CARNOSINE

Carnosine is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in muscle endurance and performance.
Carnosine helps buffer hydrogen ions (H⁺) that accumulate during high-intensity exercise, which delays muscle fatigue and improves exercise capacity.
Carnosine is a popular supplement among athletes and fitness enthusiasts because it has been shown to enhance performance and benefit overall health.

CAS Number: 107-95-9
EC Number: 203-536-5
Molecular Formula: C3H7NO2
Molecular Weight: 89.09 g/mol

Synonyms: beta-alanine, 3-Aminopropanoic acid, 107-95-9, 3-Aminopropionic acid, Beta Alanine, Abufene, H-beta-Ala-OH, beta-Aminopropionic acid, 2-Carboxyethylamine, Alanine, beta-, beta-Ala, .beta.-Alanine, Propanoic acid, 3-amino-, 3-Aminopropionsaeure, beta-Aminopropionsaeure, B-ALANINE, omega-Aminopropionic acid, 3-Aminopropanoate, FEMA No. 3252, .beta.-Aminopropionic acid, 3-amino-propionic acid, NSC 7603, AI3-18470, b-Aminopropanoate, b-Aminopropionate, 3-Aminopropionate, b-Ala, EINECS 203-536-5, MFCD00008200, 3-amino-Propanoate, beta-Aminopropanoate, beta-Aminopropionate, Abufene (TN), omega-Aminopropionate, 11P2JDE17B, b-Aminopropanoic acid, b-Aminopropionic acid, 87867-95-6, CHEBI:16958, 3-amino-Propanoic acid, beta-Aminopropanoic acid, NSC-7603, ALANINE, .BETA.-, BETA-ALANINE [VANDF], .BETA.-ALANINE [MI], BETA ALANINE [USP-RS], BETA-ALANINE [WHO-DD], CHEMBL297569, .BETA.-ALANINE [FHFI], DTXSID0030823, NSC7603, EC 203-536-5, 3-Aminopropanoic Acid (beta-Alanine), 3 Aminopropionic Acid, BETA ALANINE (USP-RS), beta-ALANINE-13C3-15N, beta-alanin, PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM PENTAHYDRATE IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY], ALANINE, BETA, UNII-11P2JDE17B, Alanine-beta, PAMIDRONATE DISODIUM PENTAHYDRATE IMPURITY A (EP IMPURITY), beta -alanine, beta- alanine, beta--alanine, 2Carboxyethylamine, beta-Alanine #, aminopropionic acid, 3Aminopropionsaeure, Beta Alanine; Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Imp. A (EP); Pamidronate Imp. A (EP); Calcium Pantothenate Impurity A; Pamidronate Disodium Pentahydrate Impurity A; Pamidronate Impurity A, 3aminopropanoic acid, 3aminopropionic acid, A-Ala, betaAminopropionsaeure, betaaminopropionic acid, beta-Alanine, 99%, Tocris-0206, Propanoic acid, 3amino, Propanoic acid, amino-, |A-Alanine (Standard), H2NCH2CH2COOH, bmse000159, bmse000967, bmse001019, .omega.-Aminopropionic acid, BETA-ALANINE [INCI], Oprea1_583450, beta-Alanine, >=98%, FG, GTPL2365, DTXCID8010823, 3-aminopropanoic acidbeta-alanine, HY-N0230R, beta-Alanine (6CI,8CI,9CI), beta-Alanine, analytical standard, HY-N0230, STR03358, BBL037332, BDBM50000102, PDSP1_000144, PDSP2_000143, s5526, STK301638, AKOS000119659, CS-W020126, DB03107, FA10356, NCGC00024495-01, NCGC00024495-02, BP-10083, beta-Alanine, BioXtra, >=99.0% (NT), beta-Alanine, BioUltra, >=99.0% (NT), DB-022630, A0180, NS00009116, EN300-18046, C00099, D07561, F86478, Q310919, SR-01000597690, SR-01000597690-1, Z57127544, F2191-0213, 7CA041EF-5103-439A-9D84-1761529BA8DA, beta-Alanine, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Beta Alanine, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, beta-Alanine, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture, 203-536-5, 25513-34-2, CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 1,000,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 2,000,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;CAPSICUM OLEORESIN 500,000 SCOVILLE UNITS;Capsicum extract (capsicum spp.);Capsicum oleoresin (capsicum spp.);Capsicum oleoresins;Cayenne (capsicum annuum L. var. longum sendt);Capsicol/Chilli paprika oleoresin

Carnosine is a naturally occurring non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in muscle endurance and performance.
Carnosine helps buffer hydrogen ions (H⁺) that accumulate during high-intensity exercise, which delays muscle fatigue and improves exercise capacity.
Because of this, Carnosine supplementation is widely used in sports nutrition to enhance performance, particularly in activities that involve short bursts of intense effort, such as sprinting or weightlifting.

Carnosine has a characteristic odor and an extremely strong bite.
Under the name of Carnosine, the fruits of various species of the family Solanaceae are used extensively as pungent food additives. 

Commercially, the fruits of Capsicum annuum and its varieties are known under the names of Spanish pepper, poivrons and paprika. 
The fruits of C. frutescens are known as chiles, although the term chiles may be used to indicate any variety of capsicum. 

The orange-red powder of the fruits from which the most pungent parts are removed is known as rosenpaprika. 
In the United States, this is simply paprika. 

Carnosine is recognized that approximately five species and their hybrids contribute to all sources of “peppers.” 
The fruits are the part used. Capsicum is mild to highly pungent. 

Carnosine was first described in the late 1400s by a physician who accompanied Columbus to the West Indies.
Extractives and their physically modified derivatives. 

Carnosine is a product which may contain resin acids and their esters, terpenes, and oxidation or polymerization products of these terpenes.
Carnosine is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid that is not used in the body to build proteins, but instead plays a unique and important role in enhancing physical performance. 

Unlike alpha-alanine, which is one of the standard amino acids incorporated into proteins, Carnosine has its amino group on the beta carbon instead of the alpha carbon. 
This structural difference makes Carnosine functionally distinct and gives Carnosine specific benefits related to muscle endurance and exercise capacity. 
Carnosine is commonly found in sports supplements and is widely studied for its ability to enhance athletic performance, particularly during short bursts of high-intensity activity like weightlifting or sprinting.

Carnosine is a popular supplement among athletes and fitness enthusiasts.
That’s because it’s been shown to enhance performance and benefit overall health.

Carnosine is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon for alanine (α-alanine). 
The IUPAC name for β-alanine is Carnosine. 

Carnosine is the ethyl ester which hydrolyses within the body to form β-alanine.
Carnosine is produced industrially by the reaction of ammonia with β-propiolactone.

Sources for Carnosineincludes pyrimidine catabolism of cytosine and uracil.
Carnosine residues are rare. 
Carnosine is metabolized into acetic acid.

Because Carnosine dipeptides are not incorporated into proteins, they can be stored at relatively high concentrations. 
In carnosine, the pKa of the imidazolium group is 6.83, which is ideal for buffering.

Even though much weaker than glycine (and, thus, with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), Carnosine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligand glycine itself, for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: glycine ≫ β-alanine > taurine ≫ alanine, L-serine > proline).
Carnosine has five known receptor sites, including GABA-A, GABA-C a co-agonist site (with glycine) on NMDA receptors, the aforementioned GlyR site, and blockade of GAT protein-mediated glial GABA uptake, making it a putative "small molecule neurotransmitter."

There is evidence that Carnosine supplementation can increase exercise and cognitive performance, for some sporting modalities, and exercises within a 0.5–10 min time frame.
Ingestion of Carnosine can cause paraesthesia, reported as a tingling sensation, in a dose-dependent fashion.

Aside from this, no important adverse effect of β-alanine has been reported, however, there is also no information on the effects of its long-term usage or its safety in combination with other supplements, and caution on its use has been advised.
Furthermore, many studies have failed to test for the purity of the supplements used and check for the presence of banned substances.

Carnosine can undergo a transamination reaction with pyruvate to form malonate-semialdehyde and L-alanine. 
The malonate semialdehyde can then be converted into malonate via malonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. 
Malonate is then converted into malonyl-CoA and enter fatty acid biosynthesis.

Carnosine is marketed as a way to enhance sports performance and endurance. 
Some scientific evidence backs such uses, but the studies have been small and the results inconclusive.
Carnosine is unique among amino acids because it is classified as a beta-amino acid, meaning the amino group is attached to the beta carbon (the second carbon from the carboxylic acid group), rather than the alpha carbon as seen in standard proteinogenic amino acids. 

This structural distinction not only sets it apart chemically but also functionally, as Carnosine is not incorporated into proteins during synthesis by ribosomes. 
Instead, Carnosine plays a specialized role in enhancing physiological processes, particularly those associated with muscle performance and fatigue resistance.
These are the fibers most engaged during explosive movements like sprinting, jumping, or lifting heavy weights. 

Carnosine acts as an intracellular buffer, helping to regulate the pH within muscle cells during exercise by buffering the hydrogen ions that are released when lactic acid builds up. 
This buffering delays the onset of muscular acidosis, a major contributor to fatigue, thereby improving endurance and overall exercise capacity.

Scientific studies have consistently shown that supplementation with Carnosine over a period of several weeks leads to increased intramuscular carnosine levels. 
This increase has been linked to enhanced performance in activities that last between 60 to 240 seconds, such as rowing, high-intensity cycling, or repeated sprint exercises.

However, even shorter-duration and longer-endurance activities may see benefits due to better pH regulation and reduced muscle fatigue over time.
Aside from its application in sports and fitness, Carnosine is also of interest in medical and biochemical research. 

Carnosine helps synthesize, has been studied for its potential neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory effects. 
Some preliminary research suggests that carnosine might play a role in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and could be relevant in the context of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, though this is still an emerging field of study.
As a result, they may respond even more positively to supplementation compared to omnivores, with greater increases in carnosine concentration after taking Carnosine.

Carnosine is a naturally occurring beta-amino acid that is not used in the body to build proteins, but instead plays a unique and important role in enhancing physical performance. 

This buffering capacity allows muscles to work harder and longer by delaying the onset of fatigue and reducing the accumulation of lactic acid.
Unlike alpha-alanine, which is one of the standard amino acids incorporated into proteins, Carnosine has its amino group on the beta carbon instead of the alpha carbon. 

This structural difference makes Carnosine functionally distinct and gives it specific benefits related to muscle endurance and exercise capacity. 
Carnosine is commonly found in sports supplements and is widely studied for its ability to enhance athletic performance, particularly during short bursts of high-intensity activity like weightlifting or sprinting.

As a supplement, Carnosine is typically consumed in powder or capsule form and is often associated with a harmless tingling sensation known as paresthesia when taken in large doses.
When muscles engage in strenuous exercise, especially of an anaerobic nature, lactic acid levels rise, which leads to a decrease in pH (more acidity), causing the "burn" and fatigue that limits performance. 

This mechanism makes Carnosine supplementation particularly popular among athletes, sprinters, bodybuilders, and others who engage in short-duration, high-intensity exercise.

Although Carnosine itself is not incorporated into proteins like most amino acids, its functional significance in metabolism and exercise science continues to make it a focus of research in sports nutrition and physiology.
Supplementing with Carnosine is generally considered safe for healthy individuals when taken at recommended dosages, though some people may experience a temporary tingling sensation known as paresthesia, which occurs when high doses are taken quickly. 
This sensation is harmless and can often be minimized by taking smaller doses throughout the day or using sustained-release formulations.

Carnosine is a naturally occurring, non-essential beta-amino acid that differs from the standard alpha-amino acids used in protein synthesis by its unique molecular structure, in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon instead of the α-carbon.
This structural difference means that, unlike most amino acids, Carnosine is not incorporated directly into proteins or enzymes.

Carnosine is highly concentrated in skeletal muscle and acts as an important intracellular pH buffer.
During high-intensity exercise, muscles rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism, leading to the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and lactic acid.

This lowers muscle pH, causing acidosis, which interferes with enzymatic activity and the contractile function of muscle fibers, resulting in fatigue.
By buffering these hydrogen ions, carnosine helps delay the onset of muscle acidosis, thereby enhancing endurance, strength, and the ability to sustain explosive movements.

This is why supplementation has become popular in the field of sports nutrition and exercise physiology.

One of the most recognized effects of Carnosine supplementation is the temporary tingling or prickling sensation known as paresthesia, which occurs particularly when larger single doses are consumed.
While harmless, this side effect results from Carnosine binding to nerve receptors in the skin.
Dividing the total daily intake into smaller doses or using sustained-release formulations typically reduces this effect.

Carnosine has been investigated for its antioxidant, anti-glycation, and anti-aging properties, as well as its potential to protect tissues from oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which are implicated in aging and chronic diseases such as diabetes and neurodegeneration.
As such, Carnosine supplementation may hold promise not only for athletes but also for individuals interested in healthy aging, metabolic health, and protection against cellular stress.
This makes Carnosine a significant compound at the intersection of nutrition, exercise science, and health research.

Market Overview of Carnosine:
The global Carnosine market is experiencing steady growth, driven largely by its expanding use in sports nutrition, functional foods, and dietary supplements.
Valued at around USD 445–580 million in 2023–2024, the market is projected to surpass USD 725–900 million by 2033, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4–6%, while the broader Carnosine supplements segment is expected to grow even faster, reaching over USD 2.3–2.8 billion by 2030–2031.

The main growth drivers include rising consumer demand for pre-workout products that enhance endurance and reduce fatigue, increased adoption of clean-label functional foods and beverages, and the rapid expansion of e-commerce distribution channels. 
Regionally, North America currently dominates the market thanks to a strong fitness culture and higher purchasing power, while the Asia-Pacific region is emerging as the fastest-growing area due to increasing health awareness and supplement adoption.
At the same time, manufacturers are focusing on innovative formulations, such as sustained-release Carnosine, to improve bioavailability and minimize side effects like paresthesia, ensuring continued momentum for the industry in the coming decade.

Uses of Carnosine:
One of the most common uses of Carnosine is as a dietary supplement to improve performance in short bursts of high-intensity physical activity. 
This buffering effect delays muscular fatigue, allowing athletes to train harder and for longer periods during exercises such as sprinting, weightlifting, or interval training.

Carnosine is particularly effective in exercises that involve repeated efforts or last between one and four minutes in duration. 
In these situations, the accumulation of lactic acid can cause a sharp decline in performance. 

When taken as part of a structured resistance or endurance training program, Carnosine may contribute to improvements in overall body composition. 
This is largely due to Carnosine's role in supporting training volume and intensity. 
As athletes are able to push harder during workouts, they may experience increases in lean muscle mass and reductions in fat over time, particularly when combined with proper nutrition and recovery strategies.

Athletes involved in sports such as football, basketball, soccer, boxing, or mixed martial arts often rely on repeated short bursts of intense activity. 
Because of its ability to improve anaerobic capacity and muscular endurance, Carnosine supplementation can be especially helpful in these sports, supporting quick recovery between rounds or plays and allowing sustained peak output across the duration of the event.

This could potentially help preserve mobility, reduce fatigue during daily tasks, and support independence in aging populations when combined with regular physical activity.
Carnosine is a common ingredient in many pre-workout products, often paired with caffeine, creatine, or BCAAs (branched-chain amino acids). 

Carnosines inclusion is intended to help users get the most out of their training sessions by increasing time to exhaustion and promoting improved performance during both resistance and cardio workouts.
Some studies are exploring whether Carnosine may help protect brain cells from oxidative stress or reduce protein glycation associated with aging and chronic diseases.

Because Carnosine allows athletes to push through more reps or complete more high-intensity intervals before fatigue sets in, it indirectly helps increase training volume, which is one of the most important factors in driving athletic progress. 
Over time, this increase in volume can lead to greater gains in strength, endurance, and hypertrophy (muscle growth), especially in sports or training programs that emphasize repeated explosive effort.
Since plant-based diets typically lack direct sources of carnosine, individuals who do not consume meat or animal products tend to have lower levels of muscle carnosine.

While Carnosine is best known for improving short-term, high-intensity exercise, emerging research shows it may also support performance in longer-duration endurance events such as marathons, triathlons, or long-distance cycling. 

In these contexts, Carnosine helps by reducing peripheral fatigue and improving performance during bursts of speed or inclines that require anaerobic effort in the middle of otherwise aerobic activities.
Some clinical research has investigated the use of Carnosine supplementation in people with chronic fatigue conditions, such as multiple sclerosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). 

Carnosine is particularly popular among CrossFit athletes and others who engage in high-intensity functional training, where workouts often involve multiple rounds of complex movements performed at high speed. 
Because Carnosine improves recovery between efforts and sustains power output, it can be an ideal supplement for those looking to improve WOD (Workout of the Day) times and overall work capacity.

Some studies have explored the benefits of Carnosine supplementation in military personnel and tactical athletes, such as firefighters or law enforcement officers. 
These professions often require bursts of intense effort under stressful conditions, and Carnosine has been shown to improve repeated sprint ability, muscular endurance, and overall resilience during physically demanding tasks.
In bodybuilding, where maximizing training effectiveness and muscular endurance is key, Carnosine is often stacked with other supplements like creatine, arginine, or BCAAs.

Carnosine helps athletes squeeze out additional reps during high-rep hypertrophy training, which can lead to more muscle breakdown and growth over time when paired with proper recovery and protein intake.
Sports like rowing, swimming, and martial arts require a blend of explosive strength and sustained effort. 
Carnosine helps athletes in these sports manage muscle fatigue, maintain force output during repeated movements, and recover faster between rounds or intervals, ultimately giving them a performance edge over time.

Benefits of Carnosine:
This leads to measurable improvements in endurance, strength, and repeated power output, making Carnosine especially valuable for athletes engaged in sprinting, weight training, rowing, cycling, and combat sports.
Research also indicates that carnosine’s antioxidant and anti-glycation properties can protect cells from oxidative stress and metabolic damage, potentially lowering risks associated with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegeneration.

Additionally, Carnosine may improve overall training capacity, allowing individuals to sustain higher workloads and recover more effectively.
Together, these benefits make Carnosine not only a proven ergogenic aid but also a promising compound for long-term muscle health and cellular protection.

Production of Carnosine:
Carnosine can be produced both naturally and industrially.
In the human body, Carnosine is formed as a byproduct of the degradation of pyrimidine nucleotides such as uracil and thymine, which makes it an endogenously synthesized amino acid.

On an industrial scale, however, Carnosine is typically manufactured through synthetic chemical processes or biotechnological methods.
The most common route is the chemical synthesis via acrylonitrile or acrylic acid derivatives, followed by catalytic reactions that yield Carnosine in high purity.

Another growing method involves enzymatic and microbial fermentation, where specific microorganisms or engineered enzymes catalyze the conversion of precursors into Carnosine, offering a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach.
Once synthesized, Carnosine undergoes purification and quality control to ensure compliance with food and pharmaceutical standards before being incorporated into nutritional supplements, functional foods, and clinical research applications.
With rising demand in sports nutrition and health markets, production methods are increasingly focusing on scalability, cost-effectiveness, and green chemistry principles, making biotechnological synthesis an emerging trend alongside traditional chemical production.

Synthesis of Carnosine:
Carnosine can be synthesized through several chemical and biotechnological pathways.
The most common industrial method is the chemical synthesis from acrylonitrile: acrylonitrile is first hydrolyzed to acrylamide, which is then converted to β-aminopropionitrile, followed by catalytic hydrogenation or hydrolysis to yield pure Carnosine.

Another important synthetic route involves malonic acid derivatives, where malonic ester undergoes amidation or reductive amination, producing Carnosine under controlled conditions.
In addition to chemical routes, biotechnological synthesis has gained attention as a greener alternative.

This method employs engineered microorganisms (such as Escherichia coli) or specific enzymes like aspartate decarboxylase to catalyze the conversion of L-aspartic acid into Carnosine, offering high selectivity and reduced by-product formation.
The enzymatic pathway is particularly promising for large-scale, sustainable production, as it minimizes the use of toxic chemicals and harsh reaction conditions.
In both chemical and biological synthesis, final purification steps—such as crystallization or chromatographic separation—are crucial to achieve the pharmaceutical and food-grade quality required for use in supplements and medical research.

History of Carnosine:
The history of Carnosine traces back to the early 20th century, when researchers first identified it as a naturally occurring amino acid distinct from the common alpha-amino acids used in protein synthesis.
Throughout the mid-1900s, biochemical studies highlighted Carnosine’s role in muscle buffering and energy metabolism, but it remained largely a subject of academic interest rather than practical application.
Since then, Carnosine has become a staple ingredient in the sports nutrition industry, widely recognized in pre-workout formulas and performance supplements, while ongoing research continues to explore its broader roles in healthy aging, metabolic health, and disease prevention.

Handling and Storage of Carnosine:
Handle in accordance with good laboratory and industrial hygiene practices.
Avoid creating dust; do not breathe dust.

Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Store in a tightly closed container, in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, away from incompatible substances such as strong oxidizers.

Stability and Reactivity of Carnosine:

Stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Conditions to avoid:
Excessive heat, humidity, and generation of dust.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, and bases.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Carbon oxides (CO, CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx) may form under fire or extreme heating conditions.

First Aid Measures of Carnosine:

Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air.
If symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Skin contact:
Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical attention if irritation develops.

Eye contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes; remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Get medical help if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
If large amounts are ingested, seek medical advice.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.

Firefighting Measures of Carnosine:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or foam.

Hazards from combustion:
Emits irritating fumes, carbon and nitrogen oxides.

Protective equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective clothing to prevent contact with skin and eyes.

Accidental Release Measures of Carnosine:

Personal precautions:
Avoid dust formation; wear protective equipment including dust mask/respirator, gloves, and goggles.
Ensure adequate ventilation.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent release into drains or natural waterways.

Cleanup methods:
Sweep up or vacuum without generating dust, place in suitable labeled container for proper disposal.
Wash spill area with water after material pickup is complete.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protection of Carnosine:

Engineering controls:
Use with adequate ventilation, preferably in a chemical fume hood if handling powder.

Eye/face protection:
Safety goggles or face shield.

Skin protection:
Nitrile or latex gloves; protective lab coat/clothing.

Respiratory protection:
If exposure limits are exceeded or dust is generated, use an appropriate dust mask or respirator (NIOSH-approved).

Hygiene measures:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling chemicals.

Identifiers of Carnosine:
IUPAC Name: Carnosine
Molecular Formula: C₃H₇NO₂
Molecular Weight: 89.09 g/mol
CAS Number: 107-95-9
EC Number (EINECS): 203-536-5
UNII (FDA): Y8335394FI
PubChem CID: 239
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:16958
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6)
InChI Key: OFFNJZKXEVQBTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: NCCCN(O)=O

IUPAC Name: Carnosine
Official Name: β-Alanine

CAS Number: 107-95-9
EC (EINECS) Number: 203-536-5
UNII (FDA): Y8335394FI
PubChem CID: 239
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:16958
ChEMBL ID: CHEMBL107110
KEGG ID: C00099
Beilstein Number: 605342
Merck Index Number: 11, 885

InChI: InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2,4H2,(H,5,6)
InChI Key: OFFNJZKXEVQBTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: NCCCN(O)=O

Properties of Carnosine:
Molecular Formula: C₃H₇NO₂
Molecular Weight: 89.09 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Taste/Odor: Slightly bitter, neutral taste
Solubility: Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohols

Chemical Name: β-Alanine (Carnosine)
Molecular Formula: C₃H₇NO₂
Molecular Weight: 89.09 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder or solid
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Slightly bitter
Density: ~1.44 g/cm³ (solid)
Melting Point: 196–202 °C (with decomposition)
Boiling Point: Not well-defined (decomposes before boiling)

pKa Values:
Carboxyl group: ~3.6
Amino group: ~10.2
Isoelectric Point (pI): ~6.5

Solubility:
Freely soluble in water
Slightly soluble in ethanol and methanol
Practically insoluble in non-polar solvents (e.g., chloroform, ether)

Stability: Stable under normal temperature and pressure; hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from air)
Reactivity: Can react with strong oxidizing agents; undergoes decomposition under strong heat releasing nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides.