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Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a white granular solid with a faint odour of benzaldehyde, poorly soluble in water but soluble in acetone, ethanol, and many other organic solvents.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is an oxidizer, which is principally used in the production of polymers.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is mainly used in production of plastics and for bleaching flour, hair, plastics and textiles.
CAS Number: 94-36-0
Molecular Formula: C14H10O4
Molecular Weight: 242.23
EINECS Number: 202-327-6
Synonyms: Benzoyl peroxide, 94-36-0, Peroxide dibenzoyl, Dibenzoyl peroxide, Benzoyl superoxide, Benzoperoxide, Acetoxyl, Benoxyl, Lucidol, Panoxyl, Dibenzoylperoxid, Benzol peroxide, benzoyl benzenecarboperoxoate, Benzoylperoxid, Asidopan, Mytolac, Oxylite, Persadox, Benzac, Eloxyl, Resdan Akne, Diphenylglyoxal peroxide, Epi-Clear, Persa-Gel, Akneroxid 5, Dry and Clear, Duresthin 5, Benzoylperoxyde, Luperco AST, Loroxide, Nayper BO, Theraderm, Dibenzoylperoxyde, Peroxyde de benzoyle, Lucidol B 50, Lucidol G 20, Perossido di benzoile, Benzaknen, Brevoxyl, Debroxide, Desanden, Novadelox, Vanoxide, Acnegel, Incidol, Garox, Topex, Xerac, Benzoic acid peroxide, Akneroxide L, Luperox fl, Cadox bs, Quinolor compound, Clear By Design, Desquam E, Benzac W, Luperco AA, Cadox B, Nayper B and bo, Aztec BPO, Benzashave, Benzagel, Benzagel 10, Lucidol peroxide, Norox bzp-250, Norox bzp-C-35, Cadox 40E, Desquam X, Benbel C, Acne-Aid Cream, Cadat BPO, Aksil 5, Lucidol 50P, Lucidol KL 50, Superox 744, 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Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) may affect workers in the electronics and plastics (epoxy resins and catalysts) industries, electricians, ceramic workers, dentists and dental technicians, laboratory technicians and bakers.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) was contained in candles, it also induced contact dermatitis in a sacristan.
However, some positive tests are of unknown occupational relevance.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a potent oxidizing agent that has both antimicrobial and comedolytic properties; its primary use is in treating acne vulgaris.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is converted in the skin to benzoic acid; clearance of absorbed drug is rapid, and no systemic toxicity has been observed.
The major toxicities are irritation and contact allergy.
Outgrowth of bacteria resistant to topical antibiotics used to treat acne can be reduced by the addition of benzoyl peroxide in combination products such as erythromycin (Benzamycin) and clindamycin (Benzaclin).
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a chemical compound (specifically, an organic peroxide) with the structural formula (C6H5−C(=O)O−)2, often abbreviated as (BzO)2.
In terms of its structure, the molecule can be described as two benzoyl (C6H5−C(=O)−, Bz) groups connected by a peroxide (−O−O−).
As a bleach, it has been used as a medication and a water disinfectant.
As a medication, benzoyl peroxide is mostly used to treat acne, either alone or in combination with other treatments.
Some versions are sold mixed with antibiotics such as clindamycin.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is available as an over-the-counter and generic medication.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is also used in dentistry for teeth whitening.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO), is an organic compound widely recognized for its strong oxidizing and radical-forming properties.
It is chemically composed of two benzoyl groups linked by a peroxide bond, giving it the molecular formula C₁₄H₁₀O₄.
This white, granular solid is one of the most commonly used organic peroxides in polymer chemistry and dermatological formulations.
It decomposes easily under heat or friction, releasing free radicals that can initiate polymerization reactions.
Because of this reactive behavior, it serves as a vital initiator in the production of plastics, resins, and synthetic rubbers.
The substance is stable when kept under refrigeration and away from impurities, but it can detonate if heated or contaminated.
In its pure form, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is odorless or slightly aromatic and insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform and acetone.
It has a melting point of about 103°C and decomposes explosively above this temperature, producing benzoic acid and oxygen.
For safety reasons, it is often sold as a dampened mixture or paste containing 25–75% water or phlegmatizers to reduce sensitivity.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) plays a crucial industrial role as a polymerization initiator for monomers like styrene, acrylates, and methacrylates.
It initiates chain reactions that form plastics such as polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
This makes it indispensable in the manufacturing of coatings, adhesives, fiberglass resins, and various molded polymeric materials.
In dermatology, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a widely used active ingredient in acne treatment formulations.
It works by releasing oxygen that eliminates Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria responsible for acne inflammation.
Additionally, it acts as a mild keratolytic agent, promoting exfoliation and preventing clogged pores on the skin.
Beyond acne medication, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is included in bleaching formulations for flour, oils, waxes, and even dental applications.
Its oxidizing ability allows it to decolorize organic impurities effectively while maintaining chemical stability under controlled conditions.
It is also used as a crosslinking agent in certain elastomers to improve heat and mechanical resistance.
Although Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is extremely useful, it poses significant safety concerns due to its instability.
It can cause fire or explosion when exposed to shock, friction, or incompatible materials such as reducing agents and metals.
Proper storage below 30°C and handling with protective equipment are therefore mandatory in industrial settings.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is lipophilic that can penetrate the stratum corneum and enter the pilosebaceous follicle.
It is rapidly broken down to benzoic acid and hydrogen peroxide and generates free radicals that oxidise proteins in bacterial cell membranes, exerting a bactericidal action.
In addition, it has shown that benzoyl peroxide can reduce the free fatty acid content of sebum, which provides a useful marker for bacterial activity.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) has an anti-inflammatory action and vitro studies suggest that this action arises from its ability to kill polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN cells) in the pilosebaceous follicles and so prevent their release of reactive oxygen species such as peroxides which enhance tissue inflammation.
Involving equation about this process: C6H5C(O)O-OC(O)C6H5 + H2O 2 C6H5COOH + ½ O2
Moreover, due to its irritant effect, benzoyl peroxide increases turnover rate of epithelial cells, thereby peeling the skin and promoting the resolution of comedones.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is an odorless, white, or colorless crystalline powder with a faint odor of benzaldehyde resulting from the interaction of benzoyl chloride and a cooled sodium peroxide solution.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used in specified cheeses at 0.0002% of milk level.
It is also used for the bleaching of flour, slowly decomposing to exert its full bleaching action, which results in whiter flour and bread.
The major decomposition product of benzoyl peroxide in water was benzoic acid, but trace amounts of phenyl benzoate, phenol, and hydroxybenzoic acids were formed.
When carbon-14 la- beled benzoyl peroxide was reacted with whey, the same compounds were produced.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) was originally derived from chlorhydroxyquinoline, a component of coal tar.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is usually prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with benzoyl chloride.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) should be stored in acool and well-ventilated area, isolated fromother chemicals and free of heating andelectrical installations.
Dry compound maybe shipped in polyethylene-lined paper bagsor fiber containers packed in wooden boxeso.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is mainly used as a radical initiator to induce chain-growth polymerization reactions, such as for polyester and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) resins and dental cements and restoratives.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is the most important among the various organic peroxides used for this purpose, a relatively safe alternative to the much more hazardous methyl ethyl ketone peroxide.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is also used in rubber curing and as a finishing agent for some acetate yarns.
Melting point: 105 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 176 °F
Density: 1.16 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Bulk density: 500–600 kg/m³
Vapor pressure: 0.009 Pa at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.5430 (estimated)
Flash point: >230 °F
Storage temperature: 2–8 °C
Solubility: 0.35 mg/L
Form: Powder
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
Water solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 14,1116
BRN: 984320
Exposure limits: TLV-TWA 5 mg/m³; IDLH 7000 mg/m³
Stability: Strong oxidizer. Highly flammable. Do not grind or subject to shock or friction. Incompatible with reducing agents, acids, bases, alcohols, metals, and organic materials. Contact with combustible material, heating, or friction may cause fire or explosion.
InChIKey: OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 3.2 at 20 °C
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) used in 2.5, 5, and 10 percent concentrations, depending on the acne severity.
Usually these are in a gel spreading agent, but they can also be in a cream base or a drying paste.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a keratolytic, which means “keratin-dissolving” and works by loosening dead cells stuck in the follicles.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) also releases oxygen in the follicle.
Because acne bacteria are anaerobic, they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) essentially works both as an interfollicular exfoliant and as an antibacterial.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is an oxidizing agent widely employed in acne topical therapy.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is also used as a polymerization catalyst of dental or industrial plastics and as a decolorizing agent of flours, oils, fats, and waxes.
Irritant or allergic dermatitis may affect workers in the electronics and plastics (epoxy resins and catalysts) industries, electricians, ceramic workers, dentists and dental technicians, laboratory technicians, bakers, and acne patients.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) was contained in candles, it also induced contact dermatitis in a sacristan. Patch tests may be irritant.
Skin reactions such as peeling, itching, irritation, and reddened skin may occur, especially at the start of treatment.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare, this medicine may be harmful if swallowed.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) products are used topically either as gels or in shampoos.
Shampoos are generally used for seborrheas, greasy skin (seborrhea oleosa), or crusty pyodermas (such as seborrheic dermatitis/pyoderma commonly seen in Cocker Spaniels).
Gels may be useful for treating recurrent localized skin infections (e.g., chin acne), localized Demodex lesions, superficial and deep pyodermas (adjunctive therapy), seborrhea oleosa, and Schnauzer comedo syndrome.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) possesses antimicrobial (especially antibacterial), keratolytic and antiseborrheic actions.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) also is It has some mild antipruritic activity and wound healing effects, and is thought to increase follicular flushing.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO)’s antimicrobial activity is due to the oxidative benzoyl peroxy radicals formed that disrupt cell membranes.
May explode when heated above melting point, 103 C.
Extremely explosionsensitive to heat, shock, friction, and concussion.
May explode or cause fire on contact with reducing agents; combustible substances, organic substances, wood, paper, metal powders, lithium aluminum hydride.
Violent reaction with alcohols, organic and inorganic acids, and amines.
Exposure to Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) may cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.
Prolonged contact can lead to dermatitis, while inhalation of dust or vapors may trigger coughing and shortness of breath.
For this reason, adequate ventilation and protective clothing are necessary when working with this compound.
Despite its hazards, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) remains one of the most versatile organic peroxides in modern chemistry.
Its unique combination of reactivity, effectiveness, and relatively predictable decomposition behavior ensures continued demand.
Through careful control and stabilization, it continues to serve as a cornerstone chemical in both industrial and pharmaceutical fields.
Although the precise cause of acne is unclear, it appears to be associated with at least four factors: increased sebum production, follicular keratinisation, bacterial colonisation and inflammation.
Study suggests the prevalent bacterium implicated in the clinical course of acne is Propionibacterium acnes (P acnes), a gram-positive anaerobe that normally inhabits the skin and is implicated in the inflammatory phase of acne.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is mainly indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate acne and is often prescribed in conjunction with oral antibiotics (erythromycin or clindamycin) in the treatment of moderate to severe acne.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used as a bleaching agent for certain foods, an oxidizing agent, a polymerizing initiator in the manufacture of plastics, a curing agent for silicone rubber, and an ingredient in various industrial processes.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO), like most peroxides, is a powerful bleaching agent.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) has a long history of use in the food industry as a bleaching agent added for flour, whey, and milk for cheese making.
Contact with fabrics or hair can cause permanent color dampening almost immediately.
Even secondary contact can cause bleaching.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is widely used as a catalyst in the polymerisation of molecules like styrene (phenylethene) to form polystyrene, which used to make many things from drinking cups to packaging material.
There are no studies looking at women who use topical benzoyl peroxide during pregnancy.
When Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is applied topically, only 5% is absorbed through the skin, and then it is completely metabolized to benzoic acid within the skin and excreted unchanged in the urine.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is not likely to increase risk for birth defects or cause problems for the baby.
However, systemic effects on a pregnant woman and her child would not be expected and therefore use of this product during pregnancy would not be of concern.
If Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids.
If Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water.
If Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped.
When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and inducevomiting.
Application of Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) to the skin may result in redness, burning, and irritation.
Because of these possible side effects, it is recommended to start with a low concentration and build up as appropriate, as the skin gradually develops tolerance to the irritation caused by the medication.
Skin sensitivity typically resolves after a few weeks of continuous use.
Irritation can also be reduced by avoiding harsh facial cleansers and wearing sunscreen prior to sun exposure.
One in 500 people experience hypersensitivity to Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) and are liable to experience burning, itching, crusting, and possibly swelling.
About one-third of people experience phototoxicity under exposure to ultraviolet (UVB) light.
Uses:
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a widely used organic compound of the peroxide family.
It is used as a source offree radicals in many organic syntheses andto initiate polymerizations of styrene, vinylchloride, vinyl acetate, and acrylics; to curethermoset polyester resins and silicone rubbers;in medicine for treating acne; and forbleaching vegetable oil, cheese, flour, and fats.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is effective for treating acne lesions.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) does not induce antibiotic resistance.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) may be combined with salicylic acid, sulfur, erythromycin or clindamycin (antibiotics), or adapalene (a synthetic retinoid).
Two common combination drugs include benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and adapalene/benzoyl peroxide, adapalene being a chemically stable retinoid that can be combined with benzoyl peroxide unlike tezarotene and tretinoin.
Combination products such as benzoyl peroxide/clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide/salicylic acid appear to be slightly more effective than benzoyl peroxide alone for the treatment of acne lesions.
The combination tretinoin/benzoyl peroxide was approved for medical use in the United States in 2021.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is primarily used as a radical initiator in the polymerization of monomers.
It initiates the polymerization of compounds such as styrene, acrylates, and methacrylates to produce materials like polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA).
This process is essential for manufacturing plastics, resins, coatings, and composite materials.
In the plastics industry, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used in the production of unsaturated polyester resins.
It acts as a curing agent that hardens the resin during the molding and lamination of fiberglass-reinforced products.
This makes it particularly valuable for producing automotive parts, boat hulls, and construction panels.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) also functions as a crosslinking agent in the rubber and elastomer industries.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) helps form chemical bonds between polymer chains, improving elasticity, durability, and thermal resistance.
Such applications are common in tire manufacturing, cable coatings, and synthetic rubber seals.
In addition to polymer and resin processing, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is an important bleaching and oxidizing agent.
It is used for bleaching flour, fats, waxes, and edible oils to achieve a whiter appearance and remove impurities.
Its controlled oxidizing action allows these materials to maintain their chemical integrity while improving visual quality.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) has a major role in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, especially in dermatological products.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is widely used in acne treatment gels, creams, and cleansers due to its antibacterial and exfoliating effects.
By releasing active oxygen, it kills Cutibacterium acnes bacteria and helps unclog pores, reducing inflammation and breakouts.
In dentistry, it is employed in teeth-whitening formulations and dental composite hardening systems.
It acts as an oxidizing agent that whitens enamel and assists in polymerizing dental resins for fillings or bonding.
Its consistent reactivity makes it suitable for precision-controlled dental procedures.
In the textile and paper industries, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) serves as a bleaching and finishing agent.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) improves the brightness and cleanliness of fabrics and paper fibers without excessive damage to cellulose.
It is sometimes used to modify fiber surfaces, increasing dye uptake and uniform coloration.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is also used in research laboratories as a chemical standard or initiator in polymer studies.
Its predictable decomposition kinetics make it ideal for controlled radical generation experiments.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is often chosen for testing polymerization rates, catalyst performance, and thermal stability.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is applied as a disinfectant or antimicrobial additive in certain formulations.
Because of its oxygen-releasing ability, it can inhibit microbial growth on surfaces and in topical solutions.
However, these uses are limited to controlled environments due to the compound’s strong oxidizing potential.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a multifunctional compound used in polymers, resins, cosmetics, and bleaching applications.
Its balance of reactivity and efficiency ensures it remains one of the most essential organic peroxides in industrial chemistry.
Although handling requires caution, its versatility continues to make it indispensable in both scientific and commercial contexts.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) for acne treatment is typically applied to the affected areas in gel, cream, or liquid, in concentrations of 2.5% increasing through 5.0%, and up to 10%.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used in the following products: polymers.
Release to the environment of Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used in the following products: polymers and adhesives and sealants.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used in the following areas: scientific research and development.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) can occur from industrial use: as processing aid and as processing aid.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is thought to have a three-fold activity in treating acne.
It is sebostatic, comedolytic, and inhibits growth of Cutibacterium acnes, the main bacterium associated with acne.
In general, acne vulgaris is a hormone-mediated inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles.
Hormone changes cause an increase in keratin and sebum production, leading to blocked drainage. C. acnes has many lytic enzymes that break down the proteins and lipids in the sebum, leading to an inflammatory response.
The free-radical reaction of benzoyl peroxide can break down the keratin, therefore unblocking the drainage of sebum (comedolytic).
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) can cause nonspecific peroxidation of C. acnes, making it bactericidal, and it was thought to decrease sebum production, but disagreement exists within the literature on this.
Some evidence suggests that Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) has an anti-inflammatory effect as well.
In micromolar concentrations it prevents neutrophils from releasing reactive oxygen species, part of the inflammatory response in acne.
Fire Hazard:
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) can cause a major fire and explosion hazard.
It is highly flammable and a strong oxidizer; autoignition temperature 80°C (176°F).
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) ignites instantly.
The rate and violence of decomposition and the potential ease of such ignition or decomposition have been experimentally measured by Noller et al.
Lead pipe deformation (LPD), pressure vessel test (PVT), and self-accelerating decomposition test (SADT) have been performed to measure these explosive characteristics.
Heating 5 g of benzoyl peroxide in an aluminum tester containing an aperture vent and 6-atm rupture disk, caused the disk to blow up in 95 seconds when the aperture vent area was less than 174.7 mm2.
The decomposition hazard was greatly reduced with wet and diluted benzoyl peroxide.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is a deflagrant, posing a severe explosion hazard.
Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) is sensitive to heavy shock, such as impact or blows, as well as to friction and heat.
Especially in the dry state, it is highly dangerous.
A water sprinkler should be used to extinguish fires.
Water should be used to keep the containers cool.
Safety Profile:
Poison by intraperitoneal route, can cause dermatitis, asthmatic effects, testicular atrophy, and vasodilation.
An allergen and eye irritant.
Human mutation data reported questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data.
Dibenzoyl peroxide (DBPO) is classified as a hazardous organic peroxide due to its instability and strong oxidizing nature.
It can decompose violently under heat, friction, or shock, releasing gases and heat that may cause fire or explosion.
Therefore, it must always be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated environment away from ignition sources.
The compound is highly reactive with reducing agents, metals, and combustible materials.
When mixed with such substances, it can undergo rapid decomposition or form explosive mixtures.
Contact with strong acids or alkalis can also accelerate its breakdown, producing hazardous fumes and residues.
In industrial settings, Dibenzoyl Peroxide (DBPO) dust or vapors can irritate the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Inhalation may cause coughing, shortness of breath, or throat irritation.
Prolonged exposure to airborne particles may lead to inflammation of the mucous membranes and lungs.
