
Calcium phosphate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Calcium phosphate is a family of compounds which contain calcium and phosphate groups. 
The development of phosphates as food additives took place between 1930 – 1960. 
They occur naturally in rocks. 

Commercially, it is made from phosphorus rock and calcium salts with phosphoric acid.
Calcium phosphate plays a vital role in cell functioning as well as building bones. 
Daily consumption up to 1000 mg of calcium is considered safe by the FDA. 
Allowed daily intake (ADI) of 0 – 70 mg/kg of total phosphorus is recommended by FAO/WHO.

Calcium phosphate has three kinds of orthodox salts; 
Mono-Calcium phosphate 
Di-Calcium phosphate 
Tri-Calcium phosphate. 

And furthermore Calcium phosphate has polymerized salts. 
Calcium phosphate take full advantage in many fields, depending on each property.
Calcium phosphate is a calcium salt of phosphoric acid with a chemical formula Ca3(PO4)2. 
Calcium phosphate is also known as Calcium phosphate tribasic or Tricalcium Phosphate.

Calcium is a mineral that is found naturally in foods. 
Calcium is necessary for many normal functions of the body, especially bone formation and maintenance. 
Calcium can also bind to other minerals (such as phosphate) and aid in their removal from the body.
Apatite is a mineral rock which is an impure and complex form of calcium phosphate which produces tribasic calcium phosphate. 
An apatite is a form of phosphorite which contains calcium phosphate mixed with other compounds.

Calcium phosphate is a family of materials and minerals containing calcium ions (Ca2+) together with inorganic phosphate anions. 
Some so-called calcium phosphates contain oxide and hydroxide as well. 
Calcium phosphates are white solids of nutritious value and are found in many living organisms, e.g., bone mineral and tooth enamel. In milk, Calcium phosphate exists in a colloidal form in micelles bound to casein protein with magnesium, zinc, and citrate–collectively referred to as colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP). 

Various calcium phosphate minerals are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers. 
Calcium phosphate is the calcium salt of phosphoric acid with widely used applications. 
Calcium phosphates are insoluble in water and constitute the following series: calcium phosphate (monobasic) which is used as acidulant and mineral supplement; calcium phosphate (dibasic) is used as dietary supplement in doses of 1 g orally; calcium phosphate (tribasic) is used as gastric antacid in doses of 1 g orally; and bone phosphate. 

Metabolically they behave as sources of calcium and phosphate ions.
Calcium and phosphate are multivalent cations that are important for many biologic and cellular functions. 
The kidneys play a central role in the homeostasis of calcium and phosphate ions. 
Calcium phosphates are inorganic substances of mineral origin and therefore are characterised by exceptional chemical stability. 
For the same reason, Calcium phosphates are compatible with most of known drug substances. 

Calcium phosphate is a mineral formation, also called apatite, made up of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and Oxygen (O). 
Some variations include Hydrogen (H) and other elements too. 
Calcium phosphate’s formula looks like (Ca5(PO4)3). 

There are variations:
-Apatite Ca5(PO4)3
-Hydroxyapatite – Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
-Fluorapatite – Ca5(PO4)3F
-Chlorapatite – Ca5(PO4)3Cl
Some of these minerals are natural in the human body, such as hydroyapatite (aka hydroxylapatite), which is the primary component of tooth enamel. 
Calcium phosphate, in one form or another, is the primary component of animal bone. 

USES and APPLICATIONS of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Stabilizer
-Emulsifier
-pH regulator
-Pharmacodynamics:
Calcium phosphate reacts with acid in the stomach to raise the pH 3. 
In toothpaste Calcium phosphate provides a source of calcium and phosphate ions to support remineralization of the teeth. 

-Calcium phosphate is typically available as an over the counter supplement, antacid, or as an added ingredient in some toothpastes.
-Calcium can also bind to other minerals (such as phosphate) and aid in their removal from the body.
-Calcium phosphate is used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies.
-Calcium phosphate is most often used to treat calcium deficiencies in your diet. 
-Calcium phosphate (tricalcium phosphate) is a mineral that is used as a supplement in people who do not get enough calcium from food.

-Calcium phosphate is used to treat calcium deficiencies that may be associated with low blood calcium, a parathyroid disorder, or osteoporosis and other bone conditions.
-Calcium phosphates are important materials in the fields of biology, geology, industry, medicine, and dentistry. 
-Different variations are used as flour additives, acidulants, dough conditioners, anticaking, buffering and leavening agents as well as yeast nutrients and nutritional supplements. 

-In baking, calcium phosphate is often a part of baking powder along with sodium bicarbonate.1 Three main calcium phosphate salts are used in foods:
Monocalcium phosphate with Ca:P ratio of 0.68:1
Dicalcium phosphate Ca:P ratio of 1.31:1
Tricalcium phosphate Ca:P ratio of 2.21:1

-As an odorless powder, Calcium phosphate serves several functions in baked goods.
-Anticaking and moisture control agent: 
Prevents powder caking, lumping or agglomeration.
-Dough strengthener: 
Modifies starch and gluten to provide a more stable dough.

-Firming agent: 
Prevents the collapse during processing.
Flour bleaching treatment
-Leavening aid: 
Provides food for yeast.
-Nutrient supplement: 
Provides calcium for nutritional value.

-Stabilizer and thickener: 
Provides body and improved consistency.
-Texturizer: 
Improves baked good texture.
-pH regulator: works as a pH buffer and processing aid.
-Acidulant: 
Acts as an acid in leavening with sodium bicarbonate.
Sequestrant of minerals that may catalyze lipid oxidation.

-Antioxidant synergist: 
Enhances calcium propionate effect.
-Coloring adjunct: 
Aids in the preservation of color in coatings.
-Calcium phosphate has different uses in baked goods depending on the compound selected. 
-Calcium phosphate is mainly used as an acidulant in baking powders, and a nutritional supplement in different breads and flours.

-Fast- acting acid: used in a ratio of 1.5:1 by weight of sodium bicarbonate.
-Firming agent: provides calcium to pectin gels in jams and fillings.
-Mold inhibitor: enhances the action of calcium propionate.
-Typical calcium phosphate usage levels in common food products:1,3
-Calcium phosphate is applied to various uses such as biomaterial, raw material of bioceramics and as a reagent for a number of high technological industries. 

-Cosmetic Uses:    
abrasives
antiplaque agents
buffering agents
bulking agents
oral care agents
viscosity controlling agents

-Tricalcium phosphate is a supplement form of calcium phosphate and is used to treat or prevent calcium deficiency. 
-In addition to tricalcium phosphate's use as a supplement, tricalcium phosphate is used as an anti-caking agent in powdered food items. 
-Calcium phosphate is also used as an additive in some processed foods to boost calcium content.
-Calcium phosphate is used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies.

-Calcium phosphates are important materials in biology, geology, industry , medicine and dentistry. 
Calcium phosphate's formation, functions and applications depend on Calcium phosphate's structure , composition, solubility and stability.
-Calcium is a mineral found naturally in food. 
Calcium is essential for many normal functions of the body, in particular bone formation and maintenance. 
Calcium can also bind to other minerals (such as phosphate) and help to extract them from the body. 

-Calcium phosphate is used to prevent and treat calcium deficiencies. 
-Calcium phosphate may also be used for purposes not specified in this drug guide.
-Calcium phosphate is used as an antacid and dietary supplement in veterinary medicine.
-Calcium phosphate is used in medicine as calcium replenisher.
-Calcium phosphate is used as a buffer in food.

-Calcium phosphate is used stabilizer in plastics.
-Calcium phosphate is used in the manufacturing of milk glass.
-Calcium phosphate is used in the production of fertilizers.
-Calcium phosphate is used in the manufacture of luminescent materials.
-Calcium phosphate is used to clarify sugar syrups.

-Calcium phosphate is used in dental powders.
-Calcium phosphate can be used to treat disorders caused by low levels of calcium such as bone loss (osteoporosis), weak bones (osteomalacia / rickets), reduced parathyroid gland function (hypoparathyroidism), and some muscle disease (latent tetanus).
-Calcium phosphate is one way of getting the calcium you need in your diet. 
-Calcium phosphate can be used as a supplement to increase your calcium and phosphorus intake, but Calcium phosphate's also used as a food additive. 

-Calcium phosphate can help thicken, stabilize and firm foods. 
-Calcium phosphate's also used to help blend oil- and water-based ingredients, prevent caking, retain moisture, regulate acidity and treat flour. 
-Not surprisingly, calcium phosphate is found in many processed foods. 

-Grains, Fruits and Vegetables:
Foods that can contain this additive include flour, bread and other baked goods such as store-bought pies, cakes and pastries. Anything battered or breaded, breakfast cereals, crackers and pasta can contain calcium phosphate. 
If you buy processed fruits or vegetables, such as canned tomatoes, potatoes, red and green peppers and carrots or fruit juice, they may also be a source of calcium phosphate.

-Dairy and Other Foods:
Dairy products, such as cheese, powdered milk, buttermilk, dairy-based drinks, dairy-based desserts, cream, condensed milk and butter, are potential sources of calcium phosphate.

-Sweet treats: 
Including soda, cocoa products, candied fruit, candies, chewing gum, edible ices, egg-based desserts, fruit-based desserts, artificially sweetened jelly and preserves, syrups and sugars -- can also sometimes contain this additive.

-Soy products, processed meats and seafood, soups, sauces and condiments, water-based beverages, mead and alcoholic beverages are other foods that can contain calcium phosphate. 
-Frozen dinners, fast foods and broth-enhanced meats are other sources.
-Calcium phosphate is used to prevent and to treat calcium deficiencies. 
Calcium phosphate is typically available as an over the counter supplement or as an added ingredient in some toothpastes. 

-Calcium phosphates (E 341) [monocalcium phosphate (E 341i), dicalcium phosphate (E 341ii), tricalcium phosphate (E 341iii)] are used as food additive as raising agent, stabilizer, dough strengthener, anti-caking agent, texturizer, flour treating agent and acidity regulator. 
-Calcium phosphate agent can also be used as a countermeasure for exposure to strontium and radium radionuclides. 
-Upon oral uptake, calcium phosphate competes for and blocks the absorption of radium (Ra-226) and strontium (Sr-90) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

-Various calcium phosphate minerals are used in the production of phosphoric acid and fertilizers.
-Calcium phosphates have been used in the pharmaceutical technology for many years. 
Calcium phosphates have many physical and chemical properties that make them ideal candidates for the production of solid oral dosage forms. 
Calcium phosphates are mainly used as fillers in order to bulk up formulations  however, the function of calcium phosphates goes far beyond mere filler and the adequate utilisation of their full functionality can support achieving the intended formulation goals.

PREPARATION of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE: 
Calcium phosphate can also be produced by reacting phosphoric acid (H3PO4) with solid calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Ca(OH)2+H3PO4→Ca3(PO4)2+H2O (unbalanced)
3Ca(OH)2+2H3PO4→Ca3(PO4)2+6H2O (balanced equation)

Dibasic calcium phosphate can be produced in the former of these reactions by using an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. Monobasic calcium phosphate is obtained by adding excess phosphoric acid to either a dibasic solution or a tribasic calcium phosphate solution and letting the solution to evaporate.

CALSIUM PHOSPHATE SOLUBILITY:
Solubility is one of the most important characteristics of calcium phosphate salts. 
Calcium Phosphate is solubility that defines the course of several reactions involving calcium phosphates such as absorption, precipitation, hydrolysis and phase transformation. 

Calcium phosphate solubility also plays a major role in biological processes including hard tissue formation and resorption as well as pathological calcification.
Calcium phosphate-based bone graft replacements (mostly tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite) are bioceramics that have the greatest resemblance to bone minerals. 
This is what makes calcium phosphate excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoconductivity.

Solubility is conventionally described as the quantity of a solid that can dissolve into a unit volume of solution. 
With calcium phosphates, this level also varies by many orders of magnitude, including variations in pH and concentrations of acids and bases, such as HCI and NaOH. 
Water-soluble calcium phosphate is derived from the skeletons of vertebrate animals. 

Water soluble calcium phosphate is an important material for plant growth and is commonly dispersed in the soil. 
Calcium phosphate is insoluble in water but soluble in acids: Calcium phosphate is used in natural farming. 
Calcium phosphate may dissolve slightly in CO2-containing water.

OCCURRENCE of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Calcium and phosphorus make up the bulk of animal mineral nutrient requirements (to fulfill both body tissue and milk needs), hence DCPD is a popular and commonly used animal supplement. 
Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate is also of concern as it is the most soluble of barely soluble calcium phosphate crystals, making it a good choice for rock phosphate dissolution tests. 

The fate of DCPD in the soil is rather temporary.
Mineral phosphorus is usually applied to soil in a water-soluble form, such as triple super phosphate or diammonium phosphate. 
As phosphorus dissolves a high concentration of solution P, precipitation reactions are preferred. 
Calcium phosphates are found in nature in many ways and are the primary minerals for the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers and for a variety of phosphorus compounds.

MECHANISM of ACTION of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
The phosphate ions in calcium phosphate likely react with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to neutralize the pH. 
In toothpaste and in systemic circulation, calcium phosphate provides a source of calcium and phosphate ions to support remineralization of the teeth and bone homeostasis respectively. 

The increase in plasma calcium reduces calcium flux from osteocyte activity by reducing the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
Calcium does this by stimulating a G-protein coupled calcium receptor on the surface of parathyroid cells. 
The reduction in calcium flux increases the amount of calcium deposited in bone resulting in an increase in bone mineral density. 

The reduction in PTH secretion also reduces the amount of vitamin D metabolized to its active form, calcidiol. 
Since calcidiol increases the expression of calcium dependent ATPases and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 6 (TRPV6) both of which are involved in calcium uptake from the gut, a reduction in calcidiol results in less calcium absorption. 

Additionally, TRPV5, the channel responsible for calcium reabsorption in the kidney, is downregulated when PTH secretion is reduced thus increasing calcium excretion via the kidneys. 
Another hormone, calitonin, is likely involved in the reduction of bone resorption during periods of high plasma calcium.

MONOCALCIUM and DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Reaction: defluorinated phosphoric acid is mixed with high quality limestone or other calcium salts in a reaction vessel.
Drying: calcium phosphate is separated and the crystals are then dried.
Grinding: anhydrous calcium phosphate is ground to desired particle size.
Coating: the granules are covered with a phosphate based coating

TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Calcination: phosphate rock is mixed with phosphoric acid and sodium hydroxide in a reaction vessel followed by heating to high temperatures.
Grinding: calcium phosphate is ground to desired particle size.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
Weight:
-Average: 310.177
-Monoisotopic: 309.794613465
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: No data available
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: No data available

Melting point/freezing point
Melting point/range: > 450 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Density: 3,14 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 3,27 at 20,5 °C
Water solubility: 7,7 g/l at 20 °C at 6,9 - 7,3 hPa
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available

Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: White powder
Melting Point: 1670 °C
Boiling Point: Decomposes
Density: 3.14 g/cm3

Solubility in H2O: N/A
Exact Mass: 309.794613
Monoisotopic Mass: 309.794613
Appearance: white solid (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 1670.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point: 32.00 °F. TCC ( 0.00 °C. ) (est)
 

FIRST AID MEASURES of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.

-Advice for firefighters:
In the event of fire, wear self-contained breathing apparatus.
-Further information:
Suppress (knock down) gases/vapors/mists with a water spray jet. 

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Control parameters:
Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU). 
Safety glasses.

*Skin protection:
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet, supplied by us and for the designated use. 
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min

*Respiratory protection:
required when dusts are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following standards: DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING AND STORAGE of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Precautions for safe handling:
-Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.
Storage class

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
-Reactivity: No data available
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions: no information available
-Conditions to avoid: no information available
-Incompatible materials: no information available

SYNONYMS:
β-Calcium phosphate tribasic
β-Tricalcium phosphate
tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate
tert-Calcium phosphate
tricalcium;diphosphate
TCP
Calcium orthophosphate
Tricalcium diphosphate
Calcium phosphate tribasic
Calcigenol simple
Tricalcium orthophosphate
Tribasic calcium phosphate 
Synthos
α-tri-Calcium phosphate
β-Calcium phosphate
β-Tricalcium phosphate 
β-tri-Calcium phosphate
tert-Calcium phosphate
tri-Calcium (ortho)phosphate
calcium diphosphate
calcium phosphate    
calcium phosphate (3:2)
tricalcium bis(orthophosphate)
tricalcium bis(phosphate)
tricalcium diphosphate
tricalcium orthophosphate
tricalcium phosphate
tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)
tricalcium;diphosphate
Tribasic calcium phosphate
Bone phosphate of lime
Calcium phosphate