CERIUM OXIDE

Cerium oxide is a pale yellow-white powder composed of cerium, one of the rare earth elements, and oxygen, with the chemical formula CeO₂.
Cerium oxide's exceptional ability to store and release oxygen under varying conditions makes it a key material for environmental applications, including water treatment and hydrogen production.
Cerium oxide is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing, outperforming other materials like iron oxide and tin oxide.

CAS Number: 1306-38-3
EC Number: 215-150-4
Chemical Formula: CeO2
Molar Mass: 172.115 g/mol

Synonyms: Cerium dioxide, Ceric oxide, dioxocerium, 1306-38-3, Ceria, Ceric dioxide, Cerium(IV)dioxide, Needlal, Nidoral, Opaline, Cerium(4+) oxide, Cerium oxide (CeO2), Needlal U15, Needlal W15, Molycomp 5310, CeO2, Needlal W10-01, CCRIS 2288, EINECS 215-150-4, UNII-619G5K328Y, CERAMICS-AEium(IV) oxide, CHEBI:79089, EC 215-150-4, MFCD00010933, 619G5K328Y, Cerium Oxydatum, Cerium oxide Dispersion, Cerium oxide Nanopowder, Cerium(IV) oxide, REacton, Cerium(IV) oxide nanopowder, Cerium(IV) oxide, puriss., Cerium(IV) Oxide, Hydrated, Cerium(IV) oxide, REacton?, DTXCID2020214, Cerium(IV) oxide, >=99.0%, Cerium(IV) oxide, powder, 90%, Cerium oxide Powder / CeO2 Powder, MFCD00010927, AKOS025310685, Cerium(IV) oxide (99.9%-Ce) (REO), Cerium oxide Powder, 99.9% (REO) Nano, NS00129461, Cerium(IV) oxide, polishing compound, 2oz (57g), Cerium(IV) oxide, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis, Cerium(IV) oxide, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size (BET), Cerium(IV) oxide, powder, <5 mum, 99.9% trace metals basis, Cerium(IV) oxide, fused, pieces, 3-6 mm, 99.9% trace metals basis, Cerium(IV) oxide, NanoArc CE-6440, 25% in H2O, colloidal dispersion, Cerium oxide, 20% in H2O, colloidal dispersion, 0.01-0.02 Micron Particles, pH 3.0, Cerium(IV) oxide, dispersion, 20 wt. % colloidal dispersion in 2.5% acetic acid, 30-50 nm avg. part. size

Cerium oxide is a pale yellow-white powder composed of cerium, one of the rare earth elements, and oxygen.
Cerium oxide is highly valued for its versatility and unique chemical properties, such as its ability to shift between cerium(IV) oxide (Ce⁴) and cerium(III) oxide (Ce³⁺) states, which makes Cerium oxide an excellent catalyst.

In particular, Cerium oxide is widely used in catalytic converters in automobiles to reduce harmful emissions by promoting the conversion of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons into less harmful gases.
Additionally, Cerium oxide finds use as a polishing agent for precision optics, mirrors, and semiconductor devices due to its mild abrasive qualities and chemical inertness.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their antioxidant properties, showing potential in biomedical applications such as protecting cells from oxidative stress.
Cerium oxide also has uses in ceramics, glass manufacturing, UV filters, and even fuel cells.

Cerium oxide's exceptional ability to store and release oxygen under varying conditions makes it a key material for environmental applications, including water treatment and hydrogen production.
While abundant relative to other rare earth metals, the extraction and processing of Cerium oxide still involve significant environmental and economic challenges.

Cerium oxide, also known as ceric oxide, ceric dioxide, ceria, Cerium oxide or cerium dioxide, is an oxide of the rare-earth metal cerium.
Cerium oxide is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO2.

Cerium oxide is an important commercial product and an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores.
The distinctive property of Cerium oxide is its reversible conversion to a non-stoichiometric oxide.

Cerium oxide powder is a white or pale yellow powder.
Cerium oxide is used as a polishing material, catalyst, catalyst carrier (assistant), ultraviolet absorber, fuel cell electrolyte, automobile exhaust absorber, electronic ceramics, etc.

According to the purity, Cerium oxide can be divided into: low purity (the purity is not higher than 99%), high purity (99.9% ~ 99.99%), and ultra-high purity (over 99.999%).
Cerium oxide can also be divided into coarse powder, micron level, submicron level, and nanometer level, according to the particle size.

Cerium oxide is a pale yellow-white powder with the chemical formula CeO2.
As one of the most abundant rare earth metals, derived from the mineral cerite, Cerium oxide stands out for its high melting point and remarkable stability.
Cerium oxide is integral to numerous applications, enhancing technological, industrial, and environmental processes with its unique capabilities.

Cerium oxide is a highly insoluble thermally stable cerium source suitable for glass, optic and ceramic applications.
Cerium oxide is produced by the calcination of cerium oxalate or cerium hydroxide.

Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.
Cerium oxide as an alternative high surface area form, may be considered.

The numerous commercial applications for cerium include metallurgy, glass and glass polishing, ceramics, catalysts, and in phosphors.
In steel manufacturing Cerium oxide is used to remove free oxygen and sulfur by formingHigh Purity (99.999%) Cerium oxide Powder stable oxysulfides and by tying up undesirable trace elements, such as lead and antimony.

Cerium oxide is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing.
Cerium oxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.

Cerium oxide is an inorganic chemical compound with a chemical formula of CeO2.
Cerium oxide is white or pale yellow in color with a density of 7.13 g/cc, a melting point of ~2,600°C, and a vapor pressure of 10-4 Torr at 2,310°C.

Cerium oxide is primarily used for polishing but can also be found as a sensor in catalytic converters in automobiles.
Cerium oxide is evaporated under vacuum to form anti-reflective layers for optical coatings and as buffer layers in high temperature superconductors.

Cerium oxide is a cubic fluorite-type in fcc arrangement.
The Cerium oxide nanoparticles are generally found in a pale-white powder form.

In contrast to other elements in the lanthanide series, cerium can exist in both trivalent (Ce+3) and quadrivalent (Ce+4) oxidation states.
Quick and expedient change in its oxidation state makes Cerium oxide and excellent catalyst candidate.

The catalytic activity of Cerium oxide is utilized in various different applications such as including production and purification of hydrogen, and carbon monoxide removal from the automobile exhaust.
Since the quadrivalent oxidation state of Cerium oxide is much more stable than its trivalent state, Cerium oxide can be effectively used in oxygen storage and transportation.

Other application areas of Cerium oxide are; oxygen resistant materials, oxygen sensors, UV absorbers, light-harvesting devices, and optical displays, buffer layers with a silicon wafer, nanomedicine, and tissue engineering.

Cerium oxide is the main abrasive used in the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process of shallow trench isolation (STI) in integrated circuit manufacturing.
Cerium oxide is widely believed that the trivalent cerium ions (Ce3+) on the surface of Cerium oxide particles can form Ce-O-Si bonds with silicon dioxide dielectric.

Therefore, the application of Cerium oxide in the medium CMP process has been widely studied.
The particle size and morphology of Cerium oxide particles, the concentration of Ce3+ and surface modification will all affect the performance of SiO2 dielectric CMP.

In addition, due to the presence of the barrier layer of silicon nitride, the selectivity of the removal rates of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride is also an important factor to be considered in the CMP process.
The current research on Cerium oxide abrasives mainly focuses on the modification and doping of abrasive particles, as well as the control of particle size.

In addition, the presence of Ce-O-Si bonds leads to the adsorption of Cerium oxide particles on the surface of the medium after polishing, and the problem of particle adsorption is particularly prominent when using small particle size Cerium oxide to reduce defects.
Researchers have also done a lot of work to achieve better surface quality.

How to achieve high removal rate, high selectivity and low surface defects after CMP is currently a research hotspot.
This work mainly reviews the polishing mechanism of Cerium oxide, the factors affecting the CMP rate and the improvement methods.

In the aspect of CMP cleaning, the introduction of additives, water cleaning, chemical cleaning and other cleaning methods are summarized.
On this basis, some suggestions were proposed to provide valuable references for the STI CMP and post cleaning based on Cerium oxide abrasive.

Cerium oxide is a highly efficient catalyst as it absorbs more light than that of ZnO and TiO2.

However, the amount of light absorbed was not sufficient for the photodegradation of pollutants.
Therefore, Cerium oxide was doped with other nanoparticles to increase the visible light absorption.

This review shows the perks of doping Cerium oxide with metals, non-metals, noble metals, and other hybrids.
Generally, this led to the decrease in the bandgap, separation of electrons and holes, and enhancement in the photocatalytic activity. 

The synthesis of these Cerium oxide doped nanocomposites should be economical, green, and preventing cross-contamination.
In this review, we discussed the chemical advanced oxidation process, photochemical advanced oxidation process, and adsorption for the removal of pollutants from wastewater with the help of doped Cerium oxide.

This paper discusses the efficiency and the pathway followed for the degradation of pollutants from wastewater.
This field is undergoing advancement and has room for improvement. 
This review discussed the future development that should be carried out to improve the efficiency of Cerium oxide doped nanocomposites for water and wastewater treatment.

Cerium, a prevalent rare-earth metal abundant in the Earth's crust, finds diverse applications across pharmaceuticals and industries.
Among its various forms, cerium dioxide has gained substantial attention in the global nanotechnology market, owing to its pivotal role in catalysts, fuel cells, and fuel additives.

Until the 1940's, iron oxide was generally used in glass polishing procedures, although other materials such as silica and tin oxide were also used.
In the 1950's, Cerium oxide was found to be a superior polishing agent, and is still used in preference today.

Cerium oxide, belonging to the group of elements known as the rare earths, occurs in nature in diverse forms.
The two most commercially important are bastanite, which is a complex fluorocarbonate, and monazite, which is a phosphate.

To produce the polishing powder, about 80% of Cerium oxide and 20% of other rare earths are used.
When the polishing powder is applied to glass, Cerium oxide reacts with the surface to produce a complex cerium-oxygen-silicon compound softer than glass.

This softer surface layer can then be more easily applied to produce the final polished surface.
As polishing is the final step in the surfacing process, Cerium oxide should not be expected to remove errors made during previous steps when the shape is formed and smoothed.
Cerium oxide is therefore necessary that previous steps, bevelling and smoothing be done correctly and accurately.

Product Range of Cerium Oxide:

Cerium oxide category offers a diverse selection of products designed to meet a wide range of needs:

Cerium oxide Powder:
Tailored for various applications from glass polishing to catalysis, available in multiple particle sizes and purity levels.

Cerium oxide Polishing Powder:
Specifically formulated for the precision polishing of optical components, providing unmatched surface finish and clarity.

Nano Cerium oxide:
Engineered nanoparticles for high-performance applications in electronics, catalysis, and biomedicine, offering enhanced properties due to their nano-scale size.

Custom Cerium oxide Solutions:
We provide specialized formulations and blends to address unique requirements across different industries.

Cerium oxide Evaporation Materials:
Essential for thin film deposition, these materials are vital in producing coatings on glass, metals, and electronic components to enhance their durability, optical properties, and electronic functionality.

Cerium oxide Sputtering Targets:
Designed for sputtering processes used in coating and thin film applications, these targets are key in manufacturing semiconductors, optical components, and protective coatings, offering precise control over the deposition process and high-quality film characteristics.

Nanotechnology Marvel: Cerium oxide nanoparticles:
Cerium dioxide nanoparticles have emerged as nanotechnological marvels, contributing significantly to catalysts, fuel cells, and electronics manufacturing.
However, the increasing production of Cerium oxide nanoparticles in industrial processing plants raises environmental concerns.
Predictions from mass flow modeling studies indicate that these nanoparticles may enter terrestrial environments, impacting landfills and soils.

Uses of Cerium Oxide:
Cerium oxide is ued to polish and decolorize glass, to opacify enamels, to analyze chemicals, to catalyze organic reactions, and to make coatings for heat-resistant alloys and infrared filters.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles are used in diesel fuel as combustion catalysts.
Cerium oxide nanoparticles are used in solar and fuel cells, gas sensors, abrasives, oxygen pumps, and other metallurgic, glass, and ceramic applications.

Industry Uses:
Catalyst
Intermediate
Abrasives
Other
Surface modifier
Opacifer
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Adsorbents and absorbents
Oxidizing agent
Heat stabilizer
Pigment
Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent
Process regulators
Other (specify)

Consumer Uses:
Catalyst
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Pigment
Other (specify)

Applications of Cerium Oxide:
Cerium oxide is widely applied in glass, ceramics and catalyst manufacturing.
In glass industry, Cerium oxide is considered to be the most efficient glass polishing agent for precision optical polishing.

Cerium oxide is also used to decolorize glass by keeping iron in its ferrous state.
The ability of Cerium-doped glass to block out ultra violet light is utilized in the manufacturing of medical glassware and aerospace windows.

Cerium oxide is also used to prevent polymers from darkening in sunlight and to suppress discoloration of television glass.
Cerium oxide is applied to optical components to improve performance.
High purity Cerium oxide are also used in phosphors and dopant to crystal.

Cerium polishing powder is widely used in the polishing of the camera, camera lens, TV picture tube, glasses, etc.
Cerium oxide has the advantages of fast polishing speed, high finish, and long service life.

Cerium oxide and neodymium oxide are the main rare earth elements used for glass decolorization.
Rare earth glass decolorizer can not only improve the efficiency, but also avoid the pollution of white arsenic.
Cerium oxide has the advantages of high temperature stability, low price and no absorption of visible light.

Rare earth ions have stable and bright colors at high temperature.
They are used to mix in Cerium oxide liquid to make various colors of glass.
Neodymium, praseodymium, erbium, cerium and other rare earth oxides are excellent glass colorants.

Cerium oxide is added to daily glass, such as building and automobile glass and crystal glass, which can reduce the transmittance of ultraviolet light.

Cerium oxide's insolubility in water and dilute acid makes it a versatile material with a spectrum of applications.
One of Cerium oxide's primary uses is as an abrasive, employed in the grinding and polishing of various materials.

Historically, Cerium oxide played a crucial role in polishing specialized glass, such as telescope mirrors.
Beyond abrasives, Cerium oxide finds application in heat-resistant alloy coatings and ceramic coatings.

Leveraging its exceptional properties, Cerium oxide is pivotal across multiple sectors:

Glass Polishing:
Cerium oxide is renowned for its role in polishing glass surfaces to achieve high-quality finishes, from mirrors and optical lenses to television and computer screens.

Catalysis:
Cerium oxide catalyzes the reduction of harmful emissions in automotive exhaust systems and facilitates critical chemical reactions.

Ceramics:
Cerium oxide contributes to the color enhancement and durability of ceramic products and is essential in manufacturing solid oxide fuel cells.

Electronics:
As a dopant, Cerium oxide enhances the performance of semiconductor materials.

UV Absorption:
Cerium oxide's ability to absorb ultraviolet light makes it a key ingredient in sunscreens and protective plastics.

Cerium has two main applications, which are listed below:
The principal industrial application of Cerium oxide is for polishing, especially chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP).
For this purpose, Cerium oxide has displaced many other oxides that were previously used, such as iron oxide and zirconia.
For hobbyists, Cerium oxide is also known as "opticians' rouge".

In its other main application, Cerium oxide is used to decolorize glass.
Cerium oxide functions by converting green-tinted ferrous impurities to nearly colorless ferric oxides.

Other niche and emerging applications:

Catalysis:
Cerium oxide has attracted much attention in the area of heterogeneous catalysis.
Cerium oxide catalyses the water-gas shift reaction.

Cerium oxide oxidizes carbon monoxide.
Cerium oxide's reduced derivative Ce2O3 reduces water, with release of hydrogen.

The interconvertibility of CeOx materials is the basis of the use of Cerium oxide for an oxidation catalyst.
One small but illustrative use is Cerium oxide's use in the walls of self-cleaning ovens as a hydrocarbon oxidation catalyst during the high-temperature cleaning process.
Another small scale but famous example is Cerium oxide's role in oxidation of natural gas in gas mantles.

Building on its distinct surface interactions, Cerium oxide finds further use as a sensor in catalytic converters in automotive applications, controlling the air-exhaust ratio to reduce NOx and carbon monoxide emissions.

Energy & fuels:
Due to the significant ionic and electronic conduction of Cerium oxide, Cerium oxide is well suited to be used as a mixed conductor.
As such, Cerium oxide is a material of interest for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in comparison to zirconium oxide.

Thermochemically, the cerium(IV) oxide–cerium(III) oxide cycle or CeO2/Ce2O3 cycle is a two-step water splitting process that has been used for hydrogen production.
Because Cerium oxide leverages the oxygen vacancies between systems, this allows Cerium oxide in water to form hydroxyl (OH) groups.
The hydroxyl groups can then be released as oxygen oxidizes, thus providing a source of clean energy.

Optics:
Cerium oxide is highly valued in the optics industry for its exceptional polishing capabilities.
Cerium oxide effectively removes minor scratches and imperfections from glass surfaces through both mechanical abrasion and chemical interaction, producing a smooth, high-gloss finish.

Cerium oxide can also enhance the durability of optical surfaces by forming a protective layer that increases resistance to scratches and environmental wear.
Cerium oxide has also found use in infrared filters and as a replacement for thorium dioxide in incandescent mantles.

Welding:
Cerium oxide is used as an addition to tungsten electrodes for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding.
Cerium oxide provides advantages over pure Tungsten electrodes such as reducing electrode consumption rate and easier arc starting & stability.
Cerium oxide electrodes were first introduced in the US market in 1987, and are useful in AC, DC Electrode Positive, and DC Electrode Negative.

Structure and Defect Behavior of Cerium Oxide:
Cerium oxide adopts the fluorite structure, space group Fm3m, #225 containing 8-coordinate Ce4+ and 4-coordinate O2−.
At high temperatures Cerium oxide releases oxygen to give a non-stoichiometric, anion deficient form that retains the fluorite lattice.

Cerium oxide has the formula CeO(2−x), where 0 < x < 0.28.
The value of x depends on both the temperature, surface termination and the oxygen partial pressure.

The non-stoichiometric form has a blue to black color, and exhibits both ionic and electronic conduction with ionic being the most significant at temperatures > 500 °C.

The number of oxygen vacancies is frequently measured by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the ratio of Ce3+ to Ce4+.

Defect chemistry:
In the most stable fluorite phase of Cerium oxide, it exhibits several defects depending on partial pressure of oxygen or stress state of Cerium oxide.

The primary defects of concern are oxygen vacancies and small polarons (electrons localized on cerium cations).
Increasing the concentration of oxygen defects increases the diffusion rate of oxide anions in the lattice as reflected in an increase in ionic conductivity.

These factors give Cerium oxide favorable performance in applications as a solid electrolyte in solid-oxide fuel cells.
Undoped and doped Cerium oxide also exhibit high electronic conductivity at low partial pressures of oxygen due to reduction of the cerium ion leading to the formation of small polarons.

Since the oxygen atoms in a Cerium oxide crystal occur in planes, diffusion of these anions is facile.
The diffusion rate increases as the defect concentration increases.

The presence of oxygen vacancies at terminating Cerium oxide planes governs the energetics of Cerium oxide interactions with adsorbate molecules, and its wettability.
Controlling such surface interactions is key to harnessing Cerium oxide in catalytic applications.

Natural Occurrence of Cerium Oxide:
Cerium oxide occurs naturally as the mineral cerianite-(Ce).
Cerium oxide is a rare example of tetravalent cerium mineral, the other examples being stetindite-(Ce) and dyrnaesite-(La).

The "-(Ce)" suffix is known as Levinson modifier and is used to show which element dominates in a particular site in the structure.
Cerium oxide is often found in names of minerals bearing rare earth elements (REEs).
Occurrence of cerianite-(Ce) is related to some examples of cerium anomaly, where Ce - which is oxidized easily - is separated from other REEs that remain trivalent and thus fit to structures of other minerals than cerianite-(Ce).

Production of Cerium Oxide:
Cerium occurs naturally as oxides, always as a mixture with other rare-earth elements.
Cerium oxide's principal ores are bastnaesite and monazite.

After extraction of the metal ions into aqueous base, Ce is separated from that mixture by addition of an oxidant followed by adjustment of the pH.
This step exploits the low solubility of Cerium oxide and the fact that other rare-earth elements resist oxidation.

Cerium oxide is formed by the calcination of cerium oxalate or cerium hydroxide.

Cerium also forms cerium(III) oxide, Ce2O3, which is unstable and will oxidize to cerium(IV) oxide.

General Manufacturing Information of Cerium Oxide:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Petrochemical Manufacturing
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Other (requires additional information)
All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Machinery Manufacturing
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries

History of Cerium of Cerium Oxide:
The discovery of cerium in oxide form dates back to 1803, with simultaneous reports from scientists in Sweden and Germany.
Jons Jacob Berzelius in Sweden coined the term "ceria" for this oxide.

Cerium is commonly found in various mineral classes, including carbonates, phosphates, silicates, oxides, and hydroxides.
Industrial sources predominantly involve minerals like bastnäsite and monazite.

Handling and Storage of Cerium Oxide:

Handling:
Avoid creating dust when handling Cerium oxide as inhalation of dust particles can pose health risks.
Use in well-ventilated areas or employ local exhaust ventilation to reduce airborne exposure.

Minimize direct contact with the skin and eyes.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety glasses, and dust masks.

Avoid inhaling the dust or fumes generated from heating.
Keep Cerium oxide away from incompatible substances, particularly strong acids, which may cause reactions.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.
Ensure containers are tightly closed to prevent moisture uptake or contamination.

Avoid storing with reactive chemicals like strong oxidizing agents or acids.
Store in original containers or compatible containers made of non-reactive materials.

Stability and Reactivity of Cerium Oxide:

Stability:
Cerium oxide is generally stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Stable at high temperatures but may react under extreme conditions with strong acids or other reactive chemicals.

Reactivity:
Cerium oxide can react with strong acids, producing cerium salts and generating heat.
Cerium oxide is not considered a highly reactive material but may exhibit some oxidation-reduction reactions in specific environments.

Conditions to Avoid:
Avoid contact with strong acids or strong oxidizing agents.
Exposure to high humidity could cause Cerium oxide to absorb moisture.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
In the event of a fire or thermal decomposition, Cerium oxide may release harmful fumes, including cerium compounds and other metal oxides.

First Aid Measures of Cerium Oxide:

Inhalation:
If inhaled, move the person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen and seek medical attention.
If symptoms such as coughing or respiratory irritation persist, seek medical advice.

Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing and rinse the skin well.
Seek medical attention if irritation or rash develops.

Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Ensure that the eyelids are held open during flushing to thoroughly cleanse the eyes.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
If swallowed, rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention.

Firefighting Measures of Cerium Oxide:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use extinguishing media appropriate to the surrounding fire, such as water spray, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam.
Cerium oxide is not flammable but may decompose under extreme heat.

Firefighting Instructions:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear to prevent exposure to toxic fumes.
Prevent run-off from firefighting from entering drains or water bodies.

Specific Hazards:
Though Cerium oxide itself is not combustible, it may release toxic fumes (metal oxides) when exposed to fire or extreme heat.

Accidental Release Measures of Cerium Oxide:

Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate protective equipment, including respiratory protection, gloves, and goggles, to avoid inhalation or contact with skin and eyes.
Ensure adequate ventilation in the area of the spill.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent Cerium oxide from entering watercourses, drains, or soil.
Contain the spill using non-combustible materials (such as sand, earth) and avoid creating dust.

Cleanup Procedures:
Use a vacuum or wet sweeping to collect Cerium oxide, avoiding dry sweeping which may create airborne dust.
Place the collected material in properly labeled containers for disposal.
Dispose of in accordance with local environmental regulations.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Cerium Oxide:

Exposure Limits:
No specific exposure limits have been established for Cerium oxide, but general exposure limits for particulates and dust (e.g., OSHA’s PEL for particulates) may apply.

Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation or other engineering controls to keep airborne concentrations below recommended exposure limits.
Ensure work areas are well-ventilated, especially where dust generation is possible.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

Respiratory Protection:
If there is a risk of inhaling dust, use an approved respirator (N95 or similar) to protect against airborne particulates.

Skin Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves and protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.

Eye Protection:
Use safety glasses or goggles to protect against dust particles.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands, face, and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling Cerium oxide.

Identifiers of Cerium Oxide:
Synonym(s): Ceric oxide, Ceric oxide, ceria
Linear Formula: CeO2
CAS Number: 1306-38-3
Molecular Weight: 172.11
EC Number: 215-150-4
MDL number: MFCD00010933
UNSPSC Code: 12352300
PubChem Substance ID: 329752315
NACRES: NA.22

Linear Formula: CeO2
CAS: 1306-38-3
MDL Number: MFCD00010933
EC No.: 215-150-4
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 73963
IUPAC Name: Dioxocerium
SMILES: [Ce+4].O=[N+]([O-])[O-].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+](=O)O.[O-][N+](=O)O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.N.N
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Ce.2O
InchI Key: CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

CAS Number:
1306-38-3 check
12014-56-1 (hydrate)
ChEBI: CHEBI:79089
ChemSpider: 8395107
ECHA InfoCard: 100.013.774
PubChem CID: 73963
UNII:
619G5K328Y
20GT4M7CWG (hydrate)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4040214

Properties of Cerium Oxide:
Chemical formula: CeO2
Molar mass: 172.115 g/mol
Appearance: white or pale yellow solid,
slightly hygroscopic
Density: 7.215 g/cm3
Melting point: 2,400 °C (4,350 °F; 2,670 K)
Boiling point: 3,500 °C (6,330 °F; 3,770 K)
Solubility in water: insoluble
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): +26.0·10−6 cm3/mol

Molecular Weight: 172.115 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 171.89528 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 171.89528 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 34.1Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Complexity: 18.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Compound Formula: CeO2
Molecular Weight: 172.12
Appearance: Brown to yellow
Melting Point: 2340 °C (4240 °F)
Boiling Point: 3,500° C (6,332° F)
Density: 7.6 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: N/A
Electrical Resistivity: 4 10x Ω-m
Specific Heat: 390 J/kg-K
Thermal Expansion: 11 µm/m-K
Young's Modulus: 180 GPa
Exact Mass: 171.895 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 171.895264 Da

Quality Level: 200
Assay: ≥99.0%
form: solid

reaction suitability:
core: cerium
reagent type: catalyst

loss: ≤0.5% loss on ignition
density: 7.13 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
SMILES string: O=[Ce]=O
InChI: 1S/Ce.2O
InChI key: CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Structure of Cerium Oxide:
Crystal structure: cubic crystal system, cF12 (fluorite)
Space group: Fm3m, #225
Lattice constant: 
a = 5.41 Å, b = 5.41 Å, c = 5.41 Å
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry: Ce, 8, cubic
O, 4, tetrahedral

Names of Cerium Oxide:

IUPAC name:
Cerium(IV) oxide

Other names:
Ceric oxide,
Ceria,
Cerium dioxide