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E171
E171 is a titanium oxide with the formula TiO2.
A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, E171 has a wide range of applications.
E171 has a role as a food colouring.
E171, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium.
E171 is used as a pigment under the names titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or CI 77891.
E171 is typically extracted from ilmenite, rutile and anatase.
CAS: 13463-67-7
European Community (EC) Number: 236-675-5
IUPAC Name: dioxotitanium
Molecular Formula: O2Ti
Molecular Weight: 79.866
Boiling Point: 4532 to 5432 °F at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 3380 °F (decomposes)
Solubility: less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F
Density: 3.9 to 4.2
E171 is a food additive approved by the European Union (EU).
E171 is used as a natural colouring agent in food and drink products.
The common name for E171 is titanium dioxide.
E171 may also be referred to as titan white or tiox.
E171 is a white colouring used to give opacity in food products.
E171 is inert (not reactive) and is also used in paint manufacture and as a paper coating.
At room temperature, E171 usually has the structure of rutile (its mineral form).
E171 is extracted from the mineral ilmenite.
Although not many adverse effects have been found, E171 is suspected of acting as an irritant and possibly pollute waterways.
Examples of food and drink products that sometimes include E171:
-toothpaste
-paint
-vitamin supplements
-cheese
Titanium dioxide is used a food colour (E171) and, as with all food colours, its technological function is to make food more visually appealing, to give colour to food that would otherwise be colourless, or to restore the original appearance of food.
E171 is also present in cosmetics, paints, and medicines.
The main food categories contributing to dietary exposure of E171 are fine bakery wares, soups, broths and sauces (for infants, toddlers and adolescents); and soups, broths, sauces, salads and savoury based sandwich spreads (for children, adults and the elderly).
Processed nuts are also a main contributing food category for adults and the elderly.
E171 - Also known as Pigment White 6 or Colour Index number CI77891, is the principal white colourant used in many cosmetic and food products today.
To meet rigids standards in food safety and for use in cosmetics, certain key elements need to be highly controlled and impurity levels kept well below the maximum levels dictated by law.
The titanium dioxide pigment E171 / FDA offered by International Speciality Chemicals meets and surpasses the requirements of the European Pharmacopeia, the European Commission Directive 95/45 EC, the United States FDA regulations CFR21, as well as the additional requirements of:
73.575 (Foods)
73.1575 (Drugs)
732575 (Cosmetics)
Composed in part of nanoparticles, 10,000 times smaller than a grain of salt, titanium dioxide E171 is used to colour foods or make them shiny.
E171 is used particularly in products for baking and many products consumed by children (sweets, chewing gum, chocolates, etc).
Food additive E 171 titanium dioxide is an inorganic, insoluble, white artificial colouring with very good stability to light, heat, oxidation and pH changes.
In nature it exists in the form of three crystalline modifications:
– rutile,
– anatas and
– brookit.
The rutile and the anastasis have a quadratic lattice and the bookit has a rhombic lattice.
E171 consists mainly of pure titanium dioxide in the form of anatase and/or rutile which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.
How is E171 obtained?
E171 can be obtained by cold or hot hydrolysis of TiCl solutions , which occurs in the presence of SO42- , PO43- ions or an excess of Cl– or NO3 ions, as well as by direct oxygen oxidation of TiCl4 in the vapour phase.
E171 can also be obtained by hot hydrolysis of titanium or TiO2 XH2 O sulphide solutions by dehydration and heating to 700o C (currently NaF, borate or barium phosphate as mineraliser).
Hydrated titanium dioxide, obtained by such methods, is transformed by calcination and subsequent treatment into the product used as pigment.
E171 is presented as a white amorphous powder.
E171 is insoluble in water, organic solvents and alkali hydroxides, but is readily soluble in hydrofluoric acid, hot concentrated sulphuric acid and in the melts of alkali hydroxides or carbonates.
By heating the TiO2 powder to 250-6000 C in an oxidizing atmosphere, a yellow-brown to greenish-brown coloration occurs, but disappears on cooling.
At temperatures above 29270 C it decomposes into Ti2O3 and O2 .
TiO2 and O2 has a density of 3.6-3.95 g/cm3 for the anatase form and 4.1-4.4 g/cm3 for the brookite and rutile forms.
The loss on drying of the additive at 1050 C for 3 hours is maximum 0,5% and on burning at 800 o C maximum 1% relative to the volatile-free product.
Certain rutile forms of titanium dioxide are produced using mica (also known as potassium aluminium silicate) as a template to form the basic granular structure.
Mica is surface coated with titanium dioxide using a specialised patented process.
Titanium dioxide rutile in granular form is manufactured by subjecting the pearlescent pigment consisting of mica coated with titanium dioxide (rutile) to an extractive dissolution in an acid medium followed by an extractive dissolution in alkali.
By this process all mica is removed and the resulting product is a granular form of rutile titanium dioxide.
Titanium dioxide is used as a food colour (E171), its technological function is to make food more visually attractive, to give colour to otherwise colourless food or to restore the original appearance of food.
Food colour E 171 is used in:
– candy making,
– matt white finish or as a base for other colours,
– colouring of some cheeses,
– chewing gum manufacture,
– chocolate and ice cream making,
– making creams, soups, sauces (for infants, young children and adolescents)
– manufacture of bakery products, cakes or other pastry products,
– manufacture of tomato paste type broth,
– processed fish and fishery products, including molluscs and crustaceans,
– unprocessed fish,
– unprocessed molluscs and crustaceans,
-production of fruit and vegetable preparations (except compotes),
– manufacture of food supplements, etc.
E171 is available in both water- and oil-dispersible forms, as suspensions in water, glycerine, propylene glycol, glucose syrups, vegetable oils.
What else can E 171 be used for?
E 171, titanium dioxide is approved as an ingredient in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
E171, which is not in nanoparticle form, is not absorbed on the skin.
E171 acts as a physical UV protective barrier.
E171 increases the opacity of other pigments in make-up products and improves their adhesion to the skin. Reduces the transparency of cosmetic compositions.
E171 as a white pigment is used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, adhesives, plastics, rubber, textiles, ceramics, white cement, roofing materials, white cement, floor coatings, paper and printing inks.
Used as white pigment it must have a high purity.
E171s opacity and brilliance come from its ability to scatter light.
E171 is brighter than diamond. Only rutile and anatase have good pigmenting properties.
In the textile industry E171 is used in yarn guides so that the yarns slide smoothly during spinning.
SYNONYMS:
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
Rutile
13463-67-7
dioxotitanium
Anatase
Titania
Titanium(IV) oxide
1317-70-0
1317-80-2
Titanium White
Anatase (TiO2)
Flamenco
Hombitan
Titafrance
Titandioxid
Tiofine
Tioxide
Tipaque
Titanox
Rayox
Rutile (TiO2)
Bayertitan A
Titanic anhydride
Rutiox CR
Tioxide RHD
Tioxide RSM
Titanox RANC
Zopaque LDC
A-Fil Cream
Calcotone White T
Tioxide A-DM
Tioxide AD-M
Tioxide R-CR
Tioxide R-SM
Tioxide R.XL
Bayertitan R-U-F
Levanox White RKB
A-Fil
Runa rh20
Unitane or-150
Unitane or-340
Unitane or-342
Unitane or-350
Unitane or-540
Unitane or-640
Austiox R-CR 3
Cab-O-Ti
Hombitan R 101D
Hombitan R 610K
Unitane o-110
Unitane o-220
Kronos RN 40P
Kronos RN 56
Tipaque R 820
Titanox 2010
Unitane OR 450
Unitane OR 650
Kronos CL 220
Kronos titanium dioxide
Kronos 2073
Runa ARH 20
Titanium oxide (TiO2)
1700 White
P 25 (oxide)
Runa ARH 200
Ti-Pure R 900
Ti-Pure R 901
Titanium peroxide (TiO2)
Tiona t.d.
Atlas white titanium dioxide
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile
C-Weiss 7
Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase
Cosmetic White C47-5175
Cosmetic White C47-9623
RO 2
NCI-C04240
KH 360
Brookite
TiO2
C.I. 77891
E 171
R 680
Titanium dioxide [USP]
TITANIUM DIOXIDE ENAMEL GRADE
98084-96-9
MFCD00011269
Octahedrite
Tichlor
Unitane
Zopaque
Kronos
Tronox
Titanic oxide
Titanium dioxide (USP)
Bayertitan T
Tiona td
Titan White
Anatase titanium dioxide
Tin dioxide dust
Titanium peroxide
Uniwhite AO
Uniwhite KO
Trioxide(s)
Unitane OR
Ti-Pure
Bayertitan AN 3
Austiox R-CR
Tioxide A-HR
Tioxide R XL
Bayertitan R-U 2
Bayertitan R-FK-D
Aerosil P 25
Aerosil P 27
Bayertitan R-FD 1
Bayertitan R-KB 2
Bayertitan R-KB 3
Bayertitan R-KB 4
Bayertitan R-KB 5
Bayertitan R-KB 6
Titandioxid (sweden)
Aerolyst 7710
Uniwhite OR 450
Uniwhite OR 650
Tinoc M 6
Aerosil P 25S6
Aerosil T 805
Octahedrite (mineral)
Titandioxid [Swedish]
Bayer R-FD 1
Blend White 9202
63B1 White
Bayertitan
Bayertitan R-FK 21
Titanium oxide (VAN)
Amperit 780.0
Baytitan
Kronos 1002
R 830 (mineral)
Unitane 0-110
Unitane 0-220
C-Weiss 7 [German]
MC 50 (oxide)
C 97 (oxide)
CG-T
NT 100 (oxide)
MFCD00210650
Bayertitan R-V-SE 20
S 150 (oxide)
Titanium(IV) oxide, catalyst support
Bistrater L-NSC 200C
15 wt% Titanium Oxide in Water Nano
CCRIS 590
A-FN 3
HSDB 869
NCI-C0424O
AUF 0015S
AMT 100
AMT 600
JR 600A
Rutile titanium dioxide
Cosmetic Hydrophobic TiO2 9428
234DA
500HD
Cosmetic Micro Blend TiO2 9228
EINECS 215-280-1
EINECS 215-282-2
EINECS 236-675-5
CL 310
NSC 15204
Orgasol 1002D White 10 Extra Cos
UNII-15FIX9V2JP
1385RN 59
AI3-01334
BR 29-7-2
CCRIS 9317
CCRIS 9325
Titanium-Dioxide
dioxyde de titane
(rutile)
bis(oxido)titanium
dioxido de titanio
component of A-Fil
oxido de titanio(IV)
Titanium Oxide Anatase
Titanium oxide, TiO2
Titanium Dioxide Rutile
Titanium( cento) oxide
Titania paste, reflector
Titanium oxide (JP17)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
Titania paste, transparent
WLN: TI O
EC 215-282-2
EC 236-675-5
[TiO2]
Titania paste, active opaque
Titanium(IV) oxide nanopowder
Titanium (IV) Oxide Anhydrous
Titanium(IV) oxide, 1 micron
Titanium(IV) oxide, 98.0%
CHEBI:32234
TITANIUM DIOXIDE (ANATASE)
NSC15204
Titanium(IV) oxide, sintered lumps
Nano Titanium Dioxide Anatase Powder
AKOS015913799
DB09536
Titanium Dioxide-Rutile type BLR-699
Titanium(IV) oxide, high surface area
Titanium Dioxide Anatase type BLA-200
NCGC00187590-01
Titanium dioxide, NIST(R) SRM(R) 154c
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, single crystal
CS-0031311
FT-0645791
FT-0778081
Titanium Oxide (anatase) Powder, 99% Nano
D01931
T-3875
Titanium(IV) oxide, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
Q193521
Titanium(IV) oxide, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
J-006053
Titanium(IV) oxide, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
Titanium(IV) oxide, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%
Titanium dioxide, NIST(R) SRM(R) 1898, nanomaterial
Titanium(IV) oxide, 20-35% in H2O colloidal dispersion
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, >=99.98% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, 99.995% trace metals basis
Titanium dioxide (airborne, unbound particles of respirable size
Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, powder, 99.8% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, nanowires, diam. x L ~10 nm x 10 mum
Titanium(IV) oxide, nanowires, diam. x L ~100 nm x 10 mum
Titanium dioxide, NIST RM 8988, powder, particle size distribution
Titanium(IV) oxide, pellets, diam. x thickness 12.5 mm x 5.5 mm
Titanium dioxide, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Titanium Oxide Dispersion (Anatase, 20 wt%, 5-30 nm) Nano in Water
Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, powder, -325 mesh, >=99% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, powder, <5 mum, >=99.9% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, nanopowder, <25 nm particle size, 99.7% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, naturally occurring mineral, grains, approximately 0.06-0.19in
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size, 99.5% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, contains 1% Mn as dopant, nanopowder, <100 nm particle size (BET), >=97%
Titanium(IV) oxide, nanopowder, 21 nm primary particle size (TEM), >=99.5% trace metals basis
Titanium(IV) oxide, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-100.5%
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, <001>, (single crystal substrate), 99.99% trace metals basis, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, <100>, (single crystal substrate), 99.99% trace metals basis, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
Titanium(IV) oxide, rutile, <110>, single crystal substrate, 99.99% trace metals basis, L x W x thickness 10 mm x 10 mm x 0.5 mm
