DMSO DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide, is an organosulfur compound with the chemical formula (CH₃)₂SO.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a colorless, odorless, hygroscopic liquid that mixes easily with water and many organic solvents.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is well known for its ability to dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds, making it a highly versatile solvent in chemistry and biology.

CAS Number: 67-68-5
Molecular Formula: C2H6OS
Molecular Weight: 78.13
EINECS Number: 200-664-3

Synonyms:Trametinib Dimethyl Sulfoxide, Trametinib DMSO, GSK1120212B, Mekinst, UNII-BSB9VJ5TUT, BSB9VJ5TUT, CHEBI:75991, GSK-1120212B, DTXSID30152223, N-(3-(3-cyclopropyl-5-((2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrido(4,3-d)pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)acetamide--(methylsulfinyl)methane (1/1), N-(3-{3-cyclopropyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl}phenyl)acetamide--(methylsulfinyl)methane (1/1), RefChem:57976, DTXCID0074714, N-(3-(3-Cyclopropyl-5-((2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrido(4,3-d)pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)acetamide - (methylsulfinyl)methane (1:1), 1187431-43-1, Trametinib DMSO solvate, Trametinib (DMSO solvate), GSK1120212 (DMSO solvate), Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide [USAN], N-(3-(3-Cyclopropyl-5-((2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrido(4,3-d)pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)phenyl)acetamide compound with (methylsulfinyl)methane (1:1), MFCD21609250, N-[3-[3-cyclopropyl-5-(2-fluoro-4-iodoanilino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxopyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]phenyl]acetamide;methylsulfinylmethane, Spexotras (TN), Mekinist (TN), Acetamide, N-[3-[3-cyclopropyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxopyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1(2H)-yl]phenyl]-, compd. with 1,1'-sulfinylbis[methane] (1:1); GSK 1120212B; Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide; GSK 1120212B, C28H29FIN5O5S, orb1301426, SCHEMBL1516331, CHEMBL2105741, SCHEMBL29786139, OQUFJVRYDFIQBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N, HMS5086F12, BCP06093, EX-A5800, HY-10999A, s4484, AKOS027338667, CS-0061, FT65193, AC-30850, AS-17069, DA-68297, Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide (JAN/USAN), TRAMETINIB DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE [MI], TRAMETINIB DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE [JAN], TRAMETINIB DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE [WHO-DD], D10176, TRAMETINIB DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE [ORANGE BOOK], Q27145671, Trametinib DMSO solvate;Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide, GSK-1120212 DMSO solvate;JTP-74057 DMSO solvate, Equimolecular combination of N-(3-(3-cyclopropyl-5-((2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino)-6,8- dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-3,4,6,7-tetrahydropyrido(4,3-d)pyrimidin-1(2H)- yl)phenyl)acetamide with dimethyl-lambda(sup 4)-sulfanone, N-(3-{3-cyclopropyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-1H,2H,3H,4H,6H,7H-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1-yl}phenyl)acetamide; methanesulfinylmethane, N-[3-[3-cyclopropyl-5-(2-fluoro-4-iodo-anilino)-6,8-dimethyl-2,4,7-trioxo-pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]phenyl]acetamide;methylsulfinylmethane, sulfinylbis (methane);DMSO;DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE;DIMETHYL SULPHOXIDE;DIMETHYLIS SULFOXIDUM;FEMA 3875;Methyl sulfoxide, extra pure, 99.85%;Methyl sulfoxide, for analysis ACS, 99.9+%

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide was first discovered as a by-product of wood pulp processing and later became valuable in laboratory and medical applications.
Chemically, it contains a sulfur atom bonded to an oxygen atom and two methyl groups, giving it unique polar–aprotic properties.
These properties allow DMSO to stabilize reaction intermediates and penetrate biological membranes efficiently.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a sulfur-containing organic compound; molecule formula: (CH3) 2SO; It exhibits as colorless, odorless, hygroscopic and flammable transparent liquid at room temperature. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has both high polarity as well as high-boiling point. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide also has aprotic and water-miscible characteristics. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has low toxicity, good thermal stability, and is not miscible with paraffin. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is soluble in water, ethanol, propanol, ether, benzene and chloroform and many other kinds of organic substance and is called as the "universal solvent." 
It is a common organic solvent which has the strongest dissolving ability. It can dissolve most the organic compounds including carbohydrates, polymers, peptides, as well as many inorganic salts and gases. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can dissolve certain amount solute whose weight is equals to 50-60% of itself (other common solvents usually only dissolve 10-20%), so it is very important in the sample management as well as high-speed screening of drugs. Under certain conditions, contact between dimethyl sulfoxide and chloride can even lead to explosive reaction.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is widely used as solvents and reagents, particularly as the processing reagent and spinning solvent at the reaction of acrylonitrile polymerization used for polyurethane synthesis and the spinning solvent. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can also be used as the synthetic solvent for polyamide, polyimide and polysulfone resin as well as the extraction solvents for aromatic hydrocarbon and butadiene extraction solvents and solvents for synthesizing chlorofluoroaniline. 
In addition, dimethyl sulfoxide can also be directly used as the raw material or carrier of some drug in the pharmaceutical industry. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide itself has various effects such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and sedative, and thus also being known as "panacea" which is usually as the active ingredient of analgesic medication being added to the drug. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide also has special properties of easy penetration through the skin, resulting in personnel feeling of oyster-like flavor. 
The dimethyl sulfoxide solution of sodium cyanide can cause cyanide poisoning through skin contact while dimethyl sulfoxide itself has a relative low toxicity. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is widely applied as the extraction agent in a lot of chemical and pharmaceutical companies. 

However, because of its higher boiling point, it causes very high operating temperatures and further causes the coking of materials, thus affecting the recycling of dimethyl sulfoxide and further cleaning of the equipments as well as resulting in increased energy consumption. 
Therefore, the recycling of dimethyl sulfoxide has become a bottleneck as its further wide application as extraction agent.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2S=O. 
This colorless liquid is the sulfoxide most widely used commercially. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfide has a relatively high boiling point. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is metabolised to compounds that leave a garlic-like taste in the mouth after DMSO is absorbed by skin.

In terms of chemical structure, the molecule has idealized Cs symmetry. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry consistent with other three-coordinate S(IV) compounds, with a nonbonded electron pair on the approximately tetrahedral sulfur atom.
The story of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is an unusual one. 

This by-product of the paper making process was discovered in Germany in the late 19th century. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide’s a colorless liquid that gained notoriety for its ability to penetrate the skin and other biological membranes.
Scientists discovered that they could use DMSO as a transportation device to pass small molecules through skin in the 1960s. 

Since then, scientists have researched the potential benefits and risks of using DMSO to treat a variety of conditions. This research is ongoing.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide, or dimethyl sulfoxide, is a by-product of paper making. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide comes from a substance found in wood.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has been used as an industrial solvent since the mid-1800s. 
From about the mid-20th century, researchers have explored its use as an anti-inflammatory agent.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a widely used solvent that is miscible with water and a wide range of organic solvents. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide goes by several names, including methyl sulfoxide, sulfinylbismethane, and dozens of trade names.
In medicine, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has been studied for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant effects.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is sometimes used topically to relieve pain or as a carrier for other medications, because it can pass through the skin easily.

However, its medical use is limited in many countries due to safety concerns and strong side effects at high doses.
In biological research, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is widely used as a cryoprotectant to preserve cells, tissues, and embryos during freezing.
It helps prevent ice crystal formation that could damage cell membranes and intracellular structures.

Additionally, it is often used as a solvent for drugs in pharmacological experiments and in PCR reactions in molecular biology.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide occurs as a colorless, viscous liquid, or as colorless crystals that are miscible with water, alcohol, and ether. 
The material hasa slightly bitter taste with a sweet aftertaste, and is odorless, or has a slight odor characteristic of dimethyl sulfoxide.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is extremely hygroscopic, absorbing up to 70% of its own weight in water with evolution of heat.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide was first synthesized in 1866 by the Russian scientist Alexander Zaytsev, who reported his findings in 1867.
ts modern use as an industrial solvent began through popularization by Thor Smedslund at the Stepan Chemical Company.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is produced industrially from dimethyl sulfide, a by-product of the kraft process, by oxidation with oxygen or nitrogen dioxide.
The sulfur center in DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is nucleophilic toward soft electrophiles and the oxygen is nucleophilic toward hard electrophiles. 
With methyl iodide it forms trimethylsulfoxonium iodide, [(CH3)3SO]+I−: (CH3)2SO + CH3I → [(CH3)3SO]I

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has been examined for the treatment of numerous conditions and ailments, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved its use only for the symptomatic relief of patients with interstitial cystitis.
A 1978 study concluded that DMSO brought significant relief to the majority of the 213 patients with inflammatory genitourinary disorders that were studied.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a liquid solution that treats pain and discomfort in your bladder caused by interstitial cystitis, also known as bladder pain syndrome. 

A healthcare provider will give you this solution as an injection into your bladder in a hospital or clinic setting. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is an aprotic solvent that can dissolve water-insoluble therapeutic and toxic agents. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has a strong affinity for water and has the ability to rapidly penetrate or enhance the penetration of other substances through biological membranes. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide also has potential free radical scavenging and anticholinesterase effects and may affect coagulation activity.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide also induces histamine release from mast cells but is thought to have low systemic toxicity.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is generally made by using dimethyl sulfide oxidation method. 

They have different production processes due to the different oxidants and oxidation types. 
Methanol carbon disulfide method; take carbon disulfide and methanol as raw materials and use γ-Al2O3 as the catalyst; first synthesize the dimethyl sulfide, then have oxidation reaction with nitrogen dioxide (or nitrate) to obtain dimethyl sulfoxide. 
The hydrogen peroxide method: take acetone as the buffer medium to have dimethyl sulfide be reacted with hydrogen peroxide. 

This method of dimethyl sulfoxide synthesis has a relative high cost and thus is suitable for large-scale production.
The method of nitrogen dioxide: have methanol and hydrogen sulfide dimethyl sulfide reacted in the catalysis of γ-alumina to obtain dimethyl sulfide; have sulfate reacted with sodium nitrite to generate nitrogen dioxide; dimethyl sulfide has gas-liquid phase reaction with nitrogen dioxide at 60-80 °C to produce crude dimethyl sulfoxide. 
Sometimes people also use oxygen for direct oxidation which also generates the crude dimethyl sulfoxide. 

Then after vacuum distillation, refine to get the finished product of dimethyl sulfoxide. 
This method is a relative advanced production method. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide method: apply dimethyl sulfate to react with sodium sulfide to obtain dimethyl sulfide; sulfate has reaction with sodium nitrite to generate nitrogen dioxide; dimethyl sulfide is oxidized with nitrogen dioxide to generate the crude dimethyl sulfoxide, and then undergo neutralization and distillation to obtain refined dimethyl sulfoxide product. 

In addition, the anodic oxidation method can also produce dimethyl sulfoxide via dimethyl sulfide.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is an organosulfur compound. This colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water.

Dimethyl sulfoxide is a 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents. 
It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent, a radical scavenger, a non-narcotic analgesic, an antidote, a MRI contrast agent, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a geroprotector and an alkylating agent. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a sulfoxide and a volatile organic compound.

Melting point: 18.4 °C
Boiling point: 189 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.100 g/mL at 20 °C
Vapor density: 2.7 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 0.42 mm Hg (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.479 (lit.)
FEMA: 3875 | METHYLSULFINYLMETHANE
Flash point: 192 °F
Storage temp.: +5 °C to +30 °C
Solubility: H₂O – miscible (completely)
pKa: 35 (at 25 °C)
Form: liquid (temperature dependent)
Color: clear colorless
Relative polarity: 0.444
Odor: mild garlic odor
Appearance: colorless liquid
Odor type: alliaceous
Biological source: synthetic
Evaporation rate: 4.3
Explosive limit: 1.8 – 63.0 % (V)
Water solubility: soluble in water, methanol, acetone, ether, benzene, chloroform
Freezing point: 18.4 °C
Sensitive: hygroscopic
λmax: λ = 285 nm Amax ≤ 0.20; λ = 295 nm Amax ≤ 0.20
JECFA number: 507
Merck: 14,3259
BRN: 506008
Dielectric constant: 41.9 (55 °C)
Stability: stable; incompatible with acid chlorides, strong acids, oxidizers, reducers, phosphorus halides, moisture, copper wool + trichloroacetic acid; hygroscopic
InChIKey: IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: −1.35
Surface tension: 42.179 mN/m at 298.15 K

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is colorless liquid, and is hygroscopic. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is almost odorless with a bitter taste. 
It can be dissolved in water, ethanol, acetone, ether, benzene and chloroform.

The basic approach of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide recycling is through vacuum distillation with the requirement of two conditions, first, keep the temperature below 120 degrees, otherwise there will be security problems, and will also cause lower recovery. 
Another issue is the PH value of the system. An appropriate value is pH 8 which is suitable for both safety issue as well as the proper decomposition condition of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide. 
The tower I used is carbon steel with 7-8 trays and the reflux ratio being 3-2 which can generally reach 98-99% content. 

The device volume is 2000 L with a very good efficacy.
Optical absorption, take certain amount of this product, pour through the stream of dry nitrogen for 15 minutes and immediately place it in 1cm absorption cuvette with water as a blank. 
Measure the absorbance of 275 nm according to spectrophotometric method (Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1990 edition of Appendix page 24) with a value being not higher than 0.30; and then further measure absorbance at wavelength of 285nm and 295nm with its ratio over that of the absorbance of 275nm being not greater than 0.65 and 0.45, respectively. 

Also note that, there should be no maximal absorption in the 270~350nm range. 
The water content should not exceed 0.2% (Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1990 edition of Appendix 55). 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide take diphenyl methane to make a 0.025% acetone solution as the internal standard solution; accurately weigh appropriate amount of dimethyl sulfoxide and dilute to 0.050% solution of internal standard solution as the control solution; in addition, accurately weigh certain amount of this product and dilute to 50% solution with internal standard solution as the test solution. 

According to gas chromatography protocol (Chinese Pharmacopoeia 1990 edition, second volume, appendix page 31(3)), use 20 mM of 10% (coating concentration) polyethylene glycol as the fixer liquid; (the theoretical plate number calculated from dimethyl should be greater than 1500, and the separation degree of dimethyl sulfoxide peak and the internal standard peak should be greater than 2). 
The measured ratio of dimethyl sulfone peak area and diphenyl methane peak area of the sample solution at a column temperature of 150 °C should not be greater than that of the control solution.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide requires strong bases like lithium diisopropylamide and sodium hydride. 
Stabilization of the resultant carbanion is provided by the S(O)R group. 
The sodium derivative of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide formed in this way is referred to as dimsyl sodium. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a base, e.g., for the deprotonation of ketones to form sodium enolates, phosphonium salts to form Wittig reagents, and formamidinium salts to form diaminocarbenes. 
The dimsyl anion is a potent nucleophile.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a polar aprotic solvent and is less toxic than other members of this class, such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is frequently used as a solvent for chemical reactions involving salts, most notably Finkelstein reactions and other nucleophilic substitutions. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is also extensively used as an extractant in biochemistry and cell biology. 
Because DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is only weakly acidic, it tolerates relatively strong bases and as such has been extensively used in the study of carbanions. 

A set of non-aqueous pKa values (C-H, O-H, S-H and N-H acidities) for thousands of organic compounds have been determined in DMSO solution.
Because of its high boiling point, 189 °C (372 °F), DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide evaporates slowly at normal atmospheric pressure. 
Samples dissolved in DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide cannot as easily be recovered compared to other solvents, as it is very difficult to remove all traces of DMSO by conventional rotary evaporation. 

One technique to fully recover samples is removal of the organic solvent by evaporation followed by addition of water (to dissolve DMSO) and cryodesiccation to remove both DMSO and water. 
Reactions conducted in DMSO are often diluted with water to precipitate or phase-separate products. The relatively high freezing point of DMSO, 18.5 °C (65.3 °F), means that at, or just below, room temperature it is a solid.
In its deuterated form DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide, it is a useful solvent for NMR spectroscopy, again due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of analytes, the simplicity of its own spectrum, and its suitability for high-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies. 

Disadvantages to the use of DMSO-d6 are its high viscosity, which broadens signals, and its hygroscopicity, which leads to an overwhelming H2O resonance in the 1H-NMR spectrum. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can be mixed with CDCl3 or CD2Cl2 for lower viscosity and melting points.

Despite its benefits, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can cause irritation and a distinctive garlic-like taste or odor when absorbed by the body.
It should be handled carefully in the laboratory, with proper protective equipment and ventilation.

Storage:
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is reasonably stable to heat,but upon prolonged reflux it decomposes slightly to methyl mercaptan and bismethylthiomethane. 
This decomposition is aided by acids, and is retarded by many bases. When heated to decomposition, toxic fumes are emitted.

At temperatures between 40 and 60°C, it has been reported that DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide suffers a partial breakdown, which is indicated by changes in physical properties such as refractive index, density, and viscosity.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide should be stored in airtight, light-resistant containers the PhEur 6.0 states that glass containers should be used. 

Uses:
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can be used for the extraction of arene, also as the reaction medium used for resins and dyes, and applied to acrylic polymerization and spinning solvent.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can be used as an organic solvent, reaction medium and the intermediates of organic synthesis. 
It is highly versatile. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has a highly selective extraction capacity, and can be used as the polymerization and condensation solvent of acrylic resin and polysulfone resin, as the polymerization and spinning solvent of polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate, as the extraction solvent for separating alkanes and arenes, and as the reaction medium for the arenes, butadiene extraction, acrylic fiber, plastic solvents, organic and synthetic dyes, and pharmaceuticals industries. 
In the field of medicine, dimethyl sulfoxide has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect with a strong capability of penetration through the skin, and thus being able to dissolve certain drugs and boost their penetration into the human body to achieve the therapeutic purposes. 

Taking this carrier property of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can make it be used as pesticide additives. Add a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide in some pesticides can facilitate the penetration of pesticides into the plant in order to improve the efficacy. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can also be used as the dye solvent, dye removing agent, and dye carrier for the synthetic fibers. 
It can also be used as the absorbent of recycling acetylene and sulfur dioxide and also the modifiers of synthetic fiber, antifreeze agent and the capacitor dielectric, brake oil, and extractant of the rare metals.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can be used as analytic solvents and fixing agent of gas chromatography as well as the solvent for analyzing UV spectra.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a polar aprotic solvent used in chemical reactions, in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) and as a cryoprotectant vitrification agent for the preservation of cells, tissues and organs. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used in cell freezing media to protect cells from ice crystal induced mechanical injury. 

It is used for frozen storage of primary, sub-cultured, and recombinant heteroploid and hybridoma cell lines; embryonic stem cells (ESC), and hematopoietic stem cells. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is frequently used in the combinations with BSA or fetal bovine serum (FBS).
Solvent for many organic Compounds including fats, carbohydrates, dyes, resins, and polymers. 
In organic reactions. As antifreeze or hydraulic fluid when mixed with water. 

To cryopreserve and store cultured cells. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a common aprotic organic solvent used to dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds. 
Used primarily for NMR study in its deuterated form DMSO-d6 (D479382) due to its ability to dissolve most analytes as well as its easily identifiable NMR spectrum.

Human and animal cell lines grown in culture are generally stored frozen. 
Freezing protects the cell line from changes due to genetic drift and minimizes risk of contamination. 
Liquid nitrogen used in conjunction with a cryoprotective agent such as DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a widely used method for preserving cells. 

Without the presence of a cryoprotective agent, freezing is lethal to most mammalian cells. 
Damage is caused by mechanical injury by ice crystals, concentration of electrolytes, pH changes, and denaturation of proteins. 
These lethal effects are minimized by adding a cryoprotective agent which lowers

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has been shown to accelerate strand renaturation and is believed to give the nucleic acid thermal stability against depurination. 
As a PCR cosolvent, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide may help improve yields, especially in long PCR.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a highly polar substance that is aprotic, therefore lacking acidic and basic properties. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has exceptional solvent properties for both organic and inorganic components, which are derived from its capacity to associate with both ionic species and neutral molecules that are either polar or polarizable. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide enhances the topical penetration of drug sowing to its ability to displace bound water from the stratumcorneum;this is accompanied by the extraction of lipids and configurational changes of proteins.
Increases in drug penetration have been reported with DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide concentrations as low as 15%,but significant increases in permeability generally require concentrations higher than 60–80%. 

Furthermore, while low molecular weight substances can penetrate quickly into the deep layers of the skin, the appreciable transport of molecules with a molecular weight of more than 3000 is difficult.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is now incorporated into a number of regulated products for healthcare and drug delivery applications, including stabilizing product formulations, sustained-release applications, and for the delivery of medical polymers.
The use of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide to improve transdermal delivery has been reported for diclofenac, ciclosporin, timolol, and a wide range of other drugs. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has also been used in the formulation of an injection containing allopurinol. 
It has also been investigated for use in an experimental parenteral preparation for the treatment of liver tumors.
In paint formulations of idoxuridine, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide acts both as a solvent to increase drug solubility and a means of enabling penetration of the antiviral agent to the deeper levels of the epidermis.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has also been investigated as a potential therapeutic agent in conditions such as scleroderma, interstitial cystitis,(12) rheumatoid arthritis, and acute musculoskeletal injuries, and as an analgesic.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has also been recommended for the treatment of anthracycline extravasation(18–21) and has been investigated as a potential cryoprotectant.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide, a product of an oxidation reaction on dimethyl sulfide, contains a very polar sulfoxide functional group. 

This highly polar functional group enables DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide to form complexes with many metal ions, to act as a reaction medium for synthetic reactions, and to dissolve a large number of organic resins and polymers.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is more viscous than many organic solvents and has a rather high surface tension value of 42.3 dynes/cm. 
The most outstanding property of DMSO is its very high polarity character.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used as a reaction solvent in the polymerization of acrylonitrile with a vinyl monomer (e.g., styrene). 
Reaction of diisocyanates and polyols or polyamines dissolved in DMSO yield solutions of the polyurethanes. 
Mixtures of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide and water are used as a spinning solvent for polymer fibers. 

Polyaryl ether polymers are formed from DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide solutions containing the reactants bis(4,4-chlorophenyl sulfone) and the disodium salt of dihydroxyphenol.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is a favored solvent for displacement reactions in synthetic chemistry. 
The rates of reaction in DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide are many times faster than in an alcohol or aqueous medium. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is the solvent of choice in reactions where proton (hydrogen atom) removal is the rate determining step. 
Reactions of this type include olefin isomerizations and reactions where an elimination process produces an olefin. 
Another application that uses DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is its use as an extraction solvent to separate olefins from saturated paraffins. 

Several binary and ternary solvent systems containing DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide and an amine (e.g., methylamine), sulfur trioxide, carbon disulfide/amine, or sulfur trioxide/ammonia are used to dissolve cellulose, and act as spinning baths for the production of cellulose fibers. 
Organic fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides are readily soluble in DMSO. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used to remove polymer residues from polymerization reactors.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used to dissolve test compounds in vitro drug discovery and drug design screening programs, including high-throughput screening programs.
This is because it is able to dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds, can be used to maintain stock solutions of test compounds (important when working with a large chemical library), is readily miscible with water and cell culture media, and has a high boiling point (this improves the accuracy of test compound concentrations by reducing room temperature evaporation).

One limitation with DMSO is that it can affect cell line growth and viability, with low DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide concentrations sometimes stimulating cell growth, and high DMSO concentrations sometimes inhibiting or killing cells.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used as a vehicle in in vivo studies of test compounds. 
It has, for example, been employed as a co-solvent to assist absorption of the flavonol glycoside icariin in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans.

As with its use in in vitro studies, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has some limitations in animal models.
Pleiotropic effects can occur and, if DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide control groups are not carefully planned, then solvent effects can falsely be attributed to the prospective drug.
For example, even a very low dose of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has a powerful protective effect against paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced liver injury in mice.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide finds some use in manufacturing processes to produce microelectronic devices.
It is widely used to strip photoresist in TFT-LCD 'flat panel' displays and advanced packaging applications (such as wafer-level packaging / solder bump patterning).
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is also an excellent swelling agent for cellulosic fibres, and occasionally is utilised as solvent in some laboratory analyses respecting wood or fibre related quality control.

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to inhibit secondary structures in the DNA template or the DNA primers. 
It is added to the PCR mix before reacting, where it interferes with the self-complementarity of the DNA, minimizing interfering reactions.
Use of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide in medicine dates from around 1963, when an Oregon Health & Science University Medical School team, headed by Stanley Jacob, discovered it could penetrate the skin and other membranes without damaging them and could carry other compounds into a biological system. 

Health Hazard:
The acute toxicity of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide by all routes of exposure is very low. 
Inhalation of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide vapor can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, and at higher concentrations may cause vomiting, chills, headache, and dizziness. 
The material is only slightly toxic by ingestion and may cause vomiting, abdominal pain, and lethargy. 

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is relatively nontoxic by skin absorption, but can cause itching, scaling, and a transient burning sensation. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide can increase the tendency for other chemicals to penetrate the skin and so increase their toxic effects. 

Contact of DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide liquid with the eyes may cause irritation with redness, pain, and blurred vision. 
Chronic exposure to dimethyl sulfoxide can cause damage to the cornea of the eye. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans

Safety Profile:
Slightly toxic by ingestion, moderately toxic by intravenous and intraperitoneal routes. 
Human systemic effects by intravenous route: nausea or vomiting and jaundice. 
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. 

A skin and eye irritant questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide freely penetrates the skin and may carry dissolved chemicals with it into the body. 
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. 

To fight fire, use water, foam, alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. 
Violent or explosive reaction with many acyl, aryl, and nonmetal halides (e.g., acetyl chloride, benzenesulfonyl chloride, bromobenzoyl acetadde, cyanuric chloride, iodine pentafluoride, Mg(ClO4)2, CH3Br, NI04, oxalyl chloride, P203, phosphorus trichloride, phosphoryl chloride, silver fluoride, silver difluoride, sodium hydride, sulfur dichloride, disulfur dichloride, sulfuryl chloride, tetrachlorosilane, thionyl chloride).
 
Violent or explosive reaction with boron compounds (e.g., borane, nonahydrononaborate(2-) ion), 4(4' bromobenzoyl)acetanilide, carbonyl dhsohocyanate, dinitrogen tetraoxide, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazine, copper + trichloroacetic acid, metal alkoxides (e.g., potassium tert-butoxide, sodium isopropoxide), trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. 
Incompatible with magnesium perchlorate, metal oxosalts, perchloric acid, periodc acid, sulfur trioxide. Forms powerfully explosive mixtures with metal salts of oxoacids (e.g., aluminum perchlorate, sodrum perchlorate, iron(IⅡ) nitrate). When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx

DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide has low systemic toxicity but causes local toxic effects. 
It is readily absorbed after injection or after oral or percutaneous administration and is widely distributed throughout the body. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide acts as a primary irritant on skin, causing redness, burning, itching, and scaling; it also causes urticaria. Systemic symptoms include nausea, vomiting, chills, cramps, andlethargy;dimethyl sulfoxidecanalsocauseincreases in intraocular pressure. Administration of dimethyl sulfoxide by any route is followed by a garlic-like odor on the breath.

Intravascular hemolysis and biochemical changes and reversible neurological deterioration have been reported following intravenous administration; however, it has been questioned whether these findings were directly attributable to dimethyl sulfoxide rather than to concomitant drug therapy or contaminants. 
One report describes massive intracranial hemorrhage associated with ingestion of dimethyl sulfoxide. 

Recently, a hypersensitivity reaction attributed to dimethyl sulfoxide has been reported.
In 1965, the FDA banned investigation in humans of dimethyl sulfoxide owing to the appearance of changes in the refractive index of the lens of the eye in experimental animals.
However,in1966,the FDA allowed the study of dimethyl sulfoxide in serious conditions suchasscleroderma,persistent herpes zoster,and severe rheumatoid arthritis, and in 1968 permitted studies using short-term topical application of the solvent. 

By 1980, the FDA no longer specifically regulated investigations of dimethyl sulfoxide.
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is naturally released in the environment, primarily by the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide that is biologically produced in soil, water, and vegetation. 
It is produced by phytoplankton, and may be released during its production, transport, disposal, and use as a solvent, medicinal analgesic, and other uses.

If released in water, it should disproportionate to dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl sulfone, and may be reduced by reducing agents that may occur in natural waters. 
In soil, DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide is rapidly reduced to dimethyl sulfide. In the atmosphere, DMSO will exist primarily in the vapor phase, and will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of w7 h. 
DMSO Dimethyl Sulfoxide also may be released during its production, transport, disposal, and use as a solvent and medical analgesic.