COPPER NITRATE

Copper Nitrate may also be used for copper electrowinning on small scale with a ammonia (NH3) as a byproduct.
Copper Nitrate is widely used in lubricants and greases, products, coatings, skins, plasters, surface treatment, fertilizers, metal surface treatment products, metal surface treatment products, inks, toners, leather products, lacquers, waxes, cosmetics and all over the world.
Copper Nitrate is used in machine washing fluids/detergents, care products, paints, coatings, adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners, automotive engine oils, lubricants in engine oil and brake fluids.

CAS Number: 3251-23-8 
10031-43-3 (trihydrate) 
13478-38-1 (hexahydrate) 
19004-19-4 (hemipentahydrate) 
EC Number: 221-838-5
Molecular Formula: Cu(NO3)2 / CuN2O6
Molecular Weight: 187.56 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Cupric nitrate, Copper dinitrate, Copper(2+) nitrate, Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, Copper nitrate anhydrous, Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate, Gerhardite, Copper(II) nitrate, Cupric nitrate, Cupric nitrate hydrate, CUPRIC NITRATE, Copper dinitrate, 3251-23-8, Copper(II) nitrate, Copper nitrate, Cupric dinitrate, copper;dinitrate, Copper(2+) nitrate, Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, Caswell No. 246, 10402-29-6, HSDB 264, Nitric acid, copper salt, EINECS 221-838-5, UNII-9TC879S2ZV, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 076102, copper(2+) dinitrate, Nitric acid copper(2+) salt (2:1), CUPRIC NITRATE [MI], copper(II) nitrate (anh.), Cu(NO3)2, 9TC879S2ZV, copper(II) nitrate (anhydrous), Claycop, COPPER NITRATE [WHO-DD], DTXSID7040314, CHEBI:78036, EC 221-838-5, COPPER(II) NITRATE [HSDB], Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt (2:1), Copper nitrate basic, Cop-per nitrate, (nitrooxy)cuprio nitrate, Copper(II) nitric acid, DTXCID5020314, COPPER NITRATE (CU(NO3)2), AKOS015903393, NS00075662, Q286064, 628-973-2, Cupric nitrate, Copper dinitrate, Copper(2+) nitrate, Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, Copper(2+) dinitrate, Nitric acid, copper salt, copper nitrate anhydrous, copper(II) nitrate on celite (diatomaceous earth), copper ii nitrate hydrate, copper nitrate hydrate, acmc-20aldm, cupric nitrate hydrate, cu.2no3.h2o, copper 2+ ion hydrate dinitrate, copper 2+ hydrate dinitrate, copper ii nitrate hydrate, puratronic, copper 2+ nitrate-water 1/2/1, nitric acid, copper 2+ salt, hydrate 8ci,9ci, Cupric nitrate, Claycop, Copper dinitrate, Copper(2+) nitrate, Cupric dinitrate, Nitric acid, copper(2+) salt, Copper nitrate, [ChemIDplus] UN1477

Copper Nitrate forms a clear, blue solution. 
Copper Nitrate, commonly referred to as cupric nitrate, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu(NO₃)₂. 
Copper Nitrate exists in various hydrated forms, notably the trihydrate and hexahydrate, which are blue crystalline solids. 

Copper Nitrate describes any member of the family of inorganic compounds with the formula Cu(NO3)2(H2O)x. 
The hydrates are hygroscopic blue solids. 
Anhydrous copper nitrate forms blue-green crystals and sublimes in a vacuum at 150-200 °C.

Common hydrates are the hemipentahydrate and trihydrate.
Copper Nitrate is an inorganic nitrate salt having copper(2+) as the couterion. 
Copper Nitrate contains a copper(2+).

Copper Nitrate is a nitrate of copper. 
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. 
Copper is an essential elements in plants and animals as it is required for the normal functioning of more than 30 enzymes. 

It occurs naturally throughout the environment in rocks, soil, water, and air. 
Copper Nitrate is a blue-green deliquescent solid.
Copper Nitrate is soluble in water.

Copper Nitrate is blue deliquescent crystals.
Copper Nitrate is soluble in water.
Copper Nitrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. 

Copper Nitrate is an inorganic nitrate salt containing copper (2+).
Copper Nitrate is the copper salt of nitric acid, with the gross formula Cu (NO3) 2. 

Copper Nitrate comes as a blue crystalline powder, the hydrates of which are well soluble in water and ethanol. 
Copper Nitrate, also as a hydrate, is very hygroscopic: the crystals eventually dissolve in the water extracted from the air. 

USES and APPLICATIONS of COPPER NITRATE:
Pyrotechnics: Copper Nitrate is utilized in pyrotechnic applications, contributing to the blue color in fireworks.
Typical applications of Copper Nitrate are for example in the nitration of organic compounds, the dye industry, and textile industry, but also in the metal surface treatment (tinplate ink, bronzing iron, blackening of copper).

Catalyst in Organic Synthesis: Copper Nitrate is used as a catalyst in various organic reactions, including nitration of aromatic compounds.
Textile Industry: Copper nitrate serves as a mordant in dyeing processes, helping to fix dyes in fabrics.
Ceramics and Glass Manufacturing: Copper Nitrate is utilized to produce blue and green pigments in ceramics and glass.

Pyrotechnics: Copper Nitrate is incorporated in fireworks formulations to produce blue-colored flames.
Analytical Chemistry: Copper Nitrate is employed as a reagent in chemical analysis and laboratory experiments.
Copper Nitrate finds a variety of applications, the main one being its conversion to copper(II) oxide, which is used as catalyst for a variety of processes in organic chemistry. 

Copper Nitrate's solutions are used in textiles and polishing agents for other metals. 
Copper nitrates are found in some pyrotechnics.
Copper Nitrate is often used in school laboratories to demonstrate chemical voltaic cell reactions. 

Copper Nitrate is a component in some ceramic glazes and metal patinas.
Electrowinning: Copper Nitrate may also be used for copper electrowinning on small scale with a ammonia (NH3) as a byproduct.
Copper Nitrate is widely used in lubricants and greases, products, coatings, skins, plasters, surface treatment, fertilizers, metal surface treatment products, metal surface treatment products, inks, toners, leather products, lacquers, waxes, cosmetics and all over the world.

Copper Nitrate is used in machine washing fluids/detergents, care products, paints, coatings, adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners, automotive engine oils, lubricants in engine oil and brake fluids.
Copper Nitrate applications are used: preparations of mixtures and/or repackaging, construction and construction, chemicals and mineral products (eg plasters, coating).

Copper Nitrate, like most nitrates, is used as an oxidizer.
Copper Nitrate is used in light sensitive reproductive papers, nickel plating baths, pesticides (wood preservatives, fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), pyrotechnic compositions, aluminum brighteners, solid rocket fuel catalysts, paints/varnishes, drugs, flotation of cinnabar, cancer treatment, electrolysis and electroplating, and electronics.

Copper Nitrate is also used as a ceramic color, a mordant and oxidant in textile dyeing and printing, a metal coloring reagent (burnishing iron, giving a black "antique" finish to copper, and coloring zinc brown), a nitrating agent for aromatic organosilicon compounds, an organic catalyst, a drilling mud dispersant, and a corrosion inhibitor.

-Organic synthesis uses of Copper Nitrate:
Copper nitrate, in combination with acetic anhydride, is an effective reagent for nitration of aromatic compounds, known as the Menke nitration.
Hydrated copper nitrate adsorbed onto clay affords a reagent called "Claycop". 

The resulting blue-colored clay is used as a slurry, for example for the oxidation of thiols to disulfide. 
Claycop is also used to convert dithioacetals to carbonyls.
A related reagent based on montmorillonite has proven useful for the nitration of aromatic compounds.

-Catalysis uses of Copper Nitrate: 
Copper Nitrate is used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions. 
Copper Nitrate can facilitate reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy.

-Dyes and Pigments uses of Copper Nitrate: 
Copper Nitrate is employed in the production of dyes and pigments for coloring ceramics, glass, and other materials. 
The blue color of Copper Nitrate contributes to its use in these applications.

-Wood Preservation uses of Copper Nitrate: 
Copper Nitrate is used in wood preservation processes. 
Copper Nitrate helps protect wood from decay and insects, extending the lifespan of wooden structures.

-Metal Surface Treatment uses of Copper Nitrate: 
In some industries, Copper Nitrate is used for treating metal surfaces. 
This treatment can enhance the corrosion resistance of metals.

-Laboratory and Chemical Synthesis uses of Copper Nitrate: 
In laboratories, Copper Nitrate is used as a reagent in various chemical synthesis processes. 
Copper Nitrate can be involved in the preparation of other copper compounds.

BENEFITS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF COPPER NITRATE:
*Oxidizing Agent:
Copper Nitrate acts as a strong oxidizing agent, facilitating various chemical reactions.

*Hygroscopic Nature: 
Copper Nitrate is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air.

*Thermal Decomposition: 
Upon heating, Copper Nitrate decomposes to form copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen, which is useful in certain industrial processes.

SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF COPPER NITRATE:
Hydrated Copper Nitrate
Hydrated copper nitrate is prepared by treating copper metal or its oxide with nitric acid:

Cu + 4 HNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2
The same salts can be prepared treating copper metal with an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. 
That reaction illustrates the ability of copper metal to reduce silver ions.

In aqueous solution, the hydrates exist as the aqua complex [Cu(H2O)6]2+. 
Such complexes are highly labile and subject to rapid ligand exchange due to the d9 electronic configuration of copper(II).

Attempted dehydration of any of the hydrated Copper Nitrates by heating affords the oxides, not Cu(NO3)2.
At 80 °C the hydrates convert to "basic copper nitrate", Cu2(NO3)(OH)3, which converts to CuO at 180 °C.

Exploiting this reactivity, copper nitrate can be used to generate nitric acid by heating it until decomposition and passing the fumes directly into water. 

This method is similar to the last step in the Ostwald process. 
The equations are as follows:

2 Cu(NO3)2 → 2 CuO + 4 NO2 + O2
3 NO2 + H2O → 2 HNO3 + NO

Treatment of Copper Nitrate solutions with triphenylphosphine, triphenylarsine, and triphenylstibine gives the corresponding copper(I) complexes [Cu(EPh3)3]NO3 (E = P, As, Sb; Ph = C6H5). 
The group V ligand is oxidized to the oxide.

Anhydrous Copper Nitrate
Anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 is one of the few anhydrous transition metal nitrates.

It cannot be prepared by reactions containing or producing water. Instead, anhydrous Cu(NO3)2 forms when copper metal is treated with dinitrogen tetroxide:
Cu + 2 N2O4 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO

STRUCTURE OF COPPER NITRATE:
*Anhydrous Copper Nitrate
Two polymorphs of anhydrous Copper Nitrate, α and β, are known.
Both polymorphs are three-dimensional coordination polymer networks with infinite chains of copper(II) centers and nitrate groups. 

The α form has only one Cu environment, with [4+1] coordination, but the β form has two different copper centers, one with [4+1] and one that is square planar.
The nitromethane solvate also features "[4+1] coordination", with four short Cu-O bonds of approximately 200 pm and one longer bond at 240 pm.

Heating solid anhydrous Copper Nitrate under a vacuum to 150-200 °C leads to sublimation and "cracking" to give a vapour of monomeric Copper Nitrate molecules.
In the vapour phase, the molecule features two bidentate nitrate ligands.

*Hydrated Copper Nitrate
Five hydrates have been reported: the monohydrate (Cu(NO3)2•2H2O), the sesquihydrate (Cu(NO3)2•1.5H2O), the hemipentahydrate (Cu(NO3)2•2.5H2O), a trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2•3H2O), and a hexahydrate ([Cu(OH2)6](NO3)2.

The crystal structure of the hexahydrate appeared to show six almost equal Cu–O distances, not revealing the usual effect of a Jahn-Teller distortion that is otherwise characteristic of octahedral Cu(II) complexes. 
This non-effect was attributed to the strong hydrogen bonding that limits the elasticity of the Cu-O bonds, but it is probably due to nickel being misidentified as copper in the refinement.

*Naturally occurring copper nitrates
No mineral of the ideal Cu(NO3) formula, or the hydrates, are known. Likasite, Cu3(NO3)(OH)5•2H2O and buttgenbachite, Cu19(NO3)2(OH)32Cl4•2H2O are related minerals.

Natural basic copper nitrates include the rare minerals gerhardtite and rouaite, both being polymorphs of Cu2(NO3)(OH)3.[23][24][25] A much more complex, basic, hydrated and chloride-bearing natural salt is buttgenbachite

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of COPPER NITRATE:
CAS Number: 10031-43-3 (trihydrate)
EC Number: 221-838-5
Molecular Formula: Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O (trihydrate)
Molecular Weight: 241.60 g/mol (trihydrate)
Appearance: Blue crystalline solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.05 g/cm³
Melting Point: 115 °C (trihydrate)
Boiling Point: 170 °C (decomposes)
Solubility: Highly soluble in water (138 g/100 ml at 0 °C)
Oxidizing Properties: Classified as an oxidizing agent

Chemical formula: Cu(NO3)2
Molar mass: 187.5558 g/mol (anhydrous)
241.60 g/mol (trihydrate)
232.591 g/mol (hemipentahydrate)
Appearance: blue-green crystals (anhydrous)
blue crystals (hydrate)
Density: 3.05 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
2.32 g/cm3 (trihydrate)
2.07 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point: 114 °C (237 °F; 387 K) (anhydrous, decomposes)
114.5 °C (trihydrate)
26.4 °C (hexahydrate, decomposes)

Boiling point: 170 °C (338 °F; 443 K) (trihydrate, decomposes)
Solubility in water: trihydrate:[3]
381 g/100 mL (40 °C)
666 g/100 mL (80 °C)
hexahydrate:
243.7 g/100 mL (80 °C)
Solubility: hydrates very soluble in ethanol, ammonia, water; 
insoluble in ethyl acetate
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): +1570.0·10−6 cm3/mol (~3H2O)
Structure
Crystal structure: orthorhombic (anhydrous)
rhombohedral (hydrates)

Linear Formula: Cu(NO3)2 · xH2O
CAS Number: 13778-31-9
Molecular Weight: 187.56 (anhydrous basis)
EC Number: 221-838-5
MDL number: MFCD00149669
UNSPSC Code: 12352302
PubChem Substance ID: 24853292
NACRES: NA.23
Assay: 99.999% trace metals basis
Form: crystals and lumps
Compound Formula: CuN2O6
Molecular Weight: 187.56

Appearance: Blue powder, crystals, or chunks
Melting Point: 256 °C (dec.)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 3.05 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Soluble
Exact Mass: 186.905233
Monoisotopic Mass: 186.905233
Crystal Phase / Structure: Orthorhombic
Linear Formula: Cu(NO3)2
Pubchem CID: 18616
MDL Number: MFCD00010967
EC No.: 221-838-5

IUPAC Name: copper; dinitrate
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
SMILES: N+([O-])[O-].N+([O-])[O-].[Cu+2]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Cu.2NO3/c;22-1(3)4/q+2;2-1
InchI Key: XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Physical state: Crystals with lumps
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/range: 114.5 °C - dec.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available

Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: The substance or mixture is classified as oxidizing with the category 2.
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance (Color): Dark blue
Appearance (Form): Crystalline powder or crystals
Titration: Iodometric 98.5 to 104 %
CAS: 13778-31-9

Physical Form: Crystalline Aggregates
Assay Percent Range: 99.999% (Metals basis)
MDL Number: MFCD00149669
Solubility Information: Soluble in ethanol and water. 
Insoluble in ethyl acetate.
SMILES: [Cu++].[O-]N+=O.[O-]N+=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 187.55
Formula Weight: 187.55 (Anhydrous)
Sensitivity: Hygroscopic
Molecular Weight: 187.56 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6

Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 186.905233 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 186.905233 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 126 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 18.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
InChI Key: XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IUPAC Name: copper(2+) dinitrate
PubChem CID: 15303652
Odor: Odorless
Chemical Name or Material: Copper(II) nitrate hydrate

 
FIRST AID MEASURES of COPPER NITRATE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of COPPER NITRATE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of COPPER NITRATE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of COPPER NITRATE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of COPPER NITRATE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of COPPER NITRATE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available