PRODUCTS

CELLULOSE ACETATE

Acetylcellulose = Cellulose acetate

CAS: 9004-35-7
EC Number: 618-380-7
Molecular Formula: C10H16O8
Molecular Weight: 264.23
IUPAC Name: [(2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-5-acetyloxy-3,4,6-trihydroxyoxan-2-yl]methyl acetate

Melting Point: Approx 260 °C
Density: 1.3 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

Cellulose acetate is a glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups.
Cellulose acetate is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.
Cellulose acetate is a glucan derivative and an acetate ester.

Cellulose acetate was used in the fabrication of gold microelectrode for electrochemical monochloramine measurement.
Cellulose acetate based membranes are used in the separations in aqueous systems and in reverse osmosis process.
Cellulose acetate has been reported to be used to desalinate seawater.Cellulose acetate was used for biosensor encapsulation.
Cellulose acetate was used in the preparation of cellulose acetate nanofibre felt structure, cellulose acetate fibers.

An amorphous, transparent, colorless, glossy reasonably hard thermoplastic with good clarity but only moderate UV stability and chemical resistance.
Cellulose acetates high moisture absorption can lead to the normal difficulties of dimensional changes.
Suitable for spectacle frames, tool and brush handles, packaging including stiff thin-walled tubes for "display packaging".
Films are widely used for graphics purposes.

Cellulose acetate refers to any acetate ester of cellulose, usually cellulose diacetate.
Cellulose acetate was first prepared in 1865.
A bioplastic, cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, as a component in some coatings, and as a frame material for eyeglasses; it is also used as a synthetic fiber in the manufacture of cigarette filters and playing cards.
In photographic film, cellulose acetate film replaced nitrate film in the 1950s, being far less flammable and cheaper to produce.

Cellulose acetate, synthetic compound derived from the acetylation of the plant substance cellulose.
Cellulose acetate is spun into textile fibres known variously as acetate rayon, acetate, or triacetate.
Cellulose acetate can also be molded into solid plastic parts such as tool handles or cast into film for photography or food wrapping, though its use in these applications has diminished.

Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer obtained from wood fibres or the short fibres (linters) adhering to cotton seeds.
Cellulose acetate is made up of repeating glucose units that have the chemical formula C6H7O2 (OH)3.

Cellulose acetate is most commonly prepared by treating cellulose with acetic acid and then with acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid.
When the resultant reactions are allowed to proceed to completion, the product is a fully acetylated compound known as primary cellulose acetate, or, more properly, cellulose triacetate. Triacetate is a high-melting (300 °C [570 °F]), highly crystalline substance that is soluble only in a limited range of solvents (usually methylene chloride).
From solution, triacetate can be dry-spun into fibres or, with the aid of plasticizers, cast as a film.
If the primary acetate is treated with water, a hydrolization reaction can occur in which the acetylation reaction is partially reversed, producing a secondary cellulose acetate, or cellulose diacetate.
Diacetate can be dissolved by cheaper solvents such as acetone for dry-spinning into fibres.
With a lower melting temperature (230 °C [445 °F]) than triacetate, diacetate in flake form can be mixed with appropriate plasticizers into powders for molding solid objects, and it can also be cast as a film.

Cellulose acetate was developed in the late 19th century as part of an effort to design industrially produced fibres based on cellulose.
Treatment of cellulose with nitric acid had produced cellulose nitrate (also known as nitrocellulose), but the difficulties of working with this highly flammable compound encouraged research in other areas.
In 1865 Paul Schützenberger and Laurent Naudin of the Collège de France in Paris discovered the acetylation of cellulose by acetic anhydride, and in 1894 Charles F. Cross and Edward J. Bevan, working in England, patented a process for preparing chloroform-soluble cellulose triacetate.
An important commercial contribution was made by British chemist George Miles in 1903–05 with the discovery that, when the fully acetylated cellulose was subjected to hydrolysis, it transformed into a less highly acetylated compound (cellulose diacetate) that was soluble in cheap organic solvents such as acetone.

Production of acetate fibres has declined since the mid-20th century partly because of competition from polyester fibres, which have the same or better wash-and-wear properties, can be ironed at higher temperatures, and are less expensive.
Nevertheless, acetate fibres are still used in easy-care garments and for the inner linings of clothing because of their high sheen.
Cellulose diacetate tow (bundles of fibre) has become the principal material for cigarette filters.

The first commercial use of cellulose diacetate as a plastic was in so-called safety film, first proposed as a replacement for celluloid in photography soon after the beginning of the 20th century.
The material was given further impetus in the 1920s by the introduction of injection molding, a rapid and efficient forming technique to which acetate was particularly amenable but to which celluloid could not be subjected, because of the high temperatures involved.
Cellulose acetate became widely used in the automotive industry because of its mechanical strength, toughness, wear resistance, transparency, and ease of moldability.
Cellulose acetates high resistance to impact made it a desirable material for protective goggles, tool handles, oil gauges, and the like.
In the 1930s cellulose triacetate replaced diacetate in photographic film, becoming the preeminent base for motion pictures, still photography, and X-rays.

Cellulose acetate is a biodegradable polymer known to be nonirritant, heat resistant, nontoxic, and relatively less hygroscopic in nature.
Both partial and complete acetylated derivatives are available, that is all or only a portion of hydroxyl groups may be substituted with an acetyl group.
This results in mono-, di-, or tri-substituted cellulose derivatives with different solubility characteristics.
The extent of acetyl substitution ranges from 29.0% to 44.8%.
Cellulose acetate is mainly employed in osmotic pump-type systems because of its ability to form semipermeable membranes; hence, it does not require drilling of a mechanical orifice.
Another derivative of cellulose acetate called cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) is also widely used in the preparation of matrix tablets.
Drug release profiles from CAB matrices were reported to be slower than those from cellulose acetate matrices.

Cellulose acetate is obtained by acetylation of cellulose.
Cellulose in the original form can be digested by large number of microorganisms because it is familiar natural product.
Introduction of acetyl groups makes an essential change in its biostability.
Still, cellulose acetate is generally recognized as biodegradable polymer.

Cellulose acetate is the acetate ester of cellulose and is made by reacting cellulose with acetic acid.
Each anhydroglucose unit in a cellulose chain has three hydroxyl groups where ester substitution (such as acetate substitution) may occur.
Cellulose esters may be formed by reacting cellulose and an acid anhydride yielding a carboxylic acid and a cellulose ester.
The number of carbon atoms in the ester substituent is the same as the number of carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid and is one half the number of carbon atoms in the acid anhydride.

Cellulose acetate is not itself a thermoplastic polymer because the decomposition temperature is below its melting temperature, but it is possible to induce melt-processable properties through the addition of a plasticizer.
Cellulose acetate is used for a variety of products, which include, among other things, textiles (e.g., linings, blouses, dresses, wedding and party attire, home furnishings, draperies, upholstery, and slip covers), industrial uses (i.e., cigarette and other filters for tobacco products, ink reservoirs for fiber tip pens), high-absorbency products (i.e., disposable diapers and surgical products), photography films, computer tapes, and LCDs.

Cellulose acetate is the polymer used in cigarette filters.
It is estimated that about 95% of all cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate with a DS about 2.45 .

Cellulose acetate is typically made from wood pulp through reactions with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid to form cellulose triacetate.
The triacetate is then partially hydrolyzed to the desired degree of substitution.
Recently, several other synthetic methods have been developed for polysaccharide esterification, including the use of ionic liquids.
Another recent development is the use of iodine as a catalyst for the esterification of cellulose and starch in the presence of acetic anhydride.

Cellulose acetate nanofibers reinforced with chopped polyaniline, PANI, nanoparticles were produced.
PANI acts as a nucleating agent and increases the formation of crystallites.
The overall degree of crystallization is increased, leading to the increased number of dipoles in the nanofibrous nonwoven membranes.

Cellulose acetate is the acetate ester of cellulose.
Cellulose acetate is sometimes called Acetylated cellulose or xylonite and its CAS number is 9004-35-7.

Cellulose acetate is used as a film base in photography, as a component in some adhesives, and as a frame material for eyeglasses; it is also used as a synthetic fiber and in the manufacture of cigarette filters, found in screwdriver handles, ink pen reservoirs, x-ray films.

Commercially, cellulose acetate is made from processed wood pulp.
The pulp is processed using acetic anhydride to form acetate flake from which products are made.

Coming from wood pulp, means that unlike most man-made fibres, it comes from a renewable resource and is biodegradable.

Another technique for producing cellulose acetate involved treating cotton with acetic acid, using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.

Cellulose acetate fibres are used for textiles and clothing by many of the top designers in the world.
Factors making this material suitable for this application include the fact that it is comfortable, breathable and absorbent.
They can also be dyed in many different colours and combined with a range of other fibres such as rayon, cotton, wool, silk etc.

Early frames for spectacles were cut from sheets of cellulose acetate.
While use of cellulose acetate has largely been superseded by injection moulding with more modern thermoplastics, some up-market spectacles are still made in this way.
This is most often the case when colour blends/effect cannot be produced by injection moulding.
A popular example is the imitation tortoise shell effect.

Handles for tools have often been made with cellulose acetate.
This materials has been used for this application due to its natural feel and toughness.

Cellulose acetate is a versatile bio-based polymer derived from natural resources offering unique features: biodegradability, excellent transparency in films, good breathability when subjected to moisture vapor, solubility in a wide range of organic solvents, non-food competitivity, ability to absorb and remove low levels of organic chemicals.

Furthermore, cellulose acetate can be found in many everyday products and presents itself as a sustainable choice and responsible approach helping with the reduction of micro-plastics.

Cellulose acetate is an eco-friendly material that is manufactured from cellulose, a natural raw material obtained from well-managed forests that are conscientiously harvested and replanted with future generations in mind.

Cellulose acetate is a biomass material produced by chemically modifying (esterifying) hydroxyl groups with acetic acids in cellulose materials derived from nonedible parts of plants, such as wood fibers and cotton.

The Federal Trade Commission definition for acetate fiber is: "A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate. Where not less than 92 percent of the hydroxyl groups are acetylated, the term triacetate may be used as a generic description of the fiber."

Acetate is derived from cellulose by initially deconstructing wood pulp into a purified fluffy white cellulose.
To manufacture a good product, special qualities of pulps, such as dissolving pulps, are used.
The uneven reactivity of cellulose presents a common problem affecting the quality of the cellulose acetate product.
The cellulose is reacted with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.
It is subjected to a controlled, partial hydrolysis to remove the sulfate and a sufficient number of acetate groups to give the product the desired properties.
The anhydroglucose unit is the fundamental repeating structure of cellulose and has three hydroxyl groups which can react to form acetate esters.
The most common form of cellulose acetate fiber has an acetate group on approximately two of every three hydroxyls.
This cellulose diacetate is known as secondary acetate, or simply as "acetate".

After it is formed, cellulose acetate is dissolved in acetone, forming a viscous solution for extrusion through spinnerets (which resemble a shower head).
As the filaments emerge, the solvent is evaporated in warm air via dry spinning, producing fine cellulose acetate fibers.

Cellulose acetate film, made from cellulose diacetate and later cellulose triacetate, was introduced in 1934 as a replacement for the cellulose nitrate film stock that had previously been standard.
When exposed to heat or moisture, acids in the film base begin to deteriorate to an unusable state, releasing acetic acid with a characteristic vinegary smell, causing the process to be known as "vinegar syndrome".
Acetate film stock is still used in some applications, such as camera negative for motion pictures.
Since the 1980s, polyester film stock has become more commonplace, particularly for archival applications.
Acetate film was also used as the base for magnetic tape, prior to the advent of polyester film.

Cellulose acetate magnetic tape was introduced by IBM in 1952 for use on their IBM 726 tape drive in the IBM 701 computer.
It was much lighter and easier to handle than the metal tape introduced by UNIVAC in 1951 for use on their UNISERVO tape drive in the UNIVAC I computer.
In 1956, cellulose acetate magnetic tape was replaced by the more stable PET film magnetic tape for use on their IBM 727 tape drive.

Cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are mistakenly referred to as the same fiber; although they are similar, their chemical identities differ.
Triacetate is known as a generic description or primary acetate containing no hydroxyl group.
Acetate fiber is known as modified or secondary acetate having two or more hydroxyl groups.
Triacetate fibers, although no longer produced in the United States, contain a higher ratio of acetate-to-cellulose than do acetate fibers.

Other products

-Apparel: buttons, linings, blouses, dresses, wedding and party attire, home furnishings, draperies, upholstery and slip covers.
-Eyeglass frames are commonly made with cellulose acetate.
-Industrial uses: cigarette filters and other filters, ink reservoirs for fiber tip pens.
-High absorbency products: diapers and medical aid products.
-Award Ribbon: Rosettes for equestrian events, dog/cat shows, corporate awards, advertising and identification products all use cellulose acetate ribbon.
-Playing cards may be made of cellulose acetate.
-Toys
-Transparencies for overhead projection

Uses:

Fiber:
Cellulose acetate fiber, one of the earliest synthetic fibers, is based on cotton or tree pulp cellulose ("biopolymers").
These "cellulosic fibers" have been replaced in many applications by cheaper petro-based fibers (nylon and polyester) in recent decades.

Trade names for acetate include Acele, Avisco, Celanese, Chromspun, and Estron.

Acetate shares many similarities with rayon, and was formerly considered as the same textile.
Acetate differs from rayon in the employment of acetic acid in production.
The two fabrics are now required to be listed distinctly on garment labels.

Rayon resists heat while acetate is prone to melting.
Acetate must be laundered with care either by hand-washing or dry cleaning.

The breathable nature of the fabric suits it for use as a lining.
Acetate fabric is used frequently in wedding gowns and other bridal attire.
Cellulose acetates lustrous sheen and smooth, satiny texture make it a good alternative to silk.

Properties:

Acetate is a very valuable manufactured fiber that is low in cost and has good draping qualities.
Acetate is used in fabrics such as satins, brocades, knit fabrics, and taffetas to accentuate luster, body, drape, and beauty.

Hand: soft, smooth, dry, crisp, resilient
Comfort: breathes, wicks, dries quickly, no static cling
Drape: linings move with the body linings conform to the garment
Color: deep brilliant shades with atmospheric dyeing meet colorfastness requirements
Luster: light reflection creates a signature appearance
Performance: colorfast to perspiration staining, colorfast to dry cleaning, air and vapor permeable
Tenacity: weak fiber with breaking tenacity of 1.2 to 1.4 g/d; rapidly loses strength when wet
Abrasion: poor resistance
Heat retention: poor thermal retention; no allergenic potential (hypoallergenic)
Dyeability: (two methods) cross-dying method where yarns of one fiber and those of another fiber are woven into a fabric in a desired pattern; solution-dying method provides excellent color fastness under the effects of sunlight, perspiration, air contaminants and washing.

Characteristics:

-cellulosic and thermoplastic
-selective absorption and removal of low levels of certain organic chemicals
-easily bonded with plasticizers, heat, and pressure
-acetate is soluble in many common solvents (especially acetone and other organic solvents) and can be modified to be soluble in alternative solvents, including water
-hydrophilic: acetate wets easily, with good liquid transport and excellent absorption; in textile applications, it provides comfort and absorbency, but also loses strength when wet
-acetate fibers are hypoallergenic
-high surface area
-made from wood pulp, a renewable resource
-can be composted or incinerated
-can be dyed, however special dyes and pigments are required since acetate does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and rayon (this also allows cross-dyeing)
-resistant to mold and mildew
-easily weakened by strong alkaline solutions and strong oxidizing agents
-can usually be washed or dry cleaned; generally does not shrink

SYNONYMS:

Acetylcellulose

Plastacele

Acetose

Allogel

Ampacet

Cellidor

Cellomold

Clearsite

Duoflux

Fibestos

Kabroloid

Kodapak

Lumarith

Stripmix

Systolite

Zylonite

Strux

Tulox

Acetate cotton

Celanese acetate

Tenite I

Nixon C/A

Acetate ester of cellulose

CHEBI:145232