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CAS: 1333-86-4
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Carbon black (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, or ethylene cracking tar. Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. However, carbon black is widely used as a model compound for diesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments.[2][better source needed] Carbon black is mainly used as a reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products. In plastics, paints, and inks, carbon black is used as a color pigment.
The current International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B)".[4] Short-term exposure to high concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract, through mechanical irritation.
The most common use (70%) of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods. The balance is mainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics.
Carbon black is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which otherwise causes the material to degrade. Carbon black particles are also employed in some radar absorbent materials, in photocopier and laser printer toner, and in other inks and paints. The high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films.[5] Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. A good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and paints.[5] It is used as an antistatic additive agent in automobile fuel caps and pipes.
Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, known in Europe as additive E153. It is approved for use as additive 153 (Carbon blacks or Vegetable carbon) in Australia and New Zealand[6] but has been banned in the US.[7] The color pigment carbon black has been widely used for many years in food and beverage packaging. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in New Zealand.
The Canadian Government's extensive review of carbon black in 2011 concluded that carbon black could continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. This was because “in most consumer products carbon black is bound in a matrix and unavailable for exposure, for example as a pigment in plastics and rubbers” and “it is proposed that carbon black is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentrations or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health.”
Carbon black uses
1. Rubber reinforcement
Carbon black is a rubber-reinforcing additive used in a multitude of rubber products.
In particular, in case of vehicles, large amounts of carbon black are used for tires.
In addition, carbon black is used with rubber to dampen earthquake vibration, in the soles of shoes and in many other products.
2. Colors and pigments for plastics
Compared with other colorants, carbon black has a high coloring power.
Therefore. it is used as ink for printing newspapers, as ink-jet toner, and other such uses.
It is also suitable as a pigment for heat-molded plastics, car fenders, coating for electric wires and other products.
3. Electric equipment and conductive components
Since carbon black has excellent conductive properties, it is used as a component for magnetic tapes and semiconductors.
(UV) stabilization and conductive agents in a variety of everyday and specialty high performance products, including:
• Tires and Industrial Rubber Products: Carbon black is added to rubber as both a filler and as a strengthening or reinforcing agent.
• For various types of tires, it is used in innerliners, carcasses, sidewalls and treads utilizing different types based on specific performance requirements. Carbon black is also used in many molded and extruded industrial rubber products, such as belts, hoses, gaskets, diaphragms, vibration isolation devices, bushings, air springs, chassis bumpers, and multiple types of pads, boots, wiper blades, fascia, conveyor wheels, and grommets.
• Plastics: Carbon blacks are now widely used for conductive packaging, films, fibers, moldings, pipes and semi-conductive cable compounds in products such as refuse sacks, industrial bags, photographic containers, agriculture mulch film, stretch wrap, and thermoplastic molding applications for automotive, electrical/electronics, household appliances and blow-molded containers.
• Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Compounds: Carbon blacks are carefully designed to transform electrical characteristics from insulating to conductive in products such as electronics packaging, safety applications, and automotive parts.
• High Performance Coatings: Carbon blacks provide pigmentation, conductivity, and UV protection for a number of coating applications including automotive (primer basecoats and clearcoats), marine, aerospace, decorative, wood, and industrial coatings.
• Toners and Printing Inks: Carbon blacks enhance formulations and deliver broad flexibility in meeting specific color requirements.
Carbon black is used in many products and articles we use and see around us on a daily basis, such as:
• Rubbers
• Plastics
• Coatings
• Tires
• Inks
Thus, the requirements for the carbon black are different for each application and influence the specific properties in the final application.
For the coatings market, there is a wide range of carbon black grades available. This can make it difficult to choose the most suitable carbon black for your final application.
For example, when aiming for automotive paint with a blue undertone, the carbon black of choice will have a high jetness. However, normally these types of carbon black grades are the most difficult to disperse correctly into the desired particle size.
The carbon black producers are addressing these issues by developing specialty carbon black grades that have been surface-modified and/or are pre-treated to overcome these difficulties.
How Carbon Black is Produced?
The properties of the carbon black are influenced by the method of preparation. The different processes used for carbon black production are discussed below.
1. Furnace Black Process: It is the most common method which uses (aromatic) hydrocarbon oil as the raw material. Due to its high yield and possibility to control the particle size and structure, it is most suitable for mass production of carbon black.
In the reactor the conditions (e.g. pressure and temperature) are controlled to provide a number of reactions. The most important reactions include:
o Particle nucleation
o Particle growth
o Aggregate formation
Water injection rapidly reduces the temperature and ends the reaction. The primary particle size and structure of the carbon black is controlled by tuning the conditions in the reactor and the time allowed before the reaction is quenched.
2. Thermal Black Process: It is the most common method used for carbon black production after the furnace black process. It is a discontinuous or cyclical process.
This process uses natural methane gas as raw material. When the natural gas is injected into the furnace at an inert atmosphere, the gas decomposes into carbon black and hydrogen.
The carbon black produced using this method has the largest particle size and the lowest degree of aggregates or structure. Due to the nature of the raw material, this carbon black is the purest form available on the industrial scale.
3. Channel Process: This process uses partially combusted fuel which is brought into contact with H-shaped channel steel. It is not the most used method anymore because of its:
o Environmental issues
o Increased natural gas price
o Low yield
The benefit of this process is that it provides carbon black with a lot of functional groups.
4. Acetylene Black Process: This process uses acetylene gas as raw material. It produces mainly high structure and higher crystallinity, making this type of carbon black suitable for electric conductive applications.
5. Lampblack Process: It is the oldest industrial process for making carbon black. It uses mineral/vegetable oils as its raw material.
Recovered Carbon Black from End-of-life Tires
Recovered carbon black or (r)CB is a fast-expanding market. Recovered carbon black is obtained through the pyrolysis process of end-of-life tires. The importance of companies in the production and use of recovered carbon black is three-fold:
• The growing global problems arising with end-of-life tires (ELT)
• Companies shifting strategy to fulfill the targets ensuring a green economy
• Price changes of regular carbon black due to fluctuations in oil pricing
Depending on the composition, the content of carbon black in tires can be up to 30%. Next to carbon black, the tires consists:
• Rubber
• Rubber processing additives
• Metal
• Textile
• Fillers such as silica
The amount of silica depends on the type of tire, for example winter or summer tire, racing tire, or tire for agricultural vehicles, and will not be separated from the carbon black during the pyrolysis process, which will result in higher ash content.
In a typical car tire, up to 15 different types of carbon blacks can be used, each attributing to the different properties required. This blend of carbon blacks will then also be the make-up of the final (r)CB composition. Besides tires, other sources that can be used are rubber conveyor belts or other technical rubber products.
The presence of inert conditions in the pyrolysis process is important so that no additional carbon black is being produced.
The main differences in the properties of recovered carbon black are:
• The ash content is higher for (r)CB caused by the fillers being used in tire production.
• A blend of carbon black properties as a result of the carbon black used in the tire.
• Residual hydrocarbons on the carbon black surface, depending on the quality of the pyrolysis process.
To understand how the properties of (r)CB influence the final applications and to know which carbon black is used in which category, we need to understand the fundamental differences between the available carbon blacks.
Key Properties of Carbon Black
Primary Particle Size
The first parameter to consider is the primary particle size of the carbon black. The primary particle size can vary from 15 nm up to 300 nm. Some furnace blacks have a particle size of even as small as 8 nm.
Small particles result in higher jetness caused by a high surface area. They also provide:
• Better weatherability
• UV-fastness
• Better conductivity
On the downside, the smaller particle sizes lead to higher viscosity and require more energy for dispersing. These types generally have a blueish undertone and are used in the automotive industry where high jetness is required.
Whereas, the higher particle sizes improve the viscosity and dispersibility properties within the application. They have a more brownish undertone and are generally more suitable for the rubber and tire applications.
Structure
Already during the production process, aggregates are being formed from the primary particles. The structure of the carbon black is determined by:
• How the aggregates are shaped?
• The level of branches in the aggregates.
Surface Chemistry
Another important aspect of carbon black is surface chemistry. Depending on the production process, the functional groups on the surface of the carbon black will be different. The type and amount of functional groups will play a big role in the affinity within the application it is being used.
In general, when talking about surface chemistry, it is meant the level of oxygen-containing groups on the surface. For certain applications, the carbon black is further oxidized to increase the amount of oxygen-containing groups on the surface.
Specifically, in ink and coating applications, this will be beneficial to improve the dispersibility, pigment wetting, rheology and overall performance in the selected system.
Note: During the surface oxidation of carbon black, carboxyl groups are formed on the surface, leading to a low pH of the carbon black. This could cause incompatibility in certain coating systems.
Carbon Black for Coatings and Inks
When carbon black is used in coating or ink applications the following properties are the most important:
• Pigmentation
o Color – tint strength and jetness
o Undertone
• Viscosity
• Protection
Tint Strength
Tint strength is the ratio, expressed as tint units, of the reflectance of a standard paste to a sample paste, both prepared and tested under specified conditions.
As described in the test method ASTM D 3265-19b, a carbon black- zinc oxide paste is prepared, either by using an automatic muller apparatus or the Speedmixer® (DAC 150 FVZ).
For the preparation of the carbon black-zinc oxide paste, pre-determined raw materials are being used, such as:
• Industry tint reference black (ITRB2)
• A specific zinc oxide (lot number 11), and
• Greenflex ESO (epoxidized soybean oil)3
The reference paste is set as 100, and all the carbon blacks used are compared to this paste. This means when carbon black has a tinting strength of 80, it will give a less black color when using the same amount.
Jetness
The jetness (Mc) is the color-dependent black. It is indicatively measured as b* using a colorimeter (where b* is directly related to the L-value) and is not to be confused with blackness. The jetness is influenced directly by the primary particle size.
The lower the primary particle size, the higher the jetness.
Blackness, on the other hand, is a degree of blackness, directly related to the reflectance. In the case of high jetness pigments, it can be even below 1%.
In general, jetness is determined according to procedure DIN 55979 - determination of the black value of carbon black, where the residual reflection is measured. In this method, the blackness is used as an indication of the jetness.
Conductivity
There are various carbon blacks in the market that can provide anti-static or conductive properties. The main properties which will influence the conductive properties of the carbon black are:
• Specific surface area
• Structure
• Surface chemistry
Most of the conductive carbon blacks available in the market have higher surface areas and structures and can contain a significant volume of micropores.
Conductivity is measured by the surface resistivity of the conductive film presented in Ω/square or in volume resistivity of Ω-cm.
A better conductivity performance of a conductive carbon black will aid in adding the appropriate loading of carbon black to achieve the minimum required surface resistivity for the application.
In the final selection, to prepare a conductive or dissipative coating, a balance in the carbon black properties has to be found. As the high surface area will give you a more conductive coating but these blacks, therefore, have a higher oil absorption number, causing more binder or wetting agents to be used for optimal dispersion, and more energy is required to disperse the carbon black to achieve the desired particle size. Next to this, the level of surface resistivity required will then determine the amount of carbon black needed.
Having learnt about the production processes and properties of carbon black, let's explore the parameters to consider while selecting the carbon black for specific coatings and ink applications.
Finding the Right Carbon Black Grade for Your Application
With regard to coating applications, we need to consider the following parameters:
• Tinting strength
• Jetness
• Ease of use
o Dispersion time
o Dispersion loading
o Viscosity
o Physical form: powder or pellets
• Price
• Final requirements of application such as:
o Indirect food contact
o UV protection
o Conductivity
Carbon Black in Rubbers and Tires
• The first number indicates the particle size, where
o The N100 series has the smallest having a particle size of 11-19 nm (average)
o The N900 series has the largest particle size of 201-500 nm (average)
• The second and third digit are arbitrary numbers but can be used to describe the functionality or structure of the carbon black.
Here, N stands for the ‘normal’ cure of a rubber compound.
The channel carbon blacks were (predominantly) slow curing, and these grades of carbon black were indicated with the S prefix.
In tires, mainly types from N115 to N375 are being used, and all have a specific contribution to the final performance of the tire.
• For the liners within tires, the carbon blacks with a larger particle size from N660 to N990 are being used.
• For technical rubbers, in general, the larger particle sizes are used starting at N550 with specific addition of N3030.
Carbon Black in Plastics
In plastics, the carbon black provides three main properties:
• Color
• UV protection
• Conductivity
The carbon blacks are used to produce masterbatches that are further used in the final preparation of the plastics. During the production of the masterbatch, the carbon black must have good tinting properties, resulting in the desired color with minimal use of carbon black with good dispersibility, ensuring low energy needed to provide good dispersion of the carbon black.
When the masterbatch is used in the final application, the carbon black must spread easily from the base polymer to create an even result, good dilutability.
Food Contact Regulation
For certain applications, specialty carbon blacks are needed which comply with the food contact regulations as set by the FDA (The U.S. Food & Drug Administration).
The applicable purity requirements for compliance with U.S. FDA regulations are:
• Total PAHs should not exceed 0.5 ppm
• Benzo(a)pyrene should not exceed 5.0 ppb
As a result of a new Food Contact Notification (FCN) submitted by Cabot to FDA (FCN 1789), FDA-compliant specialty carbon blacks can be used as a colorant for polymers with no specified upper limit.
The Commission Regulation EU No. 10/2011 is applicable in all the countries of the European Union.
The purity requirements and specifications for compliance are:
• Toluene extract ≤ 0.1%2
• Cyclohexane extinction at 386 nm < 0.02 for 1 cm cell or < 0.1 for 5 cm cell
• Benzo(a)pyrene ≤ 0.25 mg/kg (250 ppb)
• Primary particles of 10-300 nm, Aggregates of 100-1200 nm, Agglomerates 300nm+
• In the final food contact item, a maximum of 2.5% carbon black by weight is allowed
What is carbon black? A vital component in making many of the products we use every day stronger, deeper in color and longer lasting, carbon black in its pure form is a fine black powder, essentially composed of elemental carbon. It is produced by partial burning and pyrolysis of low-value oil residues at high temperatures under controlled process conditions.
Carbon black is mainly used to strengthen rubber in tires, but can also act as a pigment, UV stabilizer, and conductive or insulating agent in a variety of rubber, plastic, ink and coating applications. Apart from tires, other everyday uses of carbon black include hoses, conveyor belts, plastics, printing inks and automotive coatings.
The fundamental properties of carbon black determine application performance. These include:
• Particle Size
• Structure
• Porosity
• Surface Chemistry or Surface Activity
• Physical Form
PARTICLE SIZE
Measured by electron microscopy, this is the fundamental property that has a significant effect on rubber properties, as well as color properties for specialty carbon blacks.
For specialty carbon blacks, smaller particle diameter gives rise to higher surface area and tinting strength. High surface area is usually associated with greater jetness, higher conductivity, improved weatherability, and higher viscosity, but requires increased dispersion energy.
For rubber, finer particles lead to increased reinforcement, increased abrasion resistance, and improved tensile strength. To disperse finer particles size, however, requires increased mixing time and energy. Typical particle sizes range from around 8 nanometers to 100 nanometers for furnace blacks. Surface area is utilized in the industry as an indicator of the fineness level of the carbon black and, therefore, of the particle size.
STRUCTURE
This is a measure of the three-dimensional fusion of carbon black particles to form aggregates, which may contain a large number of particles. The shape and degree of branching of the aggregates is referred to as structure.
Highly structured carbon blacks provide higher viscosity, greater electrical conductivity and easier dispersion for specialty carbon blacks. Measures of aggregate structure may be obtained from shape distributions from EM analysis, oil absorption (OAN) or void volume analysis.
The structure level of a carbon black ultimately determines its effects on several important in-rubber properties. Increasing carbon black structure increases modulus, hardness, electrical conductivity, and improves dispersibility of carbon black, but increases compound viscosity.
POROSITY
This is a fundamental property of carbon black that can be controlled during the production process. It can affect the measurement of surface area providing a total surface area (NSA) larger than the external value (STSA).
Conductive specialty carbon blacks tend to have a high degree of porosity, while an increase in porosity also allows a rubber compounder to increase carbon black loading while maintaining compound specific gravity. This leads to an increase in compound modulus and electrical conductivity for a fixed loading.
SURFACE CHEMISTRY OR SURFACE ACTIVITY
This is a function of the manufacturing process and the heat history of a carbon black and generally refers to the oxygen-containing groups present on a carbon black’s surface.
For specialty carbon blacks, oxidized surfaces improve pigment wetting, dispersion, rheology, and overall performance in selected systems. In other cases, oxidation increases electrical resistivity and makes carbon blacks more hydrophilic.
The extent of surface oxidation is measured by determining the quantity of the “volatile” component on the carbon black. High volatile levels are associated with low pH.
While difficult to measure directly for rubber, surface chemistry manifests itself through its effects on such in-rubber properties as abrasion resistance, tensile strength, hysteresis, and modulus. The effect of surface activity on cure characteristics will depend strongly on the cure system in use.
PHYSICAL FORM
This is important in matching a carbon black to the equipment by which it is to be dispersed. The physical form (beads or powder) can affect the handling and mixing characteristics.
The ultimate degree of dispersion is also a function of the mixing procedures and equipment used. Powdered carbon blacks are recommended in low-shear dispersers and on three-roll mills. Beaded carbon blacks are recommended for shot mills, ball mills, and other high energy equipment. Beading provides lower dusting, bulk handling capabilities, and higher bulk densities, while powdered carbon blacks offer improved dispersibility.
Carbon black is a basic material with a long history, and it has been used as a coloring agent since the days before Christ. Since carbon black has nano-particles with various functions such as ultra-violet absorption and conductivity, it is still being applied to new fields such as electronic equipment and devices. Some applications of carbon black, which is a conventional yet new material, are shown below.
1 ) Coloring Agent for Ink and Paints
Carbon black has higher tinting strength compared to iron black or organic pigments, and is widely used for newspaper inks, printing inks, India inks, and paints. Carbon black is also used as black pigment for inkjet ink or toners.
2 ) Resin and Film Coloring Agents
Carbon black has high tinting strength and is thermally stable, and therefore it is suitable for coloring resins and films that are heat-formed. Carbon black is also excellent for absorbing ultraviolet light, providing both a superb resistance against ultraviolet rays and a coloring effect when just a small amount is mixed with resins. Carbon black is widely used for general coloring for resins and films. Resins with carbon black are used in automobile bumpers, wire coverings and steel pipe linings which require weather resistance in particular.
3 ) Electric Conductive Agent
Carbon black particles have the graphite-type crystalline structure, providing an excellent electric conductivity. Therefore, carbon black is widely used as conductive filler, being mixed in plastics, elastomer, paints, adhesives, films, and pastes.
Fuel caps and fuel-introducing pipes of automobiles, for example, are required of electric conductivity for preventing static. Therefore, carbon black is used as an excellent antistatic agent.
4 ) Electronic Equipment Related Material
Carbon black also provides stable resistance, and therefore is used as electronic equipment related material in various display components, magnetic recording materials, and OA rolls.
Furthermore, Mitsubishi Chemical has been developing carbon black with various combined functions for special applications.
Carbon black is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon.
Various features of carbon black are controlled in production by partially combusting oil or gases.
Carbon black is widely used in various applications from black coloring pigment of newspaper inks to electric conductive agent of high-technology materials.
Soot, which is similar to carbon black, was used for writing letters on papyrus in ancient Egypt and on bamboo strips in ancient China.
Carbon black production became a type of cottage industry about the time when the paper production method was established in the second century. It then became widely used in industries after it was produced with the channel process in 1892 and with the oil furnace method in 1947.
A large amount of carbon black is used mainly in tires as excellent rubber reinforcement. Carbon black is also an excellent coloring agent as black pigment, and therefore is widely used for printing inks, resin coloring, paints, and toners.
Furthermore, carbon black is used in various other applications as an electric conductive agent, including antistatic films, fibers, and floppy disks.
Electron microscope image of carbon black
Observing carbon black particles under the electron microscope shows that they have a complicated structure, with some spheric particles being fused together.
The size of spheric particles is called "particle size," and the size of the particle chain is called "structure."
Various functional groups such as the hydroxyl or carboxyl group are found in the surface of carbon black, and their amount or composition is called "surface chemistry."
These three - "particle size," "structure," and "surface chemistry" - are the basic properties of carbon black, and together are called the three main characteristics.
The three main properties have a large effect on practical properties such as blackness and dispersibility when they are mixed with inks, paints, or resins.
General Specifications of Carbon Black
Carbon Black is classified into two groups according to its structure and particle size.
a) Hard Black
• HAF (High Abrasion Furnace)
• ISAF (Intermediate Super Abrasion Furnace)
b) Soft Black
• FEF (Fast Extrusion Furnace)
• GPF (General Purpose Furnace)
HAF
- Furnace black type resistant to abrasion.
- Its particle structure is small and normal.
- Very good resistance to deformation which improves bending resistance and tensile stress of the rubber.
- Prevents heat accumulation in the tires.
ISAF
- Very resistant to abrasion.
- Normal structured and has small particle size.
- Increase tensile stress and improve fracture resistance of rubber.
FEF
- Abrasion-resistant and provides rapid extrusion.
- Normal structured and has medium particle size.
GPF
- This species are used for general purposes.
- Has a normal particle size.
- Processing of this species is easy.
Carbon Black is used in rubber industry as an additive in automobile tires, machine parts, cables, conveyor belts, hose, heels and the construction of the base rubber, also it is used in plastics, printing ink, paint, black paper, coatings, inks, lithographic and plate as a dye as the blackness of the transmitter in order to ensure color varnish, also used to make carbon paper and typewriter ribbon.
Some of the industrial branches that carbon black is used in:
• Cable
• Conveyor belt
• Carrier tapes
• Hose
• Mats
• Black bags
• Spare parts for cars
• Thermal insulation
• Rubber, plastic materials
• Fire fighting and so on. vb.
Usage area according to type
HAF - used in production of cable, conveyor belt, and high quality rubber goods, used in manufacturing of tire.
ISAF - used in production of rubber goods, tires used in heavy road conditions.
FEF - used in rubber goods obtained from extruded, inner tube, cable laying and the tires.
GPF - used in rubber goods, inner and outer body of bicycle tires, especially in the production of automobile tires.
Applications of Carbon Black
Besides rubber reinforcement, Carbon Black is used as black pigment and as an additive to enhance material performance, including conductivity, viscosity, static charge control and UV protection.
This type of Carbon Black (typically called Specialty Carbon Black) is used in a variety of applications in the coatings, polymers and printing industries, as well as in various other special applications.
Actually, after oil removal and ash removal processing from tire pyrolysis, we can get high-purity commercial carbon black, which can be used to make color masterbatch, color paste, oil ink and as addictive in plastic and rubber products. Besides, after activation treatment, the carbon black will become good materials to produce activated carbon.
In the coatings industry, treated fine particle Carbon Black is the key to deep jet black paints. The automotive industry requires the highest black intensity of black pigments and a bluish undertones.
Small particle size Carbon Blacks fulfill these requirements. Coarser Carbon Blacks, which offer a more brownish undertone, are commonly used for tinting and are indispensable for obtaining a desired grey shade or color hue.
In the polymer industry, fine particle Carbon Black is used to obtain a deep jet black color. A major attribute of Carbon Black is its ability to absorb detrimental UV light and convert it into heat, thereby making polymers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, more resistant to degradation by UV radiation from sunlight. Specialty Carbon Black is also used in polymer insulation for wires and cables. Specialty Carbon Black also improves the insulation properties of polystyrene, which is widely used in construction.
In the printing industry, Carbon Black is not only used as pigment but also to achieve the required viscosity for optimum print quality. Post-treating Carbon Black permits effective use of binding agents in ink for optimum system properties. New Specialty Carbon Blacks are being developed on an ongoing basis and contribute to the pace of innovation in non-impact printing.
Consumer Uses
This substance is used in the following products: inks and toners, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, textile treatment products and dyes, finger paints, lubricants and greases and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Article service life
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
This substance can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: Vehicles (e.g. personal vehicles, delivery vans, boats, trains, metro or planes)) and vehicles.
Widespread uses by professional workers
This substance is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes, finger paints and polymers.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, printing and recorded media reproduction and scientific research and development.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), metals and rubber products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Formulation or re-packing
This substance is used in the following products: paper chemicals and dyes, leather treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, inks and toners, polymers, coating products, adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products and finger paints.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Uses at industrial sites
This substance is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, paper chemicals and dyes, inks and toners, leather treatment products, cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, textile treatment products and dyes, semiconductors, lubricants and greases, finger paints and polishes and waxes.
This substance is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.
IUPAC
Acetylene Black DENKA
Acetylene Black DSPL
C.I. Pigment Black 7
Carbon
carbon
CARBON BLACK
Carbon Black amorphous
Carbon black; Acetylene black
Methane
Rockport
TRADE
ACETYLENE BLACK
Addipast
Arosperse
Black Pearls
Bleumina
butyl reclaimed rubber
Carbocolor ®
Carbocolor ® Powder
Carbofin
CARBON BLACK
Carbon Black BV and V
Carbon Black-Grade N-326
CD
Chezacarb
CI 77266
CI Pigment Black 6
CI Pigment Black 7
Conductex®
CONTINENTAL CARBON
CONTINEX
Copeblack®
Corax
DENKA BLACK
DIABLACK
Diamond Carbon Blacks
Durex
EB
Ecorax
Farbruss
Farbruss, Colour Black
Farbruss; colour black
Flammruss
Flammruss, Colour Black
Flammruss; colour black
Flammruss; panther
Flammruß
Furnex®
Gas Black
HIBlack
HiBlack
IRB #8
Lamp Black
LIONITE EC200LCARBON ECPCARBON ECP600JDCARBON ECP200L
MAP01004
MITSUBISHI CARBON BLACK
Monarch
MPC Channel black
N 772
N-110
N550
NEGROVEN
Neotex®
Nerox
Nipex
NuTone
Orient Black
Panther
PM
Printex
PUREBLACK®
Purex
Royale Black
rubber powder
sadza techniczna
SEAST
Special Black
Statex®
Thermax ®
Thermax ® Powder
Thermax ® Powder Ultra Pure
Thermax ® Stainless
Thermax ® Stainless Powder
Thermax ® Stainless Powder Ultra Pure
Thermax ® Ultra Pure
tire reclaimed rubber
TOKABLACK
tread tire reclaim
Ultra®
whole tire reclaim
XPB
XT
