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Denatonium Benzoate is a bittering agent. Denatonium Benzoate is a bitter chemical used to denature alcohol. When alcohol is denatured, Denatonium Benzoate becomes undrinkable due to the bitter taste it contains. Denatonium Benzoate is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a variety of uses in the production of cleansers, automotive supplies, and health and beauty products.
CAS NUMBER: 3734-33-6
SYNONYM:
Bitrex; Lidocaine benzyl benzoate; Anispray; Aversion; Gori; Denatonium (benzoate);Caswell No. 083BB; THS-839; UNII-M5BA6GAF1O; Denatonium benzoate anhydrous; WIN 16568; BENZYLDIETHYL; Denatonii benzoas [INN-Latin]; EINECS 223-095-2; Benzoate de denatonium [INN-French]; Benzoato de denatonio [INN-Spanish]; M5BA6GAF1O;Denatonium benzoate [USAN:INN:BAN];EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106; NSC 157658; Denatonium benzoate granules; N-Benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2 oxoethanaminium benzoate; MFCD00031578; Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate; Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate
Denatonium, commonly available as denatonium benzoate (trade name Bitrex), is the bitterest known chemical compound with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide. Scientists in Scotland discovered Denatonium during research on anesthetic lidocaine derivatives. Denatonium benzoate’ s extremely bitter taste has proven effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals. Denatonium is often included in placebo drugs used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain drugs. Denatonium activates bitter taste receptors in many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular dependent pathways.
Denatonium benzoate is one of the bitterest known substances. Just a few parts per million make a product so painful that kids and pets can't swallow Denatonium benzoate. Sweet but highly toxic products such as denatonium benzoate, antifreeze and detergents make their taste bad. Studies show that humans can detect 50 parts per billion of denatonium benzoate in water. Denatonium benzoate is bitter at 1 to 10 ppm and most products will become undrinkable at 30 to 100 ppm. Denatonium benzoate is also stable and inert. In addition, little is needed for the properties of the product to remain unchanged.
Often found as denatonium benzoate and denatonium saccharide, denatonium is the bitterest known chemical compound, with bitter thresholds being 0.05. ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide. Denatonium benzoate was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by MacFarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the Bitrex trademark. Dilutions as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter for most people. Denatonium benzoate salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often sold as solutions. They are used as deterrent agents (bitterness) to prevent inappropriate ingestion.
Denatonium benzoate is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, preventative nail biting preparations, respiratory mask compatibility tests, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and even Nintendo Switch playing cards to prevent children from accidentally swallowing or suffocating. Denatonium benzoate is not known to pose any long-term health risks. The name Denatonium benzoate is a portmanteau word that reflects the primary use of the substance as a denaturant and Denatonium benzoate’s chemical structure as a cation, hence the New Latin suffix -onium. Denatonium benzoate is a quaternary ammonium cation. Denatonium benzoate is a salt compound with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide. The structure of denatonium is related to the local anesthetic lidocaine, which differs only by the addition of a benzyl group to amino nitrogen. Other similar compounds are procaine and benzocaine. One of the chemical names of the compound is lidocaine benzylbenzoate, but denatonium only refers to the quaternary ammonium cation species itself and does not require benzoate counterion.
The bitterness of the compound guides most of the denatonium benzoate applications. Denatonium benzoate is used to denature ethanol so that Denatonium benzoate is not treated as an alcoholic beverage in terms of taxation and sales restrictions. A particular designation states that ethanol has been denatured using denatonium benzoate. Denatonium benzoate is often included in placebo drugs used in clinical trials to mimic the bitter taste of some drugs. Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex) also discourages the consumption of harmful alcohols such as methanol and additives such as ethylene glycol. Denatonium benzoate is also added to many harmful liquids, including solvents (such as nail polish remover), paints, polishes, toiletries and other personal care products, special nail polish to prevent nail biting, and various other household products.
Denatonium benzoate is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as gas jets) to avoid inhaled substance abuse of volatile vapors. In 1995, the US state of Oregon required the addition of denatonium benzoate to products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid containing sweet-tasting ethylene glycol and methanol to prevent. In December 2012, US manufacturers voluntarily agreed to add denatonium benzoate to antifreeze sold nationwide. Denatonium's disgusting taste can be used as a deterrent on products that are not intended for consumption and / or is harmful upon consumption. Nintendo Switch game cards are coated with denatonium benzoate to prevent young children from consuming them. Denatonium benzoate is used as a solvent in the food and beverage industry and in many home and personal care products. Denatonium, commonly found as Denatonium and Denatonium Saccharide, is the bitterest known chemical compound with bitter thresholds of 0.05 ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide. They are used as deterrents (bitterness) to prevent chemical and dangerous products from being swallowed improperly. Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, breathing mask compatibility test, repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Denatonium Benzoate is a bitter agent used to impart a bitter taste to toxic products to make the product difficult to digest. Examples of products containing denatonium benzoate: antifreeze, detergents, floor cleaner, paint remover and toilet cleaner. Denatonium Benzoate acts as a deterrent when added to the above-mentioned dangerous chemical products and contributes to the prevention of dangerous ingestion by giving an extremely bitter and unpleasant taste to the products Denatonium Benzoate is added to. Companies are increasingly deciding to add Denatonium Benzoate to their manufacturing processes to prevent accidental ingestion of home or garden products and to provide maximum safety to their customers. Denatonium Benzoate is one of the bitterest known ingredients and is used equally for many other purposes. Indeed, Denatonium Benzoate is one of the most commonly used substances to denature alcohol (especially ethanol), making it non-drinkable and ready for industrial use. Denatonium Benzoate is also found in nail polish where Denatonium Benzoate helps fight against onychophagia.
Denatonium Benzoate’ s bitter properties make Denatonium Benzoate an excellent repellent and when added to phytosanitary products it contributes to inhibiting the feeding of animals on treated trees and plants. Denatonium Benzoate’ s repellent qualities equally help fight rodents such as rats or mice. Denatonium benzoate is a potent bitter taste receptor agonist widely used for activation of different cell pathways. Taste signals have been associated with food recognition and food avoidance, and the bitter taste causes a deterrent response and is supposed to protect chickens from consuming poisons and harmful toxic substances.The results of the study revealed that dietary supplementation with medium and high doses of denatonium benzoate induced apoptosis and autophagy, respectively, damaging epithelial cells of the heart and kidneys and reducing the growth. According to Chemistry World, denatonium benzoate was an accidental formulation by researchers at T&H Smith, a Scottish pharmaceutical company that was the forerunner of Macfarlan Smith Ltd. In 1958, lab staff were working with lignocaine, a dental anesthetic, when they discovered the extreme bitterness of denatonium benzoate in powder form. Due to its extreme taste, denatonium benzoate was used as a deterrent agent.
Denatonium Benzoate is also available under the trade name Bitrex, which is a token of the words pain and rex for the king. Denatonium benzoate is a salt compound with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide. Its structure is similar to lidocaine and is closely related to Novocain and benzocaine. Denatonium benzoate is odorless, colorless and non-reactive, making Denatonium benzoate a suitable additive that does not interfere with the primary purpose of the base compound. Denatonium benzoate is used as an alcohol denaturant, possibly a combination of 20 in United States pictures. People can typically feel things that taste sweet, sour, salty, salty, and bitter. Among these flavors, chemicals with a bitter taste cause the most reactions. Sensitivity to bitter flavors depends on genetics: The TAS2R38 gene determines a person's ability to detect bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, a component in tonic water. Denatonium benzoate is also the standard for this kind of bitter taste. At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine. For Denatonium benzoate, a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter can be noticed by humans.
Bitter substances such as Denatonium benzoate are useful as deterrent additives to prevent accidental ingestion of dangerous automotive compounds. In Europe and some US states, ethylene glycol or denatonium benzoate must be added to antifreeze and windshield washer fluids. Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergents, and insecticides contain certain amounts of denatonium benzoate to deter oral consumption. Denatonium benzoate is applied to the surfaces of toys as a painful substance to prevent significant consumption of hazardous substances. Denatonium benzoate also applies to outdoor cables and wires to prevent rodents from chewing on parts and equipment. Denatonium benzoate is a deterrent agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks, and rodenticides to suppress swallowing, especially when young children come into contact with these toxic substances. Until now, the most common use of denatonium benzoate is to denature alcohol so that Denatonium benzoate is unfit for human consumption and is exempted from the tariffs normally valid for alcohol. In recent years, its inclusion in household products, garden products, and cosmetics has been intensely promoted to prevent children from accidentally swallowing it. A concentrated solution of denatonium benzoate is available in the USA, which will be sold directly to the public in addition to household products. Efficacy and safety studies on Denatonium benzoate are limited and may be subject to different interpretations when considered in the context of a potential bittering.
Denatonium benzoate is used in many personal care products such as make-up, lotion, fragrance, shaving, oral care, skin care and hair care products, where it functions as antifoam, cosmetic astringent, solvent and viscosity reducing agent. In OTC antimicrobial drug products, Alcohol also functions as an antimicrobial agent to kill germs. Commonly found as denatonium benzoate (or under trade names like Bitrex or Aversion) and denatonium saccharide, denatonium is the bitterest known compound. Denatonium benzoate was discovered in 1958 by Macfarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, during research on local anesthetics. Dilutions as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter for most people. Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often sold as solutions.
IUPAC NAME:
Denatonium benzoate; denatonium benzoate; DENATONIUM BENZOATE; Denatonium benzoate; N-[2-[(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethylbenzenemethanaminium benzoate; N-benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate hydrate; phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]- 2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium benzoate; phenylmethyl-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium benzoate
TRADE NAME:
DENATONIUM BENZOATE
OTHER NAME:
3734-33-6
Denatonium benzoate is generally considered the bitterest flavor of any compound known in science. Denatonium benzoate is sold under the trade name Bitrex. Although Denatonium benzoate has a strong flavor, Denatonium benzoate is colorless and odorless. However, the taste is so strong that most people cannot tolerate denatonium benzoate concentrations of more than 30 parts per million. Denatonium benzoate solutions in alcohol or water are very stable and retain the bitter taste for many years. Exposure to light does not reduce the bitter taste of the compound. Denatonium Benzoate, the present invention passes the toxicity Determination, Denatonium Benzoate has been shown to have good inhibitory activity.
Denatonium Benzoate has the advantages of efficient and low toxicity and is suitable for the chemical prevention needs of plant diseases as a bactericide. The use of the current batch sterilization agent causes the resistance to the effect of a pathogen drug to be strengthened, and the traditional bactericide is large for environmental pollution, the residual height directly threatens the food safety of humanity. Denatonium Benzoate is a kind of degradable, pollution-free, environmentally friendly micromolecular compound, and its resistance to the effect of a drug is weak, non-target organism and person poultry safety, high quality agricultural product and fruits and vegetables. To ensure that it meets the need for sustainable development, that Denatonium benzoate is studied and the market implementation foreground is wide.
Denatonium Benzoate is a kind of quaternary ammonium salt cationic and inert anion like benzoate anion ion or aydan saccharine, which the son is combined to form quaternary ammonium salt. The structure of the material cation is similar to that of the local anesthetic lidocaine and the difference is only present. Many benzyl functional groups on amino nitrogen atoms. Denatonium Benzoate and other toxic tasteless substances as bitterness (or deterrent agent) in the usual commodity of industrial goods, to prevent people from accidentally eating it. For example, adding ethylene glycol to industrial alcohol, similar to common beverages, mouthfeel or methanol, antifreeze agent, paint, detergent for toilet, liquid soap and shampoo, people's hair from accidental food can be prevented Denatonium Benzoate is raw and prevents that biting the item. In addition, special nail polish can be added to In, which is a bad habit, to prevent children from biting their nails and throw out the large.
Denatonium Benzoate, an extremely bitter derivative of lignocaine, has been used worldwide as an alcohol denaturant for over 30 years. The recent recognition of its application to deter ingestion of potentially toxic products has led to its use as an inert ingredient in pesticides, automotive chemicals and household items. A standard research protocol has been developed to determine the applicability of the use of DB in certain formulations. This ensures compatibility, stability and optimum Denatonium Benzoate concentration to affect a bitter taste in the formulated product.
Denatonium benzoate is currently known as the world's most painful ingredient. If we set the degree of bitter quinine as data 1, the bitterness degree of the product becomes 1000. A solution concentration of 10 ppm is already too bitter for most people to endure. The vast majority of its applications are related to its bitter taste. Strychnine is a cheap and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit. Denatonium benzoate is widely used as a deterrent agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substances. For example, industrial alcohol, which tastes similar to ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animal dispersion, liquid soaps and shampoos, has been added to ethylene glycol or methanol. Denatonium benzoate is also added to special nail polish ingredients as a repellent to avoid the child's bad finger biting.
Denatonium benzoate is stable up to 140 ° C and over a wide pH range. It should be stored in a cool and dry place in a well-sealed container (such as steel with polyethylene lining). Aqueous or alcoholic solutions retain their pain for several years, even when exposed to light. Denatonium Benzoate is a bittering agent. Denatonium Benzoate is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a range of uses in the manufacture of cleaners, automotive supplies as well as health and beauty items. Commercially, this compound is available as a white crystalline powder, but denatonium benzoate granules or solutions are also available. Humans can typically sense sweet, sour, salty, savory and bitter-tasting stuff. Of these flavors, bitter-tasting chemicals elicit the most reaction. Sensitivity to bitter flavors depends on genetics: The gene determines a person’s ability to detect the bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, which is an ingredient in tonic water. Denatonium Benzoate is also the standard for this type of bitter flavor. At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine. For denatonium benzoate, a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter is discernible to humans.
Bitterants such as denatonium benzoate are useful as aversive additives to prevent accidental ingestion of hazardous automotive compounds. In Europe and in some U.S. states, addition of denatonium benzoate is required in ethylene glycol or anti-freeze and windshield washer fluids. Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergent and insecticide include a certain amount of denatonium benzoate to discourage consumption by mouth. Denatonium Benzoate is applied on surfaces of toys as a bittering agent to prevent substantial consumption of hazardous materials. Denatonium Benzoate is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment. Denatonium benzoate is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances. By far, the most common use of denatonium benzoate is to denature alcohol, making Denatonium Benzoate unfit for human consumption and exempt from tariffs that normally apply to alcohol.
Denatonium benzoate is generally regarded as having the most bitter taste of any compound known to science. Denatonium benzoate is sold under the trade name of Bitrex. Although denatonium benzoate has a powerful taste, Denatonium benzoate is colorless and odorless. The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of denatonium benzoate. Solutions of denatonium benzoate in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years. Exposure to light does not lessen the compound's bitter taste. Denatonium benzoate is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment. Denatonium benzoate is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances.
The most common use of denatonium benzoate is to denature alcohol, making Denatonium benzoate unfit for human consumption and exempt from tariffs that normally apply to alcohol. In livestock farming, denatonium benzoate is used to prevent cannibalism in pigs and aspiration mastitis in cattle. Denatonium benzoate acts as a repellant when applied to young shoots, branches and other surfaces to discourage nibbling by animals, thereby preventing damage to property. One of the first and most important uses of denatonium benzoate was as an additive to methanol (methyl alcohol; wood alcohol). Although ethanol (ethyl alcohol; grain alcohol) has some harmful effects on humans, especially if taken in excess, Denatonium benzoate is relatively safe to drink in beer, wine, and other alcoholic drinks. By contrast, methanol is highly toxic. Anyone who accidentally or intentionally consumes methanol is likely to experience serious health effects, including death. By adding a small amount of denatonium benzoate to methanol, consumers are discouraged and usually prevented from drinking the substance.
The claim that denatonium benzoate is the most bitter tasting chemical known is based not on scientific tests but on human taste tests alone. No automated test exists for determining the bitterness of a substance. Oregon was the first state in the United States to require the addition of Bitrex to antifreeze and car windshield washer fluid. The requirement was instituted to prevent people from drinking such products accidentally or, in the case of alcoholics, intentionally. Denatonium benzoate has many other applications. For example, Denatonium benzoate can be used in a dilute solution to brush on the fingernails of people who are compulsive fingernail-biters. Some parents use a similar solution on the thumbs of children who suck their thumbs more than they should. Denatonium benzoate is also used as an animal repellent. Products containing denatonium benzoate can be sprayed on trees, brushes, crops, and other material to prevent deer from grazing on those products. One of the product's first applications was as a treatment on pig's tails to prevent pigs from biting each other. The coatings on electric cables are sometimes impregnated with a denatonium benzoate solution to discourage rats from chewing on them.
Some of the other applications in which denatonium benzoate has been used include the following: In liquid laundry detergents; In fabric conditioners; In toilet cleaners; In disinfectants; In household antiseptics; In kitchen, bathroom, and floor cleaners; In paint products and paint brush cleaners; In personal care products, including bath foam, soaps, perfume and after shave lotions, nail polish remover, shampoo, and shower gel; In pesticides, such as insecticides, rodenticides, slug bait, and ant bait; In herbicides; and In a wide variety of automotive care products, such as antifreezes, coolants, and car cleaning materials. In all of these cases, the purpose of adding denatonium benzoate is to change the taste of the product just enough to prevent someone, especially children, from eating a substance that could cause them harm.
The process by which denatonium benzoate is made is a proprietary secret of the Macfarlan Smith corporation. A proprietary secret is a method of making a product for which a company holds a patent and the details of which Denatonium benzoate does not disclose to the general public. Denatonium benzoate compound was discovered in 1958 by a scientist named W. Barnes, who was working for the chemical firm. Barnes was interested in developing a new anesthetic, more powerful than those already available to physicians. He decided to focus his research on lidocaine, a very popular anesthetic, and compounds chemically related to it. In one line of his experiments, Barnes added a single benzoyl group (benzoic acid with a hydrogen removed to a nitrogen atom in lidocaine. The resulting compound was denatonium benzoate. Although the compound had little effectiveness as an anesthetic, Barnes noted that Denatonium benzoate had a peculiar odor and taste. The Smith company decided to exploit this unusual property of denatonium benzoate, and obtained a patent for Denatonium benzoate under the name of Denatonium benzoate . Today, the primary manufacturer of Denatonium benzoate in the world is the Macfarlan Smith corporation of Edinburgh.
Denatonium benzoate is a long-lasting deer repellent that is approved for use in the EU. Denatonium benzoate has a high aqueous solubility and, based on its chemical properties, appears to have a tendency to leach to groundwater. However, Denatonium benzoate’s usage pattern would normally significantly reduce. Denatonium benzoate is moderately persistent in soils and may persist in water under certain circumstances. Denatonium benzoate is moderately toxic to mammals and has a high tendency to bioaccumulate. Denatonium benzoate is also an irritant. Although denatonium benzoate has a powerful taste, Denatonium benzoate is colorless and odorless. The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of denatonium benzoate. Solutions of denatonium benzoate in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years. Exposure to light does not lessen the compound's bitter taste. Denatonium benzoate has been used in the United States for over 20 years as an alcohol denaturant. In recent years, Denatonium benzoate has been heavily promoted for inclusion in household products, gardening products, and cosmetics to prevent accidental ingestions by children. A concentrated solution of denatonium benzoate which would be sold directly to the public for addition to household products is available in USA.
Denatonium benzoate , an extremely bitter lignocaine derivative, has been used world wide as an alcohol denaturant for over 30 years. Recent recognition of Denatonium benzoate’s application for deterring ingestion of potentially toxic products has led to Denatonium benzoate’s introduction as an inert ingredient in pesticides, automotive chemicals and household goods. To determine the applicability of Denatonium benzoate use in particular formulations, a standard research protocol has been developed. This assures compatibility, stability and optimum Denatonium benzoate concentration to effect a bitter taste in the formulated product. This paper discusses compatibility issues, presents data on product stability and the use of human subjects for taste trials. The bitterest compound known Denatonium benzoate is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals. Denatonium benzoate is also used in antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos. Further, Denatonium benzoate is used in air care products. Denatonium benzoate acts as H1 antihistamine. In addition to this, Denatonium benzoate is used as a disinfectant.
Denatonium benzoate is a rather more convenient name than phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium. Denatonium benzoate is a quaternary ammonium cation, with two ethyl arms, one benzyl and one larger amide one, and usually comes as a benzoate - a salt of benzoic acid. Denatonium benzoate's claim to fame is simple, unpleasant but valuable - denatonium benzoate is the most bitter substance yet discovered.This unreactive, colourless, odourless compound was first produced accidentally in 1958 by Scottish pharmaceutical manufacturer T & H Smith, later Macfarlan Smith, where researchers were experimenting with variants of an anaesthetic for dentists called lignocaine. Denatonium benzoate was soon discovered that just a few parts per million of denatonium benzoate were enough for this aggressively unpleasant compound to render a substance distasteful to humans.
Denatonium benzoate is now known as the world's most bitter compound. If we set the bitter degree of quinine as datum 1, the degree of bitterness of the product would be 1000. A concentration of 10ppm solution is already too bitter to bear for most people. The vast majority of its applications are related to its bitter flavor. Denatonium benzoate is an inexpensive and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as strychnine, bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit. Denatonium benzoate is commonly used as aversive agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substance. For example, Denatonium benzoate has been added into industrial alcohol, ethylene glycol or methanol which has similar taste as ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animals disperse, liquid soaps and shampoos. Moreover, Denatonium benzoate has been also added into special nail polish agents, to avoid child’s bad habit of biting fingers, as well as being the repellent for expulsing large beasts. However, the effect of Long-term exposure to this substance on human health is still unclear.
Denatonium benzoate is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb. In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications Denatonium benzoate is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion. Denatonium benzoate is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm. Denatonium benzoate may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol. In pharmaceutical formulations, denatonium benzoate has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation Denatonium benzoate has been used in an anti-nailbiting preparation.
Denatonium benzoate is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb. In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications it is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion. It is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm. Denatonium benzoate may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol. In pharmaceutical formulations, denatonium benzoate has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation it has been used in an anti-nailbiting preparation. Denatonium benzoate is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonmutagenic substance.However,therehasbeenasinglereportof contact urticaria attributed to denatonium benzoate occurring in a 30-year-old man who developed asthma and pruritus after using an insecticidal spray denatured with denatonium benzoate.
