COPPER CHLORIDE

Synonyms:
CUPRIC CHLORIDE; Copper chloride; Copper(II) chloride; Copper dichloride; 7447-39-4; Cupric chloride anhydrous; Copper bichloride; Cupric dichloride; Copper(2+) chloride; CuCl2; Copper chloride (CuCl2); Copper(2+)chloride; COPPER (II) CHLORIDE; Copper(II) chloride (1:2); Coclor; Copper(II)chloride; copper(2+) dichloride; Copper chloride (VAN); CCRIS 6883; HSDB 259; 1344-67-8; CHEBI:49553; EINECS 231-210-2; NSC165706; NSC 165706; AI3-01658; Copper(II) chloride, anhydrous; Cl2Cu; Cupric chloride in plastic container; copper (II)chloride; copper(II)-chloride; copper (II) cloride; copper (II)-chloride; Epitope ID:156811,; Copper(II) chloride, 97%; CTK8B3330; Copper(II) chloride, powder, 99%; 8309AF; ANW-42299; Copper(II) chloride, p.a., 97%; Copper(II) chloride, LR, >=98%; AKOS015902778; DB09131; NSC-165706; BP-13443; LS-54863; NCI60_001274; Copper (II) Chloride, Trace metals grade; FT-0624119; EC 231-210-2; Copper(II) chloride, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; Q421781; Copper(II) chloride, 99.999% trace metals basis; Copper(II) chloride, anhydrous, powder, >=99.995% trace metals basis; Copper (II) chloride, ultra dry, powder, ampoule, 99.995% trace metals grade; Copper atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Cu, 1.00 g/L, for 1L standard solution, analytical standard; COPPER CHLORIDE; Cuprous chloride; COPPER(I) CHLORIDE; 7758-89-6; Dicopper dichloride; Copper monochloride; Copper chloride (CuCl); Copper(1+) chloride; Copper (I) chloride

COPPER CHLORIDE

Copper(I) chloride

Copper(I) chloride
Unit cell of nantokite
Sample of copper(I) chloride
Names
IUPAC name
Copper(I) chloride
Other names
Cuprous chloride
Identifiers
CAS Number    
7758-89-6 check
3D model (JSmol)    
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference    8127933
ChEBI    
CHEBI:53472 check
ChemSpider    
56403 check
DrugBank    
DB15535
ECHA InfoCard    100.028.948 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number    
231-842-9
Gmelin Reference    13676
PubChem CID    
62652
RTECS number    
GL6990000
UNII    
C955P95064 check
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)    
DTXSID5035242 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula    CuCl
Molar mass    98.999 g/mol[1]
Appearance    white powder, slightly green from oxidized impurities
Density    4.14 g/cm3[1]
Melting point    423 °C (793 °F; 696 K) [1]
Boiling point    1,490 °C (2,710 °F; 1,760 K) (decomposes)[1]
Solubility in water    0.047 g/L (20 °C)[1]
Solubility product (Ksp)    1.72×10−7
Solubility    insoluble in ethanol,
acetone;[1] soluble in concentrated HCl, NH4OH
Band gap    3.25 eV (300 K, direct)[2]
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)    -40.0·10−6 cm3/mol[3]
Refractive index (nD)    1.930[4]
Structure
Crystal structure    Zincblende, cF20
Space group    F43m, No. 216[5]
Lattice constant    
a = 0.54202 nm
Lattice volume (V)    0.1592 nm3
Formula units (Z)    4
Hazards
Safety data sheet    JT Baker
GHS pictograms    GHS07: HarmfulGHS09: Environmental hazard
GHS Signal word    Warning
GHS hazard statements    H302, H400, H410
GHS precautionary statements    P264, P270, P273, P301+312, P330, P391, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)    
NFPA 704 four-colored diamond
030
Flash point    Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)    140 mg/kg
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)    TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[6]
REL (Recommended)    TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)[6]
IDLH (Immediate danger)    TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)[6]
Related compounds
Other anions    Copper(I) bromide
Copper(I) iodide
Other cations    Copper(II) chloride
Silver(I) chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

A white precipitate of Copper(I) Chloride suspended in a solution of Ascorbic Acid in a 2 dram vial.

IR absorption spectrum of copper(I) chloride
Copper(I) chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl. The substance is a white solid sparingly soluble in water, but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Impure samples appear green due to the presence of copper(II) chloride (CuCl2).[7]

Copper(I)chloride crystal 01.jpg
 
Copper(I) chloride.jpg

History
Copper(I) chloride was first prepared by Robert Boyle in the mid-seventeenth century[8] from mercury(II) chloride ("Venetian sublimate") and copper metal:

HgCl2 + 2 Cu → 2 CuCl + Hg
In 1799, J.L. Proust characterized the two different chlorides of copper. He prepared CuCl by heating CuCl2 at red heat in the absence of air, causing it to lose half of its combined chlorine followed by removing residual CuCl2 by washing with water.[9]

An acidic solution of CuCl was formerly used for analysis of carbon monoxide content in gases, for example in Hempel's gas apparatus[clarification needed].[10] This application was significant[11] during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when coal gas was widely used for heating and lighting.

Synthesis
Copper(I) chloride is produced industrially by the direct combination of copper metal and chlorine at 450–900 °C:[12][13]

{displaystyle {ce {2 Cu + Cl2 -> 2 CuCl}}}{displaystyle {ce {2 Cu + Cl2 -> 2 CuCl}}}
Copper(I) chloride can also be prepared by reducing copper(II) chloride with sulfur dioxide, or with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) that acts as a reducing sugar:

{displaystyle {ce {2 CuCl2 + SO2 + 2 H2O -> 2 CuCl + H2SO4 + 2 HCl}}}{displaystyle {ce {2 CuCl2 + SO2 + 2 H2O -> 2 CuCl + H2SO4 + 2 HCl}}}
{displaystyle {ce {2 CuCl2 + C6H8O6 -> 2CuCl + 2HCl + C6H6O6}}}{displaystyle {ce {2 CuCl2 + C6H8O6 -> 2CuCl + 2HCl + C6H6O6}}}
Many other reducing agents can be used.[14]

Properties
Copper(I) chloride has the cubic zincblende crystal structure at ambient conditions. Upon heating to 408 °C the structure changes to hexagonal. Several other crystalline forms of CuCl appear at high pressures (several GPa).[5]

Copper(I) chloride is a Lewis acid, which is classified as soft according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept. Thus, it forms a series of complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine:

CuCl + 1 P(C6H5)3 → 1/4 {CuCl[P(C6H5)3]}4
CuCl + 2 P(C6H5)3 → CuCl[P(C6H5)3)]2
CuCl + 3 P(C6H5)3 → CuCl[P(C6H5)3)]3
Although CuCl is insoluble in water, it dissolves in aqueous solutions containing suitable donor molecules. It forms complexes with halide ions, for example forming H3O+ CuCl2− in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Chloride is displaced by CN− and S2O32−.

Solutions of CuCl in HCl or NH3 absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the chloride-bridged dimer [CuCl(CO)]2. The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C2H2)]. Ammoniacal solutions of CuCl react with acetylenes to form the explosive copper(I) acetylide, Cu2C2. Alkene complexes o can be prepared by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution. Complexes with dienes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene are particularly stable:[15]

Structure of COD complex of CuCl

In absence of other ligands, its aqueous solutions are unstable with respect to disproportionation:[16]

2 CuCl → Cu + CuCl2
In part for this reason samples in air assume a green coloration.

Uses
The main use of copper(I) chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride. For this purpose aqueous copper(I) chloride is generated by comproportionation and then air-oxidized:

Cu + CuCl2 → 2 CuCl
4 CuCl + O2 + 2 H2O → Cu3Cl2(OH)4 + CuCl2
Copper(I) chloride catalyzes a variety of organic reactions, as discussed above. Its affinity for carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminium chloride is exploited in the COPureSM process.

In organic synthesis
CuCl is used with carbon monoxide, aluminium chloride, and hydrogen chloride in the Gatterman-Koch reaction to form benzaldehydes.

In the Sandmeyer reaction.[17][18] Treatment of an arenediazonium salt with CuCl leads to an aryl chloride, for example:

(Example Sandmeyer reaction using CuCl)

The reaction has wide scope and usually gives good yields.

Early investigators observed that copper(I) halides catalyse 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones[19] led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are widely used today in organic synthesis:[20]

(Addition of RMgX to C=C-C=O mediated by CuCl)

This finding led to the development of organocopper chemistry. For example, CuCl reacts with methyllithium (CH3Li) to form "Gilman reagents" such as (CH3)2CuLi, which find extensive use in organic synthesis. Grignard reagents form similar organocopper compounds. Although other copper(I) compounds such as copper(I) iodide are now more often used for these types of reactions, copper(I) chloride is still recommended in some cases:[21]

(Alkylation of sorbate ester at 4-position mediated by CuCl)

Here, Bu indicates an n-butyl group. Without CuCl, the Grignard reagent alone gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-addition products (i.e., the butyl adds at the C closer to the C=O).

Copper(I) chloride is also an intermediate formed from copper(II) chloride in the Wacker process.

In polymer chemistry
CuCl is used as a catalyst in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP).

Niche Uses
Copper(I) chloride is also used in pyrotechnics as a blue/green coloring agent. In a flame test, copper chlorides, like all copper compounds, emit green-blue.

Natural occurrence
Natural form of CuCl is the rare mineral nantokite.

Properties
Related Categories    ATRP, ATRP Metal Salts, Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis, Copper,
Copper Catalysts, Copper Salts, Crystal Grade Inorganics, Essential Chemicals, Materials Science, Metal and Ceramic Science, Polymer Science, Reagents for Controlled Radical Polymerization, Reagents for Polymerization, Research Essentials, Salts
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Quality Level      200
vapor pressure      1.3 mmHg ( 546 °C)
assay      ≥99.995% trace metals basis
form      powder
bp      1490 °C (lit.)
mp      430 °C (lit.)
solubility      slightly soluble 0.47 g/L at 20 °C
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Description
General description
The structure of copper(I) chloride is similar to zinc-blende crystal at room temperature; the structure is wurtzite at 407 °C and at higher temperatures it forms copper(I) chloride vapor as per mass spectroscopy.

Application
CuCl may be used as an initiator for hydrostannation of α,α-unsaturated ketones and other similar radical reactions.
Shows unique character as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.

Shows unique character as an initiator of radical reactions such as the hydrostannation of α,β-unsaturated ketones.

Cupric chloride, for injection, is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for use as an additive to solutions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN).

DrugBank
Copper chloride appears as a yellowish-brown powder (the anhydrous form) or a green crystalline solid (the dihydrate). Noncombustible but hydrogen chloride gas may form when heated in a fire. Corrosive to aluminum. Used to manufacture other chemicals, in dyeing, in printing, in fungicides, as a wood preservative.

CAMEO Chemicals
Copper(II) chloride is an inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state. It has a role as an EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor. It is an inorganic chloride and a copper molecular entity. It contains a copper(2+).

Molecular Weight of Copper Chloride    99 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Rotatable Bond Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Exact Mass of Copper Chloride    97.89845 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Monoisotopic Mass of Copper Chloride    97.89845 g/mol    Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Topological Polar Surface Area of Copper Chloride    0 Ų    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Heavy Atom Count of Copper Chloride    2    Computed by PubChem
Formal Charge of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Complexity of Copper Chloride    2    Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Isotope Atom Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count of Copper Chloride    0    Computed by PubChem
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count of Copper Chloride    1    Computed by PubChem
Compound  of Copper Chloride Is Canonicalized    Yes

Copper Chloride Solutions are moderate to highly concentrated liquid solutions of Copper Chloride. They are an excellent source of Copper Chloride for applications requiring solubilized Compound Solutions Packaging, Bulk Quantitymaterials. Packaging is available in 55 gallon drums, smaller units and larger liquid totes. It has numerous applications, but are commonly used in petrochemical cracking and automotive catalysts, water treatment, plating, textiles, research and in optic, laser, crystal and glass applications. Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards. Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered. We also produce Copper Chloride. We produce to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.