E174 SILVER

E174 Silver is used in food to give a metallic surface colour.
E174 Silver is used extensively in the photographic industry, as well as in Silverware and jewellery, electrically, for Silvering mirrors and in batteries.

CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight (Atomic Weight): 107.87 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Silver, Argentum, Metallic silver, E174, Colloidal silver (context-dependent), Silver, elemental silver, metallic silver, Ag, argentum, luna (alchemical name), sterling silver (alloy context, not pure form), fine silver, pure silver, silver metal

E174 Silver is a food additive in the category of surface colorants.
E174 Silver is a food additive that may not be as well-known as others like E120 or E621, but it plays a significant role in the food industry.
Specifically, E174 refers to the use of E174 Silver as a food additive.

This designation is part of a broader system used in Europe to categorize food additives based on their functions and characteristics.
E174 Silver, classified as a noble metal, is primarily recognized for its antimicrobial properties.

This makes E174 Silver a topic of interest in the context of food safety and preservation.
E174 Silver is a food additive used in various products.
Metallic colour from naturally occurring metal

E174 Silver may be found in various food products such as processed foods.
The greatest source of E174 Silver now is as a by product in the manufacture of non-ferrous metals such as Copper, Lead, Zinc.
E174 Silver is usually obtained from crushed E174 Silver bearing ore.

The actual method of recovery from the ore depends on which metal is predominant in the ore but normally ends by electrolysis using one of two techniques, either the Moebius or Thum Balbach systems.
E174 Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (from Latin argentum 'E174 Silver') and atomic number 47.

A soft, whitish-gray, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal.
E174 Silver is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native E174 Silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.

Most E174 Silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining.
E174 Silver has long been valued as a precious metal, commonly sold and marketed beside gold and platinum.
E174 Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal.

Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis; a 94%-pure alloy is described as "0.940 fine".
As one of the seven metals of antiquity, E174 Silver has had an enduring role in most human cultures.
In terms of scarcity, E174 Silver is the most abundant of the big three precious metals, platinum, gold, and E174 Silver; among these, platinum is the rarest, with around 139 troy ounces of E174 Silver mined for every one of platinum.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is used in food to give a metallic surface colour.
E174 Silver is used extensively in the photographic industry, as well as in E174 Silverware and jewellery, electrically, for E174 Silvering mirrors and in batteries.

Uses of E174 Silver: As a food additive it is used solely for external decoration where it can be found on chocolate confectionery, in the covering of dragées and the decoration of sugar-coated flour confectionery.
E174 Silver is highly coveted, especially colloidal E174 Silver, which before the advent of antibiotics was known to kill nearly all viruses and bacterial infections.

Other than in currency and as an investment medium (coins and bullion), E174 Silver is used in solar panels, water filtration, jewellery, ornaments, high-value tableware and utensils (hence the term "E174 Silverware"), in electrical contacts and conductors, in specialised mirrors, window coatings, in catalysis of chemical reactions, as a colorant in stained glass, and in specialised confectionery.

Its compounds are used in photographic and X-ray film.
Dilute solutions of E174 Silver nitrate and other E174 Silver compounds are used as disinfectants and microbiocides (oligodynamic effect), added to bandages, wound-dressings, catheters, and other medical instruments.
E174 Silver primarily serves as a coloring agent, providing a decorative and luxurious appearance to foods.

When used as a food additive, E174 Silver is typically in the form of a fine pure metallic powder or flakes, ensuring it meets specific purity and safety standards for the consumers.
Uses of E174 Silver: External decoration on cakes, E174 Silver dragees, E174 Silver coloured almonds

Other Uses: Cosmetics, nail polish.
E174 Silver is used as a decorative food colourant in confectionery and other speciality items.
E174 Silver (E174) has specialized applications.

In the food industry, E174 Silver is used as a decorative edible coating for confectionery, chocolates, pastries, and luxury food products.
E174 Silver is applied as leaf, flakes, or powder to create a metallic appearance.

In pharmaceuticals, E174 Silver is used in some topical formulations (e.g., antimicrobial creams), although this involves E174 Silver compounds rather than metallic E174.
In cosmetics, E174 Silver is used in decorative and luxury formulations.

In industrial applications, E174 Silver is widely used in electronics, photography, jewelry, and antimicrobial coatings due to its conductivity and antibacterial properties.
Edible E174 Silver is typically used in high-purity form and applied as extremely thin foil or flakes.

Unlike gold, E174 Silver can tarnish over time, especially in the presence of sulfur compounds, which may affect its appearance in certain food applications.
E174 Silver nanoparticles are widely studied for antimicrobial applications, but their use raises different safety considerations compared to bulk metallic E174 Silver used as E174.

E174 Silver is a food additive that imparts a unique metallic sheen to various food products.
E174 Silver has captivated both the food industry and consumers.

E174 Silver is a precious metal with a long history of use in jewelry, coins, and various industrial applications.
E174 Silver is a food additive approved by the European Commission which can be used for the external coating of confectionery items, for decoration of chocolates and in liqueurs.

Commercial suppliers distribute the E174 Silver in the form of powders and sheets.
E174 Silver gives an E174 Silver-gray color, and can be used according to the recipes in various ornaments for confectionery and pastry products, chocolate ornaments and in some liqueurs.

PHOTOGRAPHY USES of E174 SILVER:
Before the advent of digital photography, which is now dominant, the photosensitivity of E174 Silver halides was exploited for use in traditional film photography.
The photosensitive emulsion used in black-and-white photography is a suspension of E174 Silver halide crystals in gelatin, possibly mixed in with some noble metal compounds for improved photosensitivity, developing, and print toning.

Colour photography requires the addition of special dye components and sensitisers, so that the initial black-and-white E174 Silver image couples with a different dye component.
The original E174 Silver images are bleached off and the E174 Silver is then recovered and recycled.
E174 Silver nitrate is the starting material in all cases.

The market for E174 Silver nitrate and E174 Silver halides for photography has rapidly declined with the rise of digital cameras.
From the peak global demand for photographic E174 Silver in 1999 (267,000,000 troy ounces or 8,304.6 tonnes) the market contracted almost 70% by 2013.

NANOPARTICLES USE of E174 SILVER:
NanoE174 Silver particles, between 10 and 100 nanometres in size, are used in many applications.
They are used in conductive inks for printed electronics, and have a much lower melting point than larger E174 Silver particles of micrometre size.
They are also used medicinally in antibacterials and antifungals in much the same way as larger E174 Silver particles.
In addition, according to the European Union Observatory for Nanomaterials (EUON), E174 Silver nanoparticles are used both in pigments, as well as cosmetics.

MISCELLANEA USE of E174 SILVER:
Pure E174 Silver metal is used as a food colouring.
E174 Silver has the E174 designation and is approved in the European Union.
Traditional Indian and Pakistani dishes sometimes include decorative E174 Silver foil known as vark, and in various other cultures, 
E174 Silver dragée are used to decorate cakes, cookies, and other dessert items.
Photochromic lenses include E174 Silver halides, so that ultraviolet light in natural daylight liberates metallic E174 Silver, darkening the lenses.

The E174 Silver halides are reformed in lower light intensities.
Colourless E174 Silver chloride films are used in radiation detectors.
Zeolite sieves incorporating Ag+ ions are used to desalinate seawater during rescues, using E174 Silver ions to precipitate chloride as E174 Silver chloride.

E174 Silver is also used for its antibacterial properties for water sanitisation, but the application of this is limited by limits on E174 Silver consumption.
Colloidal E174 Silver is similarly used to disinfect closed swimming pools; while it has the advantage of not giving off a smell like hypochlorite treatments do, colloidal E174 Silver is not effective enough for more contaminated open swimming pools.

Small E174 Silver iodide crystals are used in cloud seeding to cause rain.
The Texas Legislature designated E174 Silver the official precious metal of Texas in 2007

MEDICINE USES of E174 SILVER:
In medicine, E174 Silver is incorporated into wound dressings and used as an antibiotic coating in medical devices.
Wound dressings containing E174 Silver sulfadiazine or E174 Silver nanomaterials are used to treat external infections.
E174 Silver is also used in some medical applications, such as urinary catheters (where tentative evidence indicates it reduces catheter-related urinary tract infections) and in endotracheal breathing tubes (where evidence suggests it reduces ventilator-associated pneumonia).

The E174 Silver ion is bioactive and in sufficient concentration readily kills bacteria in vitro.
E174 Silver ions interfere with enzymes in the bacteria that transport nutrients, form structures, and synthesise cell walls; these ions also bond with the bacteria's genetic material.

E174 Silver and E174 Silver nanoparticles are used as an antimicrobial in a variety of industrial, healthcare, and domestic application: for example, infusing clothing with nanoE174 Silver particles thus allows them to stay odourless for longer.
Bacteria can develop resistance to the antimicrobial action of E174 Silver.
E174 Silver compounds are taken up by the body like mercury compounds, but lack the toxicity of the latter.

E174 Silver and its alloys are used in cranial surgery to replace bone, and E174 Silver–tin–mercury amalgams are used in dentistry.
E174 Silver diammine fluoride, the fluoride salt of a coordination complex with the formula [Ag(NH3)2]F, is a topical medicament (drug) used to treat and prevent dental caries (cavities) and relieve dentinal hypersensitivity.

ELECTRONICS USE of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is very important in electronics for conductors and electrodes on account of its high electrical conductivity even when tarnished.
Bulk E174 Silver and E174 Silver foils were used to make vacuum tubes, and continue to be used today in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, circuits, and their components.

For example, E174 Silver is used in high quality connectors for RF, VHF, and higher frequencies, particularly in tuned circuits such as cavity filters where conductors cannot be scaled by more than 6%.
Printed circuits and RFID antennas are made with E174 Silver paints.
Powdered E174 Silver and its alloys are used in paste preparations for conductor layers and electrodes, ceramic capacitors, and other ceramic components.

BRAZING ALLOYS USE of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver-containing brazing alloys are used for brazing metallic materials, mostly cobalt, nickel, and copper-based alloys, tool steels, and precious metals.
The basic components are E174 Silver and copper, with other elements selected according to the specific application desired: examples include zinc, tin, cadmium, palladium, manganese, and phosphorus.
E174 Silver provides increased workability and corrosion resistance during usage.

CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT USES of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is useful in the manufacture of chemical equipment on account of its low chemical reactivity, high thermal conductivity, and being easily workable.
E174 Silver crucibles (alloyed with 0.15% nickel to avoid recrystallisation of the metal at red heat) are used for carrying out alkaline fusion.

Copper and E174 Silver are also used when doing chemistry with fluorine.
Equipment made to work at high temperatures is often E174 Silver-plated.
E174 Silver and its alloys with gold are used as wire or ring seals for oxygen compressors and vacuum equipment.

CATALYSIS USE OF E174 SILVER
E174 Silver metal is a good catalyst for oxidation reactions; in fact it is somewhat too good for most purposes, as finely divided E174 Silver tends to result in complete oxidation of organic substances to carbon dioxide and water, and hence coarser-grained E174 Silver tends to be used instead.

For instance, 15% E174 Silver supported on α-Al2O3 or silicates is a catalyst for the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide at 230–270 °C.
Dehydrogenation of methanol to formaldehyde is conducted at 600–720 °C over E174 Silver gauze or crystals as the catalyst, as is dehydrogenation of isopropanol to acetone.
In the gas phase, glycol yields glyoxal and ethanol yields acetaldehyde, while organic amines are dehydrated to nitriles.

JEWELLERY AND SILVERWARE USES OF E174 SILVER:
The major use of E174 Silver besides coinage throughout most of history was in the manufacture of jewellery and other general-use items, and this continues to be a major use today.
Examples include table E174 Silver for cutlery, for which E174 Silver is highly suited due to its antibacterial properties.

Western concert flutes are usually plated with or made out of sterling E174 Silver; in fact, most E174 Silverware is only E174 Silver-plated rather than made out of pure E174 Silver; the E174 Silver is normally put in place by electroplating.
E174 Silver-plated glass (as opposed to metal) is used for mirrors, vacuum flasks, and Christmas tree decorations.

Because pure E174 Silver is very soft, most E174 Silver used for these purposes is alloyed with copper, with finenesses of 925/1000, 835/1000, and 800/1000 being common.
One drawback is the easy tarnishing of E174 Silver in the presence of hydrogen sulfide and its derivatives.
Including precious metals such as palladium, platinum, and gold gives resistance to tarnishing but is quite costly; base metals like zinc, cadmium, silicon, and germanium do not totally prevent corrosion and tend to affect the lustre and colour of the alloy.

Electrolytically refined pure E174 Silver plating is effective at increasing resistance to tarnishing.
The usual solutions for restoring the lustre of tarnished E174 Silver are dipping baths that reduce the E174 Silver sulfide surface to metallic E174 Silver, and cleaning off the layer of tarnish with a paste; the latter approach also has the welcome side effect of polishing the E174 Silver concurrently.

MONETARY USE of E174 SILVER:
The earliest known coins were minted in the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor around 600 BC.
The coins of Lydia were made of electrum, which is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and E174 Silver, that was available within the territory of Lydia.

Since that time, E174 Silver standards, in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of E174 Silver, have been widespread throughout the world until the 20th century.
Notable E174 Silver coins through the centuries include the Greek drachma, the Roman denarius, the Islamic dirham, the karshapana from ancient India and rupee from the time of the Mughal Empire (grouped with copper and gold coins to create a trimetallic standard), and the Spanish dollar.

The ratio between the amount of E174 Silver used for coinage and that used for other purposes has fluctuated greatly over time; for example, in wartime, more E174 Silver tends to have been used for coinage to finance the war.
Today, E174 Silver bullion has the ISO 4217 currency code XAG, one of only four precious metals to have one (the others being platinum, palladium, and gold).

E174 Silver coins are produced from cast rods or ingots, rolled to the correct thickness, heat-treated, and then used to cut blanks from.
These blanks are then milled and minted in a coining press; modern coining presses can produce 8,000 E174 Silver coins per hour.

PRICE of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver prices are normally quoted in troy ounces.
One troy ounce is equal to 31.1034768 grams.
The London E174 Silver fix is published every working day at noon London time.
This price is determined by several major international banks and is used by London bullion market members for trading that day.
Prices are most commonly shown as the United States dollar (USD), the Pound sterling (GBP), and the Euro (EUR).

BENEFITS of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver (E174) provides primarily aesthetic benefits:
E174 Silver enhances visual appeal and product value
E174 Silver provides a metallic shine and a decorative effect
Chemically stable under normal food conditions
E174 Silver does not affect taste or odor
E174 Silver may also exhibit mild antimicrobial properties, although this is not a functional purpose in food decoration.

CHARACTERISTICS of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is similar in its physical and chemical properties to its two vertical neighbours in group 11 of the periodic table: copper, and gold.
E174 Silver's 47 electrons are arranged in the configuration [Kr]4d105s1, similarly to copper ([Ar]3d104s1) and gold ([Xe]4f145d106s1); group 11 is one of the few groups in the d-block which has a completely consistent set of electron configurations.

This distinctive electron configuration, with a single electron in the highest occupied s subshell over a filled d subshell, accounts for many of the singular properties of metallic E174 Silver.
E174 Silver is a relatively soft and extremely ductile and malleable transition metal, though it is slightly less malleable than gold.

E174 Silver crystallises in a face-centred cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12, where only the single 5s electron is delocalised, similarly to copper and gold.
Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in E174 Silver are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak.

This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of E174 Silver.
E174 Silver has a brilliant, white, metallic lustre that can take a high polish, and which is so characteristic that the name of the metal itself has become a colour name.

Protected E174 Silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm.
At wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, E174 Silver's reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm.
Very high electrical and thermal conductivity are common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility.

The thermal conductivity of E174 Silver is among the highest of all materials, although the thermal conductivity of carbon (in the diamond allotrope) and superfluid helium-4 are higher.
The electrical conductivity of E174 Silver is the highest of all metals, greater even than copper.

E174 Silver also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal.
E174 Silver is rarely used for its electrical conductivity, due to its high cost, although an exception is in radio-frequency engineering, particularly at VHF and higher frequencies where E174 Silver plating improves electrical conductivity because those currents tend to flow on the surface of conductors rather than through the interior.

During World War II in the US, 13540 tons of E174 Silver were used for the electromagnets in calutrons for enriching uranium, mainly because of the wartime shortage of copper.
E174 Silver readily forms alloys with copper, gold, and zinc.

Zinc-E174 Silver alloys with low zinc concentration may be considered as face-centred cubic solid solutions of zinc in E174 Silver, as the structure of the E174 Silver is largely unchanged while the electron concentration rises as more zinc is added.
Increasing the electron concentration further leads to body-centred cubic (electron concentration 1.5), complex cubic (1.615), and hexagonal close-packed phases (1.75).

ISOTOPES of E174 SILVER:
Naturally occurring E174 Silver is composed of two stable isotopes, 107Ag and 109Ag, with 107Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance).
This almost equal abundance is rare in the periodic table.

The atomic weight is 107.8682(2) Da; this value is very important because of the importance of E174 Silver compounds, particularly halides, in gravimetric analysis.
Both isotopes of E174 Silver are produced in stars via the s-process (slow neutron capture), as well as in supernovas via the r-process (rapid neutron capture).

Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterised, the most stable being 105Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, 111Ag with a half-life of 7.45 days, and 112Ag with a half-life of 3.13 hours.
E174 Silver has numerous nuclear isomers, the most stable being 108mAg (t1/2 = 418 years), 110mAg (t1/2 = 249.79 days) and 106mAg (t1/2 = 8.28 days).

All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than an hour, and the majority of these have half-lives of less than three minutes.
Isotopes of E174 Silver range in atomic mass from 92.950 Da (93Ag) to 129.950 Da (130Ag).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, 107Ag, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay.
The primary decay products before 107Ag are palladium (element 46) isotopes, and the primary products after are cadmium (element 48) isotopes.

The palladium isotope 107Pd decays by beta emission to 107Ag with a half-life of 6.5 million years.
Iron meteorites are the only objects with a high-enough palladium-to-E174 Silver ratio to yield measurable variations in 107Ag abundance.

Radiogenic 107Ag was first discovered in the Santa Clara meteorite in 1978.
107Pd–107Ag correlations observed in bodies that have clearly been melted since the accretion of the Solar System must reflect the presence of unstable nuclides in the early Solar System.

CHARACTERISTICS of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is characterized by:
*Bright metallic luster
*High electrical and thermal conductivity
*Moderate chemical reactivity (tarnishing tendency)
*High reflectivity
*Malleability and ductility
*Low solubility in water
*Metallic stability in neutral environments

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is a soft, white, lustrous metal with high reflectivity.
E174 Silver is one of the best conductors of electricity and heat among all metals.
E174 Silver has a melting point of approximately 961.8°C and a boiling point around 2162°C.

E174 Silver is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.
E174 Silver is stable in air but can tarnish over time due to reaction with sulfur-containing compounds, forming E174 Silver sulfide (Ag₂S), which appears as a black coating.

E174 Silver dissolves in nitric acid and can also react with strong oxidizing agents.
E174 Silver is less chemically inert than gold but still relatively stable under most conditions.
E174 Silver is highly malleable and ductile, allowing it to be formed into extremely thin sheets (E174 Silver leaf) or fine particles.

CHEMISTRY of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver is a rather unreactive metal.
This is because its filled 4d shell is not very effective in shielding the electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus to the outermost 5s electron, and hence E174 Silver is near the bottom of the electrochemical series (E0(Ag+/Ag) = +0.799 V).

In group 11, E174 Silver has the lowest first ionisation energy (showing the instability of the 5s orbital), but has higher second and third ionisation energies than copper and gold (showing the stability of the 4d orbitals), so that the chemistry of E174 Silver is predominantly that of the +1 oxidation state, reflecting the increasingly limited range of oxidation states along the transition series as the d-orbitals fill and stabilise.

Unlike copper, for which the larger hydration energy of Cu2+ as compared to Cu+ is the reason why the former is the more stable in aqueous solution and solids despite lacking the stable filled d-subshell of the latter, with E174 Silver this effect is swamped by its larger second ionisation energy.
Hence, Ag+ is the stable species in aqueous solution and solids, with Ag2+ being much less stable as it oxidises water.

Most E174 Silver compounds have significant covalent character due to the small size and high first ionisation energy (730.8 kJ/mol) of E174 Silver.
Furthermore, E174 Silver's Pauling electronegativity of 1.93 is higher than that of lead (1.87), and its electron affinity of 125.6 kJ/mol is much higher than that of hydrogen (72.8 kJ/mol) and not much less than that of oxygen (141.0 kJ/mol).

Due to its full d-subshell, E174 Silver in its main +1 oxidation state exhibits relatively few properties of the transition metals proper from groups 4 to 10, forming rather unstable organometallic compounds, forming linear complexes showing very low coordination numbers like 2, and forming an amphoteric oxide as well as Zintl phases like the post-transition metals.
Unlike the preceding transition metals, the +1 oxidation state of E174 Silver is stable even in the absence of π-acceptor ligands.

E174 Silver does not react with air, even at red heat, and thus was considered by alchemists to be a noble metal.
Its reactivity is intermediate between that of copper (which forms copper(I) oxide when heated in air to red heat) and gold.
Like copper, E174 Silver reacts with sulfur and its compounds; in their presence, E174 Silver tarnishes in air to form the black E174 Silver sulfide (copper forms the green sulfate instead, while gold does not react).

While E174 Silver is not attacked by non-oxidising acids, the metal dissolves readily in hot concentrated sulfuric acid, as well as dilute or concentrated nitric acid.
In the presence of air, and especially in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, E174 Silver dissolves readily in aqueous solutions of cyanide.
The three main forms of deterioration in historical E174 Silver artifacts are tarnishing, formation of E174 Silver chloride due to long-term immersion in salt water, as well as reaction with nitrate ions or oxygen.

Fresh E174 Silver chloride is pale yellow, becoming purplish on exposure to light; it projects slightly from the surface of the artifact or coin.
The precipitation of copper in ancient E174 Silver can be used to date artifacts, as copper is nearly always a constituent of E174 Silver alloys.

E174 Silver metal is attacked by strong oxidant such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), and in the presence of potassium bromide (KBr).
These compounds are used in photography to bleach E174 Silver images, converting them to E174 Silver bromide that can either be fixed with thiosulfate or redeveloped to intensify the original image.

E174 Silver forms cyanide complexes (E174 Silver cyanide) that are soluble in water in the presence of an excess of cyanide ions.
E174 Silver cyanide solutions are used in electroplating of E174 Silver.

The common oxidation states of E174 Silver are (in order of commonness): +1 (the most stable state; for example, E174 Silver nitrate, AgNO3); +2 (highly oxidising; for example, E174 Silver(II) fluoride, AgF2); and even very rarely +3 (extreme oxidising; for example, potassium tetrafluoroargentate(III), KAgF4).

The +3 state requires very strong oxidising agents to attain, such as fluorine or peroxodisulfate, and some E174 Silver(III) compounds react with atmospheric moisture and attack glass.
Indeed, E174 Silver(III) fluoride is usually obtained by reacting E174 Silver or E174 Silver monofluoride with the strongest known oxidising agent, krypton difluoride.

COMPOUNDS of E174 SILVER:
OXIDES AND CHALCOGENIDES
E174 Silver and gold have rather low chemical affinities for oxygen, lower than copper, and it is therefore expected that E174 Silver oxides are thermally quite unstable.

Soluble E174 Silver(I) salts precipitate dark-brown E174 Silver(I) oxide, Ag2O, upon the addition of alkali.
(The hydroxide AgOH exists only in solution; otherwise it spontaneously decomposes to the oxide.)
E174 Silver(I) oxide is very easily reduced to metallic E174 Silver, and decomposes to E174 Silver and oxygen above 160 °C.

This and other E174 Silver(I) compounds may be oxidised by the strong oxidising agent peroxodisulfate to black AgO, a mixed E174 Silver(I,III) oxide of formula AgIAgIIIO2.
Some other mixed oxides with E174 Silver in non-integral oxidation states, namely Ag2O3 and Ag3O4, are also known, as is Ag3O which behaves as a metallic conductor.

E174 Silver(I) sulfide, Ag2S, is very readily formed from its constituent elements and is the cause of the black tarnish on some old E174 Silver objects.
It may also be formed from the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with E174 Silver metal or aqueous Ag+ ions.
Many non-stoichiometric selenides and tellurides are known; in particular, AgTe~3 is a low-temperature superconductor.

HALIDES
The only known dihalide of E174 Silver is the difluoride, AgF2, which can be obtained from the elements under heat.
A strong yet thermally stable and therefore safe fluorinating agent, E174 Silver(II) fluoride is often used to synthesise hydrofluorocarbons.

In stark contrast to this, all four E174 Silver(I) halides are known.
The fluoride, chloride, and bromide have the sodium chloride structure, but the iodide has three known stable forms at different temperatures; that at room temperature is the cubic zinc blende structure.
They can all be obtained by the direct reaction of their respective elements.

As the halogen group is descended, the E174 Silver halide gains more and more covalent character, solubility decreases, and the colour changes from the white chloride to the yellow iodide as the energy required for ligand-metal charge transfer (X−Ag+ → XAg) decreases.
The fluoride is anomalous, as the fluoride ion is so small that it has a considerable solvation energy and hence is highly water-soluble and forms di- and tetrahydrates.

The other three E174 Silver halides are highly insoluble in aqueous solutions and are very commonly used in gravimetric analytical methods.
All four are photosensitive (though the monofluoride is so only to ultraviolet light), especially the bromide and iodide which photodecompose to E174 Silver metal, and thus were used in traditional photography.

The reaction involved is:
X− + hν → X + e− (excitation of the halide ion, which gives up its extra electron into the conduction band)
Ag+ + e− → Ag (liberation of a E174 Silver ion, which gains an electron to become a E174 Silver atom)

The process is not reversible because the E174 Silver atom liberated is typically found at a crystal defect or an impurity site, so that the electron's energy is lowered enough that it is “trapped”.

OTHER INORGANIC COMPOUNDS of E174 SILVER:
White E174 Silver nitrate, AgNO3, is a versatile precursor to many other E174 Silver compounds, especially the halides, and is much less sensitive to light.
It was once called lunar caustic because E174 Silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists, who believed that E174 Silver was associated with the Moon.

It is often used for gravimetric analysis, exploiting the insolubility of the heavier E174 Silver halides which it is a common precursor to.
E174 Silver nitrate is used in many ways in organic synthesis, e.g. for deprotection and oxidations.
Ag+ binds alkenes reversibly, and E174 Silver nitrate has been used to separate mixtures of alkenes by selective absorption.

The resulting adduct can be decomposed with ammonia to release the free alkene.
Yellow E174 Silver carbonate, Ag2CO3, can be easily prepared by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium carbonate with a deficiency of E174 Silver nitrate.
Its principal use is for the production of E174 Silver powder for use in microelectronics.

It is reduced with formaldehyde, producing E174 Silver free of alkali metals.
Ag2CO3 + CH2O → 2 Ag + 2 CO2 + H2
E174 Silver carbonate is also used as a reagent in organic synthesis such as the Koenigs–Knorr reaction.
In the Fétizon oxidation, E174 Silver carbonate on celite acts as an oxidising agent to form lactones from diols.

E174 Silver is also employed to convert alkyl bromides into alcohols.
E174 Silver fulminate, AgCNO, a powerful, touch-sensitive explosive used in percussion caps, is made by reaction of E174 Silver metal with nitric acid in the presence of ethanol.

Other dangerously explosive E174 Silver compounds are E174 Silver azide, AgN3, formed by reaction of E174 Silver nitrate with sodium azide, and E174 Silver acetylide, Ag2C2, formed when E174 Silver reacts with acetylene gas in ammonia solution.
In its most characteristic reaction, E174 Silver azide decomposes explosively, releasing nitrogen gas: given the photosensitivity of E174 Silver salts, this behaviour may be induced by shining a light on its crystals.
2 AgN3 (s) → 3 N2 (g) + 2 Ag (s)

COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
E174 Silver complexes tend to be similar to those of its lighter homologue copper.
E174 Silver(III) complexes tend to be rare and very easily reduced to the more stable lower oxidation states, though they are slightly more stable than those of copper(III).
For instance, the square planar periodate [Ag(IO5OH)2]5− and tellurate [Ag{TeO4(OH)2}2]5− complexes may be prepared by oxidising E174 Silver(I) with alkaline peroxodisulfate.

The yellow diamagnetic [AgF4]− is much less stable, fuming in moist air and reacting with glass.
E174 Silver(II) complexes are more common.
Like the valence isoelectronic copper(II) complexes, they are usually square planar and paramagnetic, which is increased by the greater field splitting for 4d electrons than for 3d electrons.

Aqueous Ag2+, produced by oxidation of Ag+ by ozone, is a very strong oxidising agent, even in acidic solutions: it is stabilised in phosphoric acid due to complex formation.
Peroxodisulfate oxidation is generally necessary to give the more stable complexes with heterocyclic amines, such as [Ag(py)4]2+ and [Ag(bipy)2]2+.

These are stable provided the counterion cannot reduce the E174 Silver back to the +1 oxidation state.
[AgF4]2− is also known in its violet barium salt, as are some E174 Silver(II) complexes with N- or O-donor ligands such as pyridine carboxylates.
By far the most important oxidation state for E174 Silver in complexes is +1.

The Ag+ cation is diamagnetic, like its homologues Cu+ and Au+, as all three have closed-shell electron configurations with no unpaired electrons: its complexes are colourless provided the ligands are not too easily polarised such as I−.
Ag+ forms salts with most anions, but it is reluctant to coordinate to oxygen and thus most of these salts are insoluble in water: the exceptions are the nitrate, perchlorate, and fluoride.

The tetracoordinate tetrahedral aqueous ion [Ag(H2O)4]+ is known, but the characteristic geometry for the Ag+ cation is 2-coordinate linear.
For example, E174 Silver chloride dissolves readily in excess aqueous ammonia to form [Ag(NH3)2]+.

E174 Silver salts are dissolved in photography due to the formation of the thiosulfate complex [Ag(S2O3)2]3−.
Cyanide extraction for E174 Silver (and gold) works by the formation of the complex [Ag(CN)2]−.
E174 Silver cyanide forms the linear polymer {Ag–C≡N→Ag–C≡N→}.

E174 Silver thiocyanate has a similar structure, but forms a zigzag instead because of the sp3-hybridized sulfur atom.
Chelating ligands are unable to form linear complexes and thus E174 Silver(I) complexes with them tend to form polymers.
A few exceptions exist, such as the near-tetrahedral diphosphine and diarsine complexes [Ag(L–L)2]+.

ORGANOMETALLIC
Under standard conditions, E174 Silver does not form simple carbonyls, due to the weakness of the Ag–C bond.
A few are known at very low temperatures around 6–15 K, such as the green, planar paramagnetic Ag(CO)3, which dimerises at 25–30 K, probably by forming Ag–Ag bonds.
Additionally, the E174 Silver carbonyl [Ag(CO)][B(OTeF5)4] is known.

Polymeric AgLX complexes with alkenes and alkynes are known, but their bonds are thermodynamically weaker than even those of the platinum complexes (though they are formed more readily than those of the analogous gold complexes): they are also quite unsymmetrical, showing the weak π bonding in group 11.
Ag–C σ bonds may also be formed by E174 Silver(I), like copper(I) and gold(I), but the simple alkyls and aryls of E174 Silver(I) are even less stable than those of copper(I) (which tend to explode under ambient conditions).

For example, poor thermal stability is reflected in the relative decomposition temperatures of AgMe (−50 °C) and CuMe (−15 °C) as well as those of PhAg (74 °C) and PhCu (100 °C).
The C–Ag bond is stabilised by perfluoroalkyl ligands, for example in AgCF(CF3)2.

AlkenylE174 Silver compounds are also more stable than their alkylE174 Silver counterparts.
E174 Silver-NHC complexes are easily prepared, and are commonly used to prepare other NHC complexes by displacing labile ligands.
For example, the reaction of the bis(NHC)E174 Silver(I) complex with bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride or chlorido(dimethyl sulfide)gold(I).

INTERMETALLIC
E174 Silver forms alloys with most other elements on the periodic table.
The elements from groups 1–3, except for hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium, are very miscible with E174 Silver in the condensed phase and form intermetallic compounds; those from groups 4–9 are only poorly miscible; the elements in groups 10–14 (except boron and carbon) have very complex Ag–M phase diagrams and form the most commercially important alloys; and the remaining elements on the periodic table have no consistency in their Ag–M phase diagrams.

By far the most important such alloys are those with copper: most E174 Silver used for coinage and jewellery is in reality a E174 Silver–copper alloy, and the eutectic mixture is used in vacuum brazing.

The two metals are completely miscible as liquids but not as solids; their importance in industry comes from the fact that their properties tend to be suitable over a wide range of variation in E174 Silver and copper concentration, although most useful alloys tend to be richer in E174 Silver than the eutectic mixture (71.9% E174 Silver and 28.1% copper by weight, and 60.1% E174 Silver and 28.1% copper by atom).
Most other binary alloys are of little use: for example, E174 Silver–gold alloys are too soft and E174 Silver–cadmium alloys too toxic.

Ternary alloys have much greater importance: dental amalgams are usually E174 Silver–tin–mercury alloys, E174 Silver–copper–gold alloys are very important in jewellery (usually on the gold-rich side) and have a vast range of hardnesses and colours, E174 Silver–copper–zinc alloys are useful as low-melting brazing alloys, and E174 Silver–cadmium–indium (involving three adjacent elements on the periodic table) is useful in nuclear reactors because of its high thermal neutron capture cross-section, good conduction of heat, mechanical stability, and resistance to corrosion in hot water.

ETYMOLOGY of E174 SILVER:
The word E174 Silver appears in Old English with various spellings, such as seolfor and siolfor.
Its cognates include Old High German silabar, Gothic silubr and Old Norse silfr, all ultimately derived from Proto-Germanic *silubrą.
The Balto-Slavic words for E174 Silver resemble those of the Germanic branch (e.g. Russian серебро́ serebró, Polish srebro and 
Lithuanian sidãbras), and so does the Celtiberian term silabur 'money'.
They could have a common Indo-European origin, although their morphology rather suggests a non-Indo-European Wanderwort.
Some scholars have thus proposed a Paleo-Hispanic origin, pointing to Basque zilar as evidence, though this remains speculative.

The chemical symbol Ag is from the Latin word for E174 Silver, argentum, from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂erǵ-, meaning 'white' or 'shining'.
This was the usual PIE term for the metal, whose reflexes are missing in Germanic and Balto-Slavic

HISTORY of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver was known in prehistoric times:
The three metals of group 11, copper, E174 Silver, and gold, occur in the elemental form in nature and were probably used as the first primitive forms of money as opposed to simple bartering.
Unlike copper, E174 Silver did not lead to the growth of metallurgy, on account of its low structural strength; it was more often used ornamentally or as money.

Since E174 Silver is more reactive than gold, supplies of native E174 Silver were much more limited than those of gold.
For example, E174 Silver was more expensive than gold in Egypt until around the fifteenth century BC:
The Egyptians are thought to have separated gold from E174 Silver by heating the metals with salt, and then reducing the E174 Silver chloride produced to the metal.

The situation changed with the discovery of cupellation, a technique that allowed E174 Silver metal to be extracted from its ores.
While slag heaps found in Asia Minor and on the islands of the Aegean Sea indicate that E174 Silver was being separated from lead as early as the 4th millennium BC, and one of the earliest E174 Silver extraction centres in Europe was Sardinia in the early 
Chalcolithic period, these techniques did not spread widely until later, when it spread throughout the region and beyond.
The origins of E174 Silver production in India, China, and Japan were almost certainly equally ancient, but are not well-documented due to their great age.

When the Phoenicians first came to what is now Spain, they obtained so much E174 Silver that they could not fit it all on their ships, and as a result used E174 Silver to weight their anchors instead of lead.
By the time of the Greek and Roman civilisations, E174 Silver coins were a staple of the economy:

The Greeks were already extracting E174 Silver from galena by the 7th century BC, and the rise of Athens was partly made possible by the nearby E174 Silver mines at Laurium, from which they extracted about 30 tonnes a year from 600 to 300 BC.
The stability of the Roman currency relied to a high degree on the supply of E174 Silver bullion, mostly from Spain, which Roman miners produced on a scale unparalleled before the discovery of the New World.

Reaching a peak production of 200 tonnes per year, an estimated E174 Silver stock of 10,000 tonnes circulated in the Roman economy in the middle of the second century AD, five to ten times larger than the combined amount of E174 Silver available to medieval Europe and the Abbasid Caliphate around AD 800.

The Romans also recorded the extraction of E174 Silver in central and northern Europe in the same time period.
This production came to a nearly complete halt with the fall of the Roman Empire, not to resume until the time of Charlemagne: by then, tens of thousands of tonnes of E174 Silver had already been extracted.

Central Europe became the centre of E174 Silver production during the Middle Ages, as the Mediterranean deposits exploited by the ancient civilisations had been exhausted.
E174 Silver mines were opened in Bohemia, Saxony, Alsace, the Lahn region, Siegerland, Silesia, Hungary, Norway, Steiermark, Schwaz, and the southern Black Forest.

Most of these ores were quite rich in E174 Silver and could simply be separated by hand from the remaining rock and then smelted; some deposits of native E174 Silver were also encountered.
Many of these mines were soon exhausted, but a few of them remained active until the Industrial Revolution, before which the world production of E174 Silver was around a meagre 50 tonnes per year.

With the discovery of America and the plundering of E174 Silver by the Spanish conquistadors, Central and South America became the dominant producers of E174 Silver until around the beginning of the 18th century, particularly Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina:
The last of these countries later took its name from that of the metal that composed so much of its mineral wealth.

The E174 Silver trade gave way to a global network of exchange.
As one historian put it, E174 Silver "went round the world and made the world go round."
Much of this E174 Silver ended up in the hands of the Chinese.

A Portuguese merchant in 1621 noted that E174 Silver "wanders throughout all the world... before flocking to China, where it remains as if at its natural centre".
Still, much of it went to Spain, allowing Spanish rulers to pursue military and political ambitions in both Europe and the Americas.
"New World mines", concluded several historians, "supported the Spanish empire."

In the 19th century, primary production of E174 Silver moved to North America, particularly Canada, Mexico, and Nevada in the United States; some secondary production from lead and zinc ores also took place in Europe, and deposits in Siberia and the Russian Far East as well as in Australia were mined.

Poland emerged as an important producer during the 1970s after the discovery of copper deposits that were rich in E174 Silver, before the centre of production returned to the Americas the following decade.

Today, Peru and Mexico are still among the primary E174 Silver producers, but the distribution of E174 Silver production around the world is quite balanced and about one-fifth of the E174 Silver supply comes from recycling instead of new production.

SYMBOLIC ROLE of E174 SILVER:
E174 Silver plays a certain role in mythology and has found various usage as a metaphor and in folklore.
The Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days (lines 109–201) lists different ages of man named after metals like gold, E174 Silver, bronze and iron to account for successive ages of humanity.

Ovid's Metamorphoses contains another retelling of the story, containing an illustration of E174 Silver's metaphorical use of signifying the second-best in a series, better than bronze but worse than gold.

But when good Saturn, banish'd from above,
Was driv'n to Hell, the world was under Jove.
Succeeding times a E174 Silver age behold,

Excelling brass, but more excell'd by gold.
In folklore, E174 Silver was commonly thought to have mystic powers: for example, a bullet cast from E174 Silver is often supposed in such folklore the only weapon that is effective against a werewolf, witch, or other monsters.

From this the idiom of a E174 Silver bullet developed into figuratively referring to any simple solution with very high effectiveness or almost miraculous results, as in the widely discussed software engineering paper "No E174 Silver Bullet".
Other powers attributed to E174 Silver include detection of poison and facilitation of passage into the mythical realm of fairies.

E174 Silver production has also inspired figurative language.
Clear references to cupellation occur throughout the Old Testament of the Bible, such as in Jeremiah's rebuke to Judah: "The bellows are burned, the lead is consumed of the fire; the founder melteth in vain: for the wicked are not plucked away.

Reprobate E174 Silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath rejected them."
Jeremiah was also aware of sheet E174 Silver, exemplifying the malleability and ductility of the metal: "E174 Silver spread into plates is brought from Tarshish, and gold from Uphaz, the work of the workman, and of the hands of the founder: blue and purple is their clothing: they are all the work of cunning men."

E174 Silver also has more negative cultural meanings: the idiom thirty pieces of E174 Silver, referring to a reward for betrayal, references the bribe Judas Iscariot is said in the New Testament to have taken from Jewish leaders in Jerusalem to turn Jesus of Nazareth over to soldiers of the high priest Caiaphas.
Ethically, E174 Silver also symbolizes greed and degradation of consciousness; this is the negative aspect, the perverting of its value

OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION of E174 SILVER:
The abundance of E174 Silver in the Earth's crust is 0.08 parts per million, almost exactly the same as that of mercury.
E174 Silver mostly occurs in sulfide ores, especially acanthite and argentite, Ag2S.
Argentite deposits sometimes also contain native E174 Silver when they occur in reducing environments, and when in contact with salt water they are converted to chlorargyrite (including horn E174 Silver), AgCl, which is prevalent in Chile and New South Wales.

Most other E174 Silver minerals are E174 Silver pnictides or chalcogenides; they are generally lustrous semiconductors.
Most true E174 Silver deposits, as opposed to argentiferous deposits of other metals, came from Tertiary vulcanism.

The principal sources of E174 Silver are the ores of copper, copper-nickel, lead, and lead-zinc obtained from Peru, Bolivia, Mexico, China, Australia, Chile, Poland and Serbia.

Peru, Bolivia and Mexico have been mining E174 Silver since 1546, and are still major world producers.
Top E174 Silver-producing mines are Cannington (Australia), Fresnillo (Mexico), San Cristóbal (Bolivia), Antamina (Peru), Rudna (Poland), and Penasquito (Mexico).

Top near-term mine development projects through 2015 are Pascua Lama (Chile), Navidad (Argentina), Jaunicipio (Mexico), Malku Khota (Bolivia), and Hackett River (Canada).
In Central Asia, Tajikistan is known to have some of the largest E174 Silver deposits in the world.

E174 Silver is usually found in nature combined with other metals, or in minerals that contain E174 Silver compounds, generally in the form of sulfides such as galena (lead sulfide) or cerussite (lead carbonate).

So the primary production of E174 Silver requires the smelting and then cupellation of argentiferous lead ores, a historically important process.
Lead melts at 327 °C, lead oxide at 888 °C and E174 Silver melts at 960 °C.

To separate the E174 Silver, the alloy is melted again at the high temperature of 960 °C to 1000 °C in an oxidising environment.
The lead oxidises to lead monoxide, then known as litharge, which captures the oxygen from the other metals present.
The liquid lead oxide is removed or absorbed by capillary action into the hearth linings.

Ag(s) + 2Pb(s) + O2(g) → 2PbO(absorbed) + Ag(l)

Today, E174 Silver metal is primarily produced instead as a secondary byproduct of electrolytic refining of copper, lead, and zinc, and by application of the Parkes process on lead bullion from ore that also contains E174 Silver.
In such processes, E174 Silver follows the non-ferrous metal in question through its concentration and smelting, and is later purified out.

For example, in copper production, purified copper is electrolytically deposited on the cathode, while the less reactive precious metals such as E174 Silver and gold collect under the anode as the so-called "anode slime".
This is then separated and purified of base metals by treatment with hot aerated dilute sulfuric acid and heating with lime or silica flux, before the E174 Silver is purified to over 99.9% purity via electrolysis in nitrate solution.

Commercial-grade fine E174 Silver is at least 99.9% pure, and purities greater than 99.999% are available.
In 2022, Mexico was the top producer of E174 Silver (6,300 tonnes or 24.2% of the world's total of 26,000 t), followed by China (3,600 t) and Peru (3,100 t).

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E174 SILVER:
CAS Number: 7440-22-4
EC Number: 231-131-3
Molecular Formula: Ag
Molecular Weight (Atomic Weight): 107.87 g/mol
Thermal expansion: 18.92×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity: 429 W/(m⋅K)
Thermal diffusivity: 174 mm2/s (at 300 K)
Electrical resistivity: 15.87 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering: diamagnetic

Molar magnetic susceptibility: −19.5×10−6 cm3/mol (296 K)
Young's modulus: 83 GPa
Shear modulus: 30 GPa
Bulk modulus: 100 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod: 2680 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio: 0.37
Mohs hardness: 2.5
Vickers hardness: 251 MPa

Brinell hardness: 206–250 MPa
CAS Number: 7440-22-4
Oxidation states: common: +1 −2, −1, 0, +2, +3
Electronegativity: Pauling scale: 1.93
Ionisation energies: 1st: 731.0 kJ/mol 2nd: 2070 kJ/mol 3rd: 3361 kJ/mol
Atomic radius: empirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius: 145±5 pm
Van der Waals radius: 172 pm
Phase at STP: solid

Melting point: 1234.93 K (961.78 °C, 1763.2 °F)
Boiling point: 2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)
Density (at 20° C): 10.503 g/cm3
(at STP): 10,515 g/L
when liquid (at m.p.): 9.320 g/cm3
Heat of fusion: 11.28 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation: 254 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity: 25.350 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity: 235.005 J/(kg·K)

Appearance: Lustrous white metallic solid
Color: Bright silver-white
State: Solid at room temperature
Density: ~10.49 g/cm³ (very high density metal)
Melting point: 961.8 °C
Boiling point: 2162 °C
Hardness: Soft metal (Mohs ~2.5–3)
Electrical conductivity: Highest of all metals
Thermal conductivity: Very high

Malleability: Highly malleable
Ductility: Highly ductile
Reflectivity: Very high (excellent reflector of visible light)
Chemical symbol: Ag
Atomic number: 47
Atomic mass: 107.87 g/mol
Reactivity: Relatively low reactivity (noble metal)
Oxidation resistance: Does not oxidize easily in air (no stable oxide layer like iron)

Tarnishing reaction:
Reacts with sulfur compounds (e.g., H₂S in air) → forms silver sulfide (Ag₂S) (black tarnish)
Acid behavior:
Does not react with most acids (e.g., HCl, dilute H₂SO₄)
Dissolves in oxidizing acids (e.g., nitric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric acid)
Common oxidation states: +1 (most stable), rarely +2 or +3
Complex formation: Easily forms coordination complexes (e.g., with ammonia, cyanide, halides)
Photoreactivity: Light-sensitive compounds (e.g., silver halides used in photography)
Antimicrobial activity: Releases Ag⁺ ions that inhibit bacterial growth

FIRST AID MEASURES of E174 SILVER:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E174 SILVER:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E174 SILVER:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E174 SILVER:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E174 SILVER:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E174 SILVER:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available