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CARBON BLACK

CAS NO.: 1333-86-4
EC/LIST NO.: 215-609-9

Carbon black (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as fluid catalytic cracking tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, or vegetable matter.
Carbon black is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon.
Carbon black is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content.
However, carbon black is widely used as a model compound for diesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments.
Carbon black is mainly used as a reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products.
In plastics, paints, and inks, carbon black is used as a color pigment.
Carbon black is used in some places, such as the EU, as a food colourant if produced from vegetable matter (E153).

The current International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B)".
Short-term exposure to high concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract, through mechanical irritation.

A vital component in making many of the products we use every day stronger, deeper in color and longer lasting, carbon black in its pure form is a fine black powder, essentially composed of elemental carbon.
Carbon black is produced by partial burning and pyrolysis of low-value oil residues at high temperatures under controlled process conditions.

Carbon black is mainly used to strengthen rubber in tires, but can also act as a pigment, UV stabilizer, and conductive or insulating agent in a variety of rubber, plastic, ink and coating applications.
Apart from tires, other everyday uses of carbon black include hoses, conveyor belts, plastics, printing inks and automotive coatings.

carbon black, any of a group of intensely black, finely divided forms of amorphous carbon, usually obtained as soot from partial combustion of hydrocarbons, used principally as reinforcing agents in automobile tires and other rubber products but also as extremely black pigments of high hiding power in printing ink, paint, and carbon paper.
Carbon black is also used in protective coatings, plastics, and resistors for electronic circuits.
As a reinforcing filler it greatly increases resistance to wear and abrasion.
About one fourth of the weight of a standard automobile tire is carbon black.
For tires on vehicles on which it is necessary to avoid building up an electrostatic charge, such as oil trucks and hospital operating carts, even more carbon black is added to make the rubber electrically conducting.

Carbon black particles are usually spherical in shape and less regularly crystalline than graphite.
Carbon black changes into graphite if heated at 3,000° C (5,400° F) for a prolonged period.
Among the most finely divided materials known, carbon blacks vary widely in particle size depending on the process by which they are made.
Channel or impingement black is made by the impingement of smoky flames from tiny jets on iron channels; the deposited black is scraped off by moving the channels over stationary scrapers.
Furnace blacks are made in refractory chambers by incomplete combustion of any of various types of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons.
Thermal blacks are produced in the absence of air when hydrocarbons are decomposed by contact with heated refractories.
Lampblack, the oldest known black pigment, is produced by burning oil, usually coal-tar creosote, in shallow pans, in a furnace with the draft regulated to give a heavy smoke cloud.
Acetylene black is produced in refractory chambers in the absence of air by the decomposition of acetylene gas preheated to 800° C (1,500° F).
Carbon black is used in applications requiring high electrical conductivity, such as dry cells.

Carbon black is composed of fine particles consisting mainly of carbon.
Various features of carbon black are controlled in production by partially combusting oil or gases.
Carbon black is widely used in various applications from black coloring pigment of newspaper inks to electric conductive agent of high-technology materials.

Carbon Black is virtually pure elemental carbon in the form of colloidal particles that are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons under controlled conditions.
Carbon black physical appearance is that of a black, finely divided pellet or powder.
Carbon black use in tires, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings is related to properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and color.
Carbon black is also in the top 50 industrial chemicals manufactured worldwide, based on annual tonnage.
Current worldwide production is about 18 billion pounds per year [8.1 million metric tons].
Approximately 90% of carbon black is used in rubber applications, 9% as a pigment, and the remaining 1% as an essential ingredient in hundreds of diverse applications.

Carbon black is one of the darkest and most widely spread materials known.
Chemically, carbon black is a colloidal form of elemental carbon consisting of 95 to 99% carbon.
Made in specially designed reactors, operating at internal temperatures in the range of 2600° to 3600°F, different grades of Carbon black can be produced with varying aggregate size and structure.
Carbon black is not the undesired by-product soot, which is known from chimneys or exhausts.
Carbon black is an industrial produced raw material with clear defined properties like primary particle size, surface and structure.
Carbon black is a high-tech product that can be manufactured reproducible with defined parameters/properties.
Carbon black typically contains more than 95% pure carbon with minimal quantities of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.

The characteristics of carbon black depend mainly on the manufacturing process/method, and therefore carbon black is classified by the manufacturing process.

Manufacturing methods include furnace, gas, lamp and thermal black processes.
Above 98% of the world’s annual carbon black production is covered by the furnace black process.

There is a reason why tires are black.
Carbon black because fine particles of carbon called "carbon black" are mixed in with the rubber.
In fact, carbon black can make up about 30% of the weight of a tire.
Carbon black job is to make the tires stronger and more long-lasting.
Carbon black can also be found in the black ink used in inkjet printers and in the rubber parts of many industrial products.
Carbon black’s nano-scale particles mean that it has a wide range of applications.
An essential part of many newly developed products, it plays a role in many facets of our lives.

Carbon black is an allotropic form of carbon.
Carbon black is a cousin to graphite and a poor relation to diamond.
Carbon black unique morphology and crystalline makeup help provide an enormous surface area per gram.

The actual history of carbon black and its uses could fill shelves.
Here are just a few high spots:

The images of hands found on the walls of the Roucadour cave in Themines, France were made with a mixture containing carbon black approximately 24,000-28,000 years ago

Much later, Guttenberg’s invention of movable type in 1450 created an ever-growing demand for carbon black for the ink business

More recently, in 1879, “(Thomas) Edison began to abstractedly rolling between his fingers a piece of compressed lamp black (carbon black) until it became a slender thread…”

By 1910, The Goodrich Tire Company started replacing white pigments in automotive tires with carbon black, thus increasing road wear by 100X and tensile strength by as much as 1008 percent

The modern automobile culture could not exist without carbon black.
Imagine having to discard tires every 450 miles because they had worn out.

Carbon black would be difficult to find a black product that does not contain some amount of carbon black (with the exception of food).

Carbon black is not the only black pigment used in products.
Bone black, made from the pyrolysis of bones, is another example.
This pigment is found in a range of products where low toxicity, specific shades of black, and lack of reinforcement are desired.
Bone black can be found in artists’ paints and printers’ ink

Carbon black is a generic term for finely divided carbon.
Carbon black is produced through the incomplete combustion of a petroleum feedstock.
Under magnification, the composition of carbon black particles can be measured.
The primary particles are measured in nanometers (mµ).
The primary particles join through van der Waals forces to form tightly bound clusters called aggregrates.
The size and shape of the aggregate defines the structure of the carbon black.
A highly structured carbon black would be composed of many carbon black particles combined into a multi-branched aggregate.
The aggregates loosely combine to form agglomerates.

Carbon Black is a commercial form of solid carbon that is manufactured in highly controlled processes to produce specifi cally engineered aggregates of carbon particles that vary in particle size, aggregate size, shape, porosity and surface chemistry.
Carbon Black typically contains more than 95 % pure carbon with minimal
quantities of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
In the manufacturing process, Carbon Black particles are formed that range from 10 nm to approximately 500 nm in size.
These fuse into chain-like aggregates, which defi ne the structure of individual Carbon Black grades.
Carbon Black is used in a diverse group of materials in order to enhance their physical, electrical and optical properties.
Carbon black largest volume use is as a reinforcement and performance additive in rubber products.
In rubber compounding, natural and synthetic elastomers are blended with Carbon Black, elemental sulfur, processing oils and various organic processing chemicals, and then heated to produce a wide range of vulcanized rubber products.
In these applications,
Carbon Black provides reinforcement and improves resilience, tear-strength, conductivity and other physical properties.
Carbon Black is the most widely used and cost-eff ective rubber reinforcing agent (typically called Rubber Carbon Black) in tire components (such as treads, sidewalls and inner liners), in mechanical rubber goods (“MRG”), including industrial rubber goods, membrane roofi ng, automotive rubber parts (such as sealing systems, hoses and anti-vibration parts) and in general rubber goods (such as hoses, belts, gaskets and seals).
Besides rubber reinforcement, Carbon Black is used as black pigment and as an additive to enhance material performance, including conductivity, viscosity, static charge control and UV protection.
This type of Carbon Black (typically called Specialty Carbon Black) is used in a variety of applications in the coatings, polymers and printing industries, as well as in various other special applications.
In the coatings industry, treated fi ne particle Carbon
Black is the key to deep jet black paints.
The automotive industry requires the highest jetness of black pigments and a bluish undertones.

Small particle size Carbon Blacks fulfi ll these requirements.
Coarser Carbon Blacks, which off er a more brownish undertone, are commonly used for tinting and are indispensable for obtaining a desired gray shade or color hue.
In the polymer industry, fi ne particle Carbon Black is used to obtain a deep jet black color.
A major attribute of Carbon Black is its ability to absorb detrimental UV light and convert it into heat, thereby making polymers, such as polypropylene and polyethylene, more resistant to degradation by UV radiation from sunlight.
Specialty Carbon Black is also used in polymer insulation for wires and cables.
Specialty Carbon Black also improves the insulation properties of polystyrene, which is widely used in construction.
In the printing industry, Carbon Black is not only used as pigment but also to achieve the required viscosity for optimum print quality.
Post-treating Carbon Black permits eff ective use of binding agents in ink for optimum system properties.
New Specialty Carbon Blacks are being developed on an ongoing basis and contribute to the pace of innovation in non-impact printing.

Carbon black is a dark black powder used as a pigment in cosmetics such as eyeliner, mascara and lipstick.
Carbon black is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-based products such as coal tar, and has been linked to increased incidence of cancer and negative effects on organs.

Carbon black is a black special chemical that is available as powder or beads.
Carbon black is manufactured through highly controlled processes and contains more than 95 percent pure carbon and other components including oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
The black particles are 10 nm to approx. 500 nm big and fuse into chain-like aggregates that define the structure of individual carbon black grades.
Depending on the production process, carbon black types differ in size, surface chemistry, porosity and many other characteristics.
During the aftertreatment process, the oxygen percentage within the carbon black can be changed according to the required needs.

Carbon black is used in a multitude of industries.
By enhancing the physical, electrical and optical properties of various materials, carbon black brings the final product to the top of its performance.
Carbon black can be blended with additives, elastomers or binding agents and integrated into the customers' existing formulas, or it can be pre-processed in a form called "preparation".
Preparation is a mixture of carbon black and other additives and streamlines production .

The properties of most carbon black grades are determined by industry-wide standards developed by the German Institute for Standardization (DIN), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
These standards are not only used as a measure by which types of carbon black are characterized, but also as a quality assurance tool for the production process.

Carbon black was used as a pigment since very earliest times.
Carbon blacks are made by heating wood, or other plant material, with a very restricted air supply.
Sticks of charcoal have been used for sketching by artists of all periods, and traces of their work may be found on the ground layer of paintings.
Carbon black was used both in oil and watercolour. Carbon black is used today in photocopier and laser printer toner.
Carbon black is easy to prepare and has excellent hiding power.
Carbon black is just a common name for a black pigment, traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood.
There are lots of varieties of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing a particular kind of carbon black.
The most important are:

Carbon black is a specialty product, mad up of solid carbon in a fine powder form.

Carbon black from petroleum is typically produced by thermal decomposition and partial combustion of highly aromatic resid material, especially FCC slurry and pitch from a steam cracker.

The major uses for carbon black are as a filler in rubber (tire) production and as a pigment (black) in inks and paints.

For a refiner, carbon black production is a route to increasing the value of FCC slurry which is otherwise a very low-value product, usually blended into residual fuel oil.

Carbon Black Nanoparticles or Nanopowder is a conductive, non-polluting powder produced via high temperature (1300 °C) carbonization in a carefully controlled combustion process.
Applications for carbon black nanopowder include electronics, plastics, coatings, inks, and green technology.
American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards.
Typical and custom packaging is available, as is additional research, technical and safety (MSDS) data.
Please contact us for information on lead time and pricing above.

Soot, which is similar to carbon black, was used for writing letters on papyrus in ancient Egypt and on bamboo strips in ancient China.
Carbon black production became a type of cottage industry about the time when the paper production method was established in the second century.
Carbon black then became widely used in industries after it was produced with the channel process in 1892 and with the oil furnace method in 1947.

The most common use (70%) of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires.
Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life.
About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods.
The balance is mainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics.

Carbon black is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which otherwise causes the material to degrade.
Carbon black particles are also employed in some radar absorbent materials, in photocopier and laser printer toner, and in other inks and paints.
The high tinting strength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films.
Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics.
A good conductor of electricity, carbon black is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and paints.
Carbon black is used as an antistatic additive agent in automobile fuel caps and pipes.

Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, known in Europe as additive E153.
Carbon black is approved for use as additive 153 (Carbon blacks or Vegetable carbon) in Australia and New Zealand but has been banned in the US.
The color pigment carbon black has been widely used for many years in food and beverage packaging.
Carbon black is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in New Zealand.

The highest volume use of carbon black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires.
While a pure gum vulcanization of styrene-butadiene has a tensile strength of no more than 2 MPa and negligible abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% carbon black by weight improves its tensile strength and wear resistance as shown in the table below.
Carbon black is used often in the aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts.

Practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are important use carbon black, so they are black in color.
Where physical properties are important but colors other than black are desired, such as white tennis shoes, precipitated or fumed silica has been substituted for carbon black.
Silica-based fillers are also gaining market share in automotive tires because they provide better trade-off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss.
Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has gradually improved to a point where they can match carbon black abrasion performance.

Carbon black (Color Index International, PBK-7) is the name of a common black pigment, traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone.
Carbon black appears black because it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum, with an albedo near zero.
The actual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production.
Carbon black is known by a variety of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing carbon black:

Ivory black was traditionally produced by charring ivory or bones (see bone char).
Vine black was traditionally produced by charring desiccated grape vines and stems.
Lamp black was traditionally produced by collecting soot from oil lamps.
All of these types of carbon black were used extensively as paint pigments since prehistoric times.
Rembrandt, Vermeer, Van Dyck, and more recently, Cézanne, Picasso and Manet employed carbon black pigments in their paintings.
A typical example is Manet's "Music in the Tuileries", where the black dresses and the men's hats are painted in ivory black.

Newer methods of producing carbon black have largely superseded these traditional sources.
For artisanal purposes, carbon black produced by any means remains common.

All carbon blacks have chemisorbed oxygen complexes (i.e., carboxylic, quinonic, lactonic, phenolic groups and others) on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on the conditions of manufacture.
These surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatile content.
Carbon black is also known to be a non-conductive material due to its volatile content.

The coatings and inks industries prefer grades of carbon black that are acid-oxidized.
Acid is sprayed in high-temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surface chemistry of the black.
The amount of chemically-bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black is increased to enhance performance characteristics.

A large amount of carbon black is used mainly in tires as excellent rubber reinforcement.
Carbon black is also an excellent coloring agent as black pigment, and therefore is widely used for printing inks, resin coloring, paints, and toners.
Furthermore, carbon black is used in various other applications as an electric conductive agent, including antistatic films, fibers, and floppy disks.

IUPAC NAME :

Carbon black

SYNONYMS:--