PRODUCTS

DIETHYL SULPHATE

Diethyl sulfate = DES

CAS Number: 64-67-5
EC Number: 200-589-6
Chemical formula: C4H10O4S
Molar mass: 154.18 g·mol−1

Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals.

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula CAS number 64-67-5.
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless viscous liquid with a peppermint odor.

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.

Diethyl sulfate is primarily used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of dyes, pigments and textile chemicals, and as a finishing agent in textile production.
Diethyl sulfate is anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

A nested case control study of 17 benign brain tumours in workers at a petrochemical plant found the risk of brain cancer to be associated with exposure to diethyl sulfate.
Diethyl sulfate is reported to cause tumours both locally and systemically

Evidence in animals and humans suggest that carcinogenicity may be due to a mutagenic mode of action.
However, insufficient data exists to recommend a suitable TWA.

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Diethyl sulfate is also used as a potent ethylating agent.
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Diethyl sulfate, also known as DES, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfuric acid diesters.
These are organic compounds containing the sulfuric acid diester functional group with the generic structure ROS(OR')(=O)=O, (R,R'=organyl group).

Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Diethyl sulfate.
Diethyl sulfate has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ).

Diethyl sulfate is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or Diethyl sulfate derivatives.
Technically Diethyl sulfate is part of the human exposome.

The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health.
An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Diethyl sulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Diethyl sulfate is used at industrial sites.

Diethyl Sulfate is a colorless, corrosive, oily liquid that darkens with age and has a faint peppermint odor.
Diethyl sulfate is mainly used as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis and in the dye and textile manufacturing.

Exposure to this substance results in severe irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.
Diethyl sulfate is a possible mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and may be associated with developing laryngeal cancer.

In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of diethyl sulfate.
In one study, rats orally exposed to diethyl sulfate developed tumors in the forestomach.

EPA has not classified diethyl sulfate with respect to potential carcinogenicity.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified diethyl sulfate as a Group 2A, probable human carcinogen.
Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4.

Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive.
Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles

Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colourless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odour and is corrosive.
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.

Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.
Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol.

Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic.
We are the best Diethyl Sulphate Manufacturers in India.

Diethyl sulfate is used as an ethylating agent and as a chemical intermediate.
No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, or developmental effects of diethyl sulfate in humans.
In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of diethyl sulfate.

In one study, rats orally exposed to diethyl sulfate developed tumors in the forestomach.
EPA has not classified diethyl sulfate with respect to potential carcinogenicity.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified diethyl sulfate as a Group 2A, probable human carcinogen

Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a substance classified to the group of carcinogens.
The value of maximum admissible concentration for this substance in workplace air is not specified in Poland.

Due to the use of DES in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of diethyl sulfate in the work environment.
Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique.

An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment.
Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm).

The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated.
The method of sampling air containing diethyl sulfate was developed.

Among the sorbents to absorb DES Porapak Q was chosen.
Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of DES, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution.

Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 µg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m3 for a 36 l air sample.
The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of diethyl sulfate in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine.

The invention provides a method used for preparing diethyl sulfate.
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or diethyl sulfate is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that diethyl sulfate in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector.
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Optimization of the method for the determination of diethyl sulfate at workplaces
Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a substance classified to the group of carcinogens.

The value of maximum admissible concentration for this substance in workplace air is not specified in Poland.
Due to the use of DES in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of diethyl sulfate in the work environment.

Material and methods: Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique.
An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment.

Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm).
The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated.

Results: The method of sampling air containing diethyl sulfate was developed.
Among the sorbents to absorb DES Porapak Q was chosen.

Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of DES, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution.
Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 μg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m<sup>3</sup> for a 36 l air sample.

Conclusions: The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of diethyl sulfate in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine.

Diethyl sulfate is a colorless liquid with formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Diethyl sulfate has a peppermint odor with a melting point of about -25 ℃ and boiling point of 209.5 ℃ where Diethyl sulfate decomposes.
When heated or mixed with hot water, irritant fumes is released.

Diethyl sulfate does not dissolve in water, but is miscible with alcohol, ether and most polar organic solvents.
Diethyl sulfate exists in the atmosphere in the gas phase.

Diethyl sulfate will react with hydroxyl radical and has a short lifetime in the atmosphere where Diethyl sulfate will decompose into ethyl sulfate hydrogen sulfate and ethanol.
Upon heating or mixing with hot water, diethyl sulfate will decompose into ethyl hydrogen sulfate and alcohol.

Manufacturing process of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is produced from ethylene and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Ethylene gas is bubbled through a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Diethyl sulfate can also be produced by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid into a solution of ethyl alcohol or ethyl ether.

Method used for preparing Diethyl sulfate:
The invention provides a method used for preparing diethyl sulfate.
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or diethyl sulfate is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that diethyl sulfate in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector.
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Ethyl sulfate is a kind of important ethylating agent, is also the important intermediate of the industry such as organic chemical industry, agricultural chemicals, medicine.
Because boiling point is high, carrying out ethylation reaction does not need high pressure, and therefore Diethyl sulfate can as a kind of desirable ethylating agent.
Prepare ethyl sulfate and have multiple method, be summed up several as follows: sulfuryl chloride-Ethanol Method, chlorsulfonic acid-Ethanol Method, ether-sulphate method, sulfuryl chloride-ethanol-sodium-chlor method, sulfuryl chloride-thionyl chloride-Ethanol Method, sulfuric acid-ethylene process, sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method.

In most cases all need in aforesaid method with underpressure distillation operation, ethyl sulfate to be distilled, and the remainder after distillation contains sulfuric acid.
The roughly similar process of sulfuric acid-ethylene process and sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, carries out all in two steps.

For sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, the first step is by sulfuric acid and ethanol mixing, because the reaction of sulfuric acid and ethanol is a reversible reaction, main containing resultant vinic acid in the mixture obtained, water, unreacted sulfuric acid and unreacted ethanol, generally the content of vinic acid is generally in the scope of 20-60%; Second step is by the underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C of this mixture, and in this process, vinic acid reacts and generates product ethyl sulfate, is depressurized simultaneously and distills.
In this process, if ethyl sulfate can not be distilled out in time, the transformation efficiency that vinic acid is converted into ethyl sulfate will reduce, simultaneously because sulfuric acid produces many side reactions at oxidation at high temperatures very good general.

For sulfuric acid-ethylene process, the first step is that ethene passes in sulfuric acid in certain temperature, main containing ethyl sulfate in the mixture obtained by this process, vinic acid and sulfuric acid, according to document (Zhang Yue edits.
The diagram of fine-chemical intermediate preparation flow, Chemical Industry Press, 1999, pp372 ~ 374), in mixture, content is about the ethyl sulfate of 43%, the vinic acid of 45%, the sulfuric acid of 12%; Second step is similar with sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, is also underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C.No matter describe from said process, be sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, or sulfuric acid-ethylene process all needs the mixture of the compounds such as sulfur acid hydrogen ethyl ester, sulfuric acid react under heating and distill out product ethyl sulfate.
Meanwhile, after distilling out ethyl sulfate, remaining part is mainly containing sulfuric acid.

The method of current bibliographical information adopts still distillation, and in the preparation of ethyl sulfate, this distillation efficiency is low, product ethyl sulfate can not be distilled in time.
In this case, due to too many containing pre-reaction liquid such as sulfuric acid in still, along with ethyl sulfate is distilled out, remaining ethyl sulfate is fewer and feweri, product ethyl sulfate is difficult to evaporate from a large amount of sulfuric acid, so just has many products and remains at the bottom of still and can not be distilled out; Again due to sulfuric acid at high temperature have strong oxygenizement, make this step react in still-process, produce a lot of side reaction, thus the yield of product is low.
Preparation cost is high, and the spent acid produced is many.

According to the literature, the ethyl sulfate that still distillation method often prepares a ton approximately produces the spent acid sulfuric acid of 2 tons.
Owing to being heated for a long time in still, containing many carbonization materials in the Waste Sulfuric Acid of gained, make this Waste Sulfuric Acid be the brown shape of thickness, the value of recycling is very low, generally can only abandon as refuse, will cause very large pollution like this.
So up to the present, domestic also do not have one can prepare ethyl sulfate to mass-producing.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Introduction

Diethyl sulfate is also known as diethyl monosulfate and sulfuric acid diethyl ester.
Diethyl sulfate is colorless liquid with faint peppermint odor.
Diethyl sulfate is an industrial solvent, which is highly carcinogenic.

Diethyl sulfate is considered a highly toxic chemical compound.
Diethyl sulfate possesses highly corrosive properties for metals.

Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent.
Diethyl sulfate is primarily employed in the formation of ethyl derivatives such as amine, thiols, phenols, and other derivatives.

Diethyl sulfate is widely used in chemical formulation as a chemical intermediate compound.
Diethyl sulfate has industrial applications in dyes, textiles, and coating manufacturing.
Key applications of diethyl sulfate include personal care products, pharmaceuticals, detergents, flavors, and fragrances.

Increase in demand for chemical intermediates in the production of hair dyes, textile dyes, and other pigments is anticipated to fuel the demand for diethyl sulfate during the forecast period.
Growth in the pharmaceutical industry, owing to the rise in demand for generic drugs and medicines, is projected to boost the demand for chemical intermediates such as diethyl sulfate in the next few years.

Diethyl sulfate is highly toxic.
Exposure to diethyl sulfate may cause eye irritation, skin rashes, and breathing problems.
This is a key factors estimated to hamper the global diethyl sulfate market in the next few years.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Segmentation

In terms of application, the global diethyl sulfate market can be divided into alkylating agent, chemical intermediates, and others.
The alkylating agent segment is projected to hold major share of the global diethyl sulfate market during the forecast period.

Diethyl sulfate is majorly used in the synthesis of amines, thiols, and phenol derivatives in various applications.
This is likely to propel the demand for diethyl sulfate in the next few years.

Based on end-user industry, the diethyl sulfate market can be segmented into dyes and textiles, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and personal care.
The dyes and textiles segment is projected to constitute key share of the market in the near future.

Diethyl sulfate is used in the synthesis of textile dyes in several countries.
This is likely to fuel the demand for diethyl sulfate in the near future.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Region-wise Outlook

Based on region, the global diethyl sulfate market can be split into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa.
North America and Europe are expected to constitute major share, after Asia Pacific, during the forecast period.
The U.S., Germany, and France have strong presence of major dye manufacturing companies that use diethyl sulfate.

In terms of volume, Asia Pacific is anticipated to hold leading share of the market during the forecast period.
Strong presence of chemical companies with well-established distribution network spread across the globe is driving the diethyl sulfate market in the region.

The Diethyl sulfate market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is likely to expand at a sluggish pace in the next few years.
Increase in rapid industrialization in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa is anticipated to boost the diethyl sulfate market in these countries during the forecast period.

Physical Description of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate appears as a clear colorless liquid with a peppermint odor.
Burns, though may be difficult to ignite.

Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Diethyl sulfate is a potent alkylating agent.
Flash point is 104° C (219° F)

Pharmacological Classification of Diethyl sulfate:

Alkylating Agents of Diethyl sulfate:
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning.
Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions.
They have also been used as components in poison gases.

Mutagens of Diethyl sulfate:
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids.
A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes.

Application of Diethyl sulfate:
Commercial manufacture of diethyl sulfate starts with ethylene and 96 wt% sulfuric acid heated at 60°C.
The resulting mixture of 43 wt% diethyl sulfate, 45 wt% ethyl hydrogen sulfate and 12 wt% sulfuric acid is heated with anhydrous sodium sulfate under vacuum, and diethyl sulfate is obtained in 86% yield; the commercial product is ~ 99% pure.
Dilution of the ethylene-sulfuric acid concentrate with water and extraction gives a 35% yield.

ln the reaction of ethylene with sulfuric acid, losses can occur due to several side reactions, incIuding oxidation, hydrolysis-dehydration and polymerization, especially at sulfuric acid concentrations ~ 98 wt%.
Diethyl sulfate is believed to be produced commercially by two companies, one in the
USA and one in Japan.

Annual US production is estimated at 5000 tonnes.
Diethyl sulfate is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the production of ethanol involving ethylene and sulfuric acid.
The reaction of ethylene with sulfurIc acid is complex, and water plays a major role in determining the concentrations of the intermediate alkyl sulfates.

In Canada, Diethyl sulfate is mainly used to make other chemicals which are then used in the manufacturing of softeners used to increase absorbency of tissue paper.
Diethyl sulphate may also be used to make products used in the manufacturing of a variety of other substances and products, including dyes, fragrances, and quaternary ammonium salts used as surfactants or flocculants in water treatment.

Diethyl sulfate may also be used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of commercial products such as sanitizers and organoclays.
Based on the most recent data available, diethyl sulfate is not manufactured in Canada, but is imported into Canada.

The silkworms of NB4D2 variety were treated with chemical mutagen Diethyl sulphate (DES).
Thelarvae were subjected to two methods of treatments i.e., oral administration of the chemical mutagen and by injectionof 8mM and 10mM concentrations of chemical mutagen through body wall.
The lethal effect of the mutagen wasstudied in the subsequent generation.

The effect was drastic on structure & morphology of the meiotic chromosomes.
Many structural, physiological and numerical aberrations were observed and documented.
Certain numerical changessuch as induction of polyploids were attributed to the improvements observed in the expression of commercialcharacters in the silkworm

Diethyl sulfate can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

Diethyl sulfate can also be used as an alkylating agent to synthesize 1-alkyl/aralkyl-2-(1-arylsufonylalkyl)benzimidazoles and an ionic liquid ethylmethylimidazole ethylsulfate.

Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol.
Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic.

Diethyl sulfate is used chiefly as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis.
The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper.
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosme tic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in sorne sulfonation processes

Diethyl sulfate can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

The primary use of diethyl sulfate is as a chemical intermediate (ethylating agent) in synthesis of ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; and in some sulfonation processes.
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes, pigments, carbonless paper, and textiles.

Diethyl sulfate is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the preparation of synthetic ethanol from ethylene.
Smaller quantities are used in household products, cosmetics, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory reagents.
In 1966, Diethyl sulfate was used as a mutagen to create the Luther variety of barley.

Diethyl sulfate is primarily used as an ethylating agent, and also as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonations.
Diethyl sulfate is also a chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols, and as an alkylating agent.

Diethyl sulfate is used mainly to make dyes; Also used as an ethylating agent (pigment production), a finishing agent (textile manufacturing), a dye-set agent (carbonless paper), and an accelerator (sulfation of ethylene); Also used in agricultural chemicals, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

As an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; intermediate in the production by one method of ethyl alcohol from ethylene and sulfuric acid

The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper.
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonation processes.

Chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols and as an alkylating agent.
Chiefly as an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; in some sulfonations.

Industry Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Finishing agents,
Intermediates,
Processing aids, not otherwise listed,
Surface active agents.

Consumer Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Cleaning and furnishing care products,
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere,
Paper products.

Methods of Manufacturing of Diethyl sulfate:
Prepared from ethanol + sulfuric acid; by absorption of ethylene in sulfuric acid; from diethyl ether and fuming sulfuric acid.

General Manufacturing Information of Diethyl sulfate:

Industry Processing Sectors of Diethyl sulfate:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing,
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities,
Paper manufacturing,
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing,
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing.

Could be used as a mutagenic agent to produce a new variety of barley called Luther; however, no evidence was found that Diethyl sulfate is presently being used commercially for this purpose.

Property of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is moisture sensitive liquid.
Heating can lead to release of toxic gases and vapors.

Diethyl sulfate gets darker over time.
Diethyl sulfate forms ethyl alcohol, ethyl sulfate, and eventually sulfuric acid when exposed to water.
Diethyl sulfate is also combustible; when burned, sulfur oxides, ether, and ethylene are produced.

Chemical Properties of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint- like odor, which darkens with age.
Diethyl sulfate is miscible with alcohol and ether.
At higher temperatures, DES rapidly decomposes into monoethyl sulfate and alcohol

Preparation of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol and is purified using rectification in vacuo.
This can be done on a large enough scale for commercial production.
Diethyl sulfate can then be purchased as a technical product or for use in a laboratory setting with 99.5% purity or 95% to 98% purity respectively.

Handling and Storage of Diethyl sulfate:

Nonfire Spill Response of Diethyl sulfate:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.
Stop leak if you can do Diethyl sulfate without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.
Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Safe Storage of Diethyl sulfate:
Separated from food and feedstuffs.
Keep in a well-ventilated room.
Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Safety of Diethyl sulfate:
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data.
Poison by inhalation and subcutaneous routes.

Moderately toxic by ingestion and sktn contact.
A severe skin irritant.

An experimental teratogen.
Mutation data reported.
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidzing materials.

Moisture causes liberation of H2SO4.
Violent reaction with potassium tert-butoxide.
Reacts violently with 3,8-dnitro-6-phenylphenanthridine + water.

Reaction with iron + water forms explosive hydrogen gas.
zTo fight fire, use alcohol foam, H2O foam, CO2, dry chemicals.

When heated to decomposition Diethyl sulfate emits toxic fumes of SOx.
See also SULFATES.

Storage Conditions of Diethyl sulfate:
Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for expt need to be carried.
Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties) that bears appropriate label.

An inventory should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date Diethyl sulfate was acquired.
Facilities for dispensing should be contiguous to storage area.

First Aid of Diethyl sulfate:
INHHALATION: Remove to fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES OR SKIN: Irrigate with running water for at least 15 min.; hold eyelids open if neccessary.
Consult an ophthamologist immediately.
Wash skin with soap and water.

Speed in removing material from skin is of extreme importance.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes at the site.

Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature.
Effects may be delayed; keep victim under observation.

INGESTION: If victim is conscious, give victim two glasses of water and have victim induce vomiting.

Fire Fighting of Diethyl sulfate:
SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Diethyl sulfate without risk.

Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.
Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Do not get water inside containers.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Fire Fighting Procedures of Diethyl sulfate:
Use dry chemical, foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.
Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.

Isolation and Evacuation of Diethyl sulfate:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above.

FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Diethyl sulfate:
Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.
Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Cleanup Methods of Diethyl sulfate:
PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms.
Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially.
Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal.

The plastic bag should be sealed immediately.
The sealed bag should be labelled properly.

Waste liquids should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal.
The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled.

Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface is not contaminated.
The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled.
Broken glassware should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk.
Use water spray to cool & disperse vapors, & protect personnel.

Approach release from upwind.
Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.
Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary.

Disposal Methods of Diethyl sulfate:
At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision.
Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste.
Summary of avail methods & recommendations given must be treated as guide only.

Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt.
However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose.

The most efficient type is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air: fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air.
Some are designed to accept aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise Diethyl sulfate is necessary to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust.
Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities are to be destroyed in laboratory.

HEPA (high-efficiency particulate arrestor) filters can be disposed of by incineration.
For spent charcoal filters, the adsorbed material can be stripped off at high temp & carcinogenic wastes generated by this treatment conducted to & burned in an incinerator.

LIQUID WASTE: Disposal should be carried out by incineration at temp that ensure complete combustion.

SOLID WASTE: Carcasses of lab animals, cage litter & misc solid wastes should be disposed of by incineration at temp high enough to ensure destruction of chem carcinogens or their metabolites.

Preventive Measures of Diethyl sulfate:
Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory.
All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used.
They should wash hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse thoroughly.

Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant.
No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided.
Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting.

In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes.
Clothing should be changed daily but discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs also, workers should shower immediately.

In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection.
Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection.
If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab.

Operations connected with synth & purification should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.
Analytical procedures should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during procedures should be removed.
Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used & when new fume cupboards are installed.

Diethyl sulfate is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without powder being blown around the hood.
Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure.
Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur.

Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight.
Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used.

Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to Diethyl sulfate, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured.
This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes.

Identifiers of Diethyl sulfate:
CAS Number: 64-67-5
ChEBI: CHEBI:34699
ChEMBL: ChEMBL163100
ChemSpider: 5931
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.536
KEGG: C14706
PubChem CID: 6163
RTECS number: WS7875000
UNII: K0FO4VFA7I
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID1024045
InChI:
InChI=1S/C4H10O4S/c1-3-7-9(5,6)8-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N check
InChI=1/C4H10O4S/c1-3-7-9(5,6)8-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3
Key: DENRZWYUOJLTMF-UHFFFAOYAR
SMILES: O=S(=O)(OCC)OCC

Properties of Diethyl sulfate:
Chemical formula: C4H10O4S
Molar mass: 154.18 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.2 g/mL
Melting point: −25 °C (−13 °F; 248 K)
Boiling point: 209 °C (408 °F; 482 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: decomposes in water
Vapor pressure: 0.29 mm Hg
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -86.8·10−6 cm3/mol

Molecular Weight: 154.19
XLogP3: 1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 154.02997997
Monoisotopic Mass: 154.02997997
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 9
Complexity: 130
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Quality Level: 200
vapor density: 5.3 (vs air)
vapor pressure:
<0.01 mmHg ( 20 °C)
2 mmHg ( 55 °C)
assay: 98%
form: liquid
refractive index: n20/D 1.399 (lit.)
bp: 208 °C (lit.)
mp: −24 °C (lit.)
density: 1.177 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

Related compounds of Diethyl sulfate:
Dimethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfite

Names of Diethyl sulfate:

Preferred IUPAC name of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate

Other names of Diethyl sulfate:
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester

Translated names of Diethyl sulfate:
diethyl-sulfát
diethylsulfat
Diethylsulfat
dietil sulfat
dietil sulfat
dietil-sulfat
dietil-szulfát
dietilsolfato
dietilsulfatas
dietilsulfāts
dietyl-sulfát
dietylsulfat
dietylsulfat
Dietyylisulfaatti
Dietüülsulfaat
diHethylsulfaat
siarczan dietylu
sulfate de diéthyle
sulfato de dietilo
sulfato de dietilo
θειικός διαιθυλεστέρας
диетил сулфат
CAS names
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester

IUPAC names of Diethyl sulfate:
DIETHYL SULFATE
Diethyl Sulfate
Diethyl sulfate
diethyl sulfate
Diethyl sulfate
DIETHYL SULPHATE
Diethyl Sulphate
Diethyl sulphate
diethyl sulphate
Diethyl sulphate
Diethyl sulphate REACH registration SCC < 1000 tpy DKSH Marketing Services Spain S.A.U.
Diethylsulfat
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester

Synonyms of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate
64-67-5
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester
Diethyl sulphate
DIETHYLSULFATE
Diaethylsulfat
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
UNII-K0FO4VFA7I
Diethylester kyseliny sirove
NSC 56380
K0FO4VFA7I
CHEBI:34699
MFCD00009099
DSSTox_CID_4045
DSSTox_RID_77265
DSSTox_GSID_24045
Diethyl tetraoxosulfate
Diaethylsulfat
DES (VAN)
CAS-64-67-5
CCRIS 242
HSDB 1636
Diethylester kyseliny sirove
EINECS 200-589-6
UN1594
diethylsulphate
diethyl-sulphate
AI3-15355
diethylsulfuric acid
EtOSO3Et
Diethyl sulfate, 98%
EC 200-589-6
SCHEMBL1769
WLN: 2OSWO2
Sulphuric acid diethyl ester
BIDD:ER0594
CHEMBL163100
DTXSID1024045
BCP25766
NSC56380
ZINC1686883
Tox21_202402
Tox21_300169
NSC-56380
STL268863
AKOS009157686
MCULE-1621267036
UN 1594
Diethyl sulfate
NCGC00164138-01
NCGC00164138-02
NCGC00164138-03
NCGC00253940-01
NCGC00259951-01
M292
D0525
FT-0624858
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester;Diethyl sulphate
Q421338
J-520306
F0001-1737
DES
Diaethylsulfat
diethyl sulphate
diethyl tetraoxosulfate
diethylsulfate
Et2SO4
ethyl sulfate
sulfuric acid diethyl ester
sulphuric acid diethyl ester
200-589-6
2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-, polymer and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, compound with diethyl sulfate
64-67-5
Diaethylsulfat
DIETHYL MONOSULFATE
Diethyl sulfate
Diethylester kyseliny sirove
Diethylsulfat
MFCD00009099
Sulfate de diéthyle
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester
Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester
[64-67-5]
2OSWO2
DES (VAN)
Diaethylsulfat
DIETHYL SULPHATE
DIETHYL TETRAOXOSULFATE
diethylsulfate
ethyl ethoxysulfonate
Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, Ethyl sulfate
Sulphuric acid diethyl ester
SULPHURIC ACIDDIETHYL ESTER
UN 1594