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E414 GUM ARABIC

E414 Gum Arabic is used for its low water absorption, viscoelastic properties and high soluble fiber characteristics.   
Bread: E414 Gum Arabic can be used as an emulsion stabilizer, also it imparts smooth, increases dough height, as well as enlarges the volume of bread.     
E414 Gum Arabic reduces ice crystallization in frozen dough. 


CAS Number: 9000-01-5
EC Number: 232-519-5
Empirical formula: C₁₅H₂₀NNa₂O₁₀ (approximate for a basic repeating unit)
Molecular Weight: Varies widely depending on source and processing
Typically ranges from: 250,000 to 600,000 g/mol (as a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide)

SYNONYMS:
Acacia Gum, Arabic Gum, Gum arabic (Acacia senegal), Gum arabic (Acacia seyal), Acacia, Arabic gum, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Senegalia senegal (L.) Britton, Acacia arabica, Acacia gum, Acacia vera, Egyptian thorn, Gum arabic, Gum senegal, Gummae mimosae, Gummi africanum, Kher, Somali gum, Sudan gum arabic, Yellow thorn, Gum arabic (Acacia senegal) Gum hashab, kordofan gum, Gum arabic (Acacia seyal) Gum talha, Acacia gum, Arabic gum, Arabic gum, Gum acacia, Senegal gum, Hashab gum, Kordofan gum

E414 Gum Arabic is obtained from various acacia tree species, primarily the Arabian and Senegal acacia.
E414 Gum Arabic is generally used as a thickener (such as Guar Gum E412, Carboxymethyl Cellulose CMC E466, Pectin E440, Sodium Alginate E401, Xanthan Gum E415) .


E414 Gum Arabic's physical structure is powder.
E414 Gum Arabic is included among the food additives with the code E414.


E414 Gum Arabic (gum acacia, gum sudani, Senegal gum and by other names[a]) (Arabic: صمغ عربي) is a tree gum exuded by two species of Acacia sensu lato, Senegalia senegal and Vachellia seyal.
However, the term "E414 Gum Arabic" does not actually indicate a particular botanical source.


E414 Gum Arabic is harvested commercially from wild trees, mostly in Sudan (about 70% of the global supply) and throughout the Sahel, from Senegal to Somalia.
The name "E414 Gum Arabic" (al-samgh al-'arabi) was used in the Middle East at least as early as the 9th century.


E414 Gum Arabic first found its way to Europe via Arabic ports, and retained its name of origin.
E414 Gum Arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides, predominantly polymers of arabinose and galactose.
E414 Gum Arabic is soluble in water, edible, and used primarily in the food industry and soft drink industry as a stabilizer, with E number E414 (I414 in the US).


E414 Gum Arabic is a key ingredient in traditional lithography and is used in printing, paints, glues, cosmetics, and various industrial applications, including viscosity control in inks and in textile industries, though less expensive materials compete with it for many of these roles.


E414 Gum Arabic was defined by the 31st Codex Committee for Food Additives, held at The Hague from 19 to 23 March 1999, as the dried exudate from the trunks and branches of Acacia senegal or Vachellia (Acacia) seyal in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae).


A 2017 safety re-evaluation by the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) said that although the above definition holds true for most internationally traded samples, the term "E414 Gum Arabic" does not indicate a particular botanical source; in a few cases, so‐called "E414 Gum Arabic" may not even have been collected from Acacia (in the broad sense) species, instead coming from e.g. Combretum or Albizia.


E414 Gum Arabic is a complex polysaccharide and soluble dietary fibre that is generally recognized as safe for human consumption.
E414 Gum Arabic's mixture of polysaccharides and glycoproteins gives it the properties of a glue and binder that is edible by humans.
Other substances have replaced it where toxicity is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in E414 Gum Arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable.


E414 Gum Arabic remains an important ingredient in soft drink syrup and "hard" gummy candies such as gumdrops, marshmallows, and M&M's chocolate candies.
E414 Gum Arabic, a natural gum usually used as a thickener, emulsifier and binder in food with the European food additive number E414.


E414 Gum Arabic is a dried exudation derived from the stems and branches of acacia trees, commonly come from acacia senegal and acacia seyal.
E414 Gum Arabic is reported that Sudan, Chad & Nigeria take the 95% share of the world market of acacia gums in 2010.
By JECFA definition, E414 Gum Arabic is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal (L.) Willdenow or Acacia seyal (fam. Leguminosae). 


E414 Gum Arabic is mainly divided into two types based on the two tree sources: acacia senegal (hashab grade) and acacia seyal (talha grade).
E414 Gum Arabic has the same compositions and sugar residues but with different content.
E414 Gum Arabic obtained from A. senegal is higher than from that of A. seyal.


Most internationally traded E414 Gum Arabic comes from acacia senegal.   
E414 Gum Arabic is a bushy tree, having a wide distribution in Africa and Western Africa.
E414 Gum Arabic is a small to medium size tree, up to 10 -12m height.


E414 Gum Arabic is more brittle than Hashab grade.
E414 Gum Arabic can be classified into 4 forms (raw material, middle, powdered and spray-dried) according to the degree of the manufacturing process.


E414 Gum Arabic is the raw form only through manual treatment sorting out the lumps, according to the size, colour, and visual aspect.
E414 Gum Arabic is mainly used for food application: confectionery and wine.
E414 Gum Arabic is the raw acacia gum after grinding process, in order to reduce the size of the gum lumps.


The wood / bark particles and any other foreign materials can be removed after kibbling flow.
E414 Gum Arabic is traditionally used in confectionery production.
E414 Gum Arabic is the fine powder obtained from the finely milling of the kibbled acacia gum, which looks like flour.


E414 Gum Arabic is dusted on the surface of candies in confectionery production; and in pharmaceuticals application where special powder density is needed for pills. 
E414 Gum Arabic is pure form and the main use of the product over the world.


E414 Gum Arabic , as a natural additive, has an important place in the food industry. 
This traditional substance, E414 Gum Arabic, has been used in various areas throughout history, especially in the Arab world. 
E414 Gum Arabic, a natural food solid, is both beneficial to health and increases the quality of food products thanks to its properties.


E414 Gum Arabic is a natural gum and is obtained from Acacia trees. 
E414 Gum Arabic (E414) - Benefits of Arabic Gum : Facilitates digestion and supports intestinal health. 
E414 Gum Arabic is used as a thickener in foods and beverages, it is also known among the local population for its various health benefits. 


E414 Gum Arabic has been an important part of many civilizations throughout history.
The fact that E414 Gum Arabic has such a wide range of uses increases its importance and value.
E414 Gum Arabic (E-414) is a vegetable binder with many advantages: it is colourless, tasteless and odorless.


E414 Gum Arabic is a clear binder.
E414 Gum Arabic comes from a resin and is therefore 100% natural and vegetal.
E414 Gum Arabic is of very high quality and therefore food-grade.


E414 Gum Arabic is used as a stabilizer and binding agent.
E414 Gum Arabic is a natural gum, originating from the hardened sap of the Acacia senegal or Acacia seyal tree.
E414 Gum Arabic, also referred to as gum acacia or the E414 food additive, is grown on trees in arid areas of Africa’s gum belt and semi-arid regions of southern Sahara.


E414 Gum Arabic works as a natural stabilizer, texturizer, emulsifier, and fiber source in beverage and food formulation.
E414 Gum Arabic is a natural gellant present in the Acacias sap.
This millennium substance, E414 Gum Arabic, gives impermeability to pastries and candies made with nuts (oriental, petits fours, sugared almonds,...) thanks to its high emulsifying property.


E414 Gum Arabic fixes the flavours and its elastic texture is used to make Turkish delights, jelly candies and bubble gums.
Unlike xanthan gum, E414 Gum Arabic gives its texture when heated.
E414 Gum Arabic, also known as acacia gum or Arabic gum, is the dried plant sap of the Acacia Senegal tree and related species.


E414 Gum Arabic is a resinous, water-soluble product that is classified as E414 in the food industry.
E414 Gum Arabic is a versatile, plant-based additive, primarily used as a stabilizer, emulsifier, and thickening agent in food and cosmetics.
E414 Gum Arabic powder is produced to the highest quality standards and is both tasteless and odorless.


But polymer research continued, and the polymer industry continued to develop, so E414 Gum Arabic began to lose its importance in this use.
E414 Gum Arabic, also called Acacia gum, is a dietary fiber with thickening properties (food additive classified E414): E414 Gum Arabic notably makes it possible to gel your food preparations.


Tasteless, odorless and colorless, E414 Gum Arabic is easy to use.
E414 Gum Arabic is a completely naturally produced powder made from the sap of acacia trees.
E414 Gum Arabic (food additive E414) is a soluble gum, a solid, transparent mass.


Otherwise, E414 Gum Arabic is called acacia gum, because it is extracted from the trees of some species of acacia.
Also, E414 Gum Arabic is sometimes made from arboreal juice of apricot or plum.
The resin is peeled off the bark of the trees and ground to a white powder.


E414 Gum Arabic is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides.
E414 Gum Arabic is molecularly elastic, it easily distributes particles of fats in products, retains moisture well, can regulate the freezing point.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E414 GUM ARABIC:
Bakery: Generally, E414 Gum Arabic is used for its low water absorption, viscoelastic properties and high soluble fiber characteristics.   
Bread: E414 Gum Arabic can be used as an emulsion stabilizer, also it imparts smooth, increases dough height, as well as enlarges the volume of bread.   


Egg Substitute: E414 Gum Arabic can replace eggs for generating an attractive glossy coating, which will be appropriate for vegetarians and people allergic to eggs.   
Frozen dough: E414 Gum Arabic reduces ice crystallization in frozen dough.   


Tortilla: E414 Gum Arabic increases tortilla roll-ability, water retention, and shelf life.   
E414 Gum Arabic is commonly used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals for its thickening, emulsifying and binding properties.
Not only is E414 Gum Arabic used for its functional benefits, it’s also valued as a natural ingredient that contributes dietary fiber.   


Pharmaceuticals: In E414 Gum Arabic, acacia gum is used as an excipient, e.g. as a suspending and emulsifying agent, as an adhesive and binder in tableting and demulcent syrups, as EFSA mentioned.
Others: E414 Gum Arabic is the traditional binder used in watercolor paint for artists as it can easily dissolve in water and other color pigments are suspended in the acacia gum that results in watercolor paint.   


For artists, E414 Gum Arabic is the traditional binder in watercolor paint and in photography for gum printing, and it is used as a binder in pyrotechnic compositions.
Pharmaceutical drugs and cosmetics also use E414 Gum Arabic as a binder, emulsifier, and suspending agent or viscosity-increasing agent.


Wine makers have used E414 Gum Arabic as a wine fining agent.
E414 Gum Arabic is an important ingredient in shoe polish, and can be used in making homemade incense cones.
E414 Gum Arabic is also used as a lickable adhesive, for example on postage stamps, envelopes, and cigarette papers.


Lithographic printers employ E414 Gum Arabic to keep the non-image areas of the plate receptive to water.
This treatment also helps to stop oxidation of aluminium printing plates in the interval between processing of the plate and E414 Gum Arabic's use on a printing press.


Pyrotechnics: E414 Gum Arabic is also used as a water-soluble binder in fireworks composition.
Since E414 Gum Arabic is widely used not only in food but also in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, its benefits are quite diverse.
E414 Gum Arabic (E414) - E414 Gum Arabic is a natural additive.


E414 Gum Arabic has many health benefits.
E414 Gum Arabic is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. 
E414 Gum Arabic can be used to make licorice, bacon, meringue, chewing gum, soft drinks and ice cream.


E414 Gum Arabic is used in the composition of most confectionery where it is used for its thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing properties or as a coating or glazing agent.
E414 Gum Arabic has other uses related to its multiple properties:


In wine, E414 Gum Arabic prevents alteration (due to temperature, light...).
In aromas, E414 Gum Arabic serves as a support.
In paint, E414 Gum Arabic accentuates colors in water-based paints and makes them shine.


E414 Gum Arabic is used, among other things, as a stabiliser, to increase the viscosity of liquids and to prevent the formation of sugar crystals when baking.
E414 Gum Arabic can also be used to create a glossy surface on baked goods.


If you make your own snus, E414 Gum Arabic makes the snus firmer.
In the food industry, the E414 Gum Arabic additive is used as a texturizer, an emulsifier, a film former, a defoamer, and an emulsion stabilizer.


The additive E414 Gum Arabic dissolves very well even in cold water, resulting in a slightly mildly acidic solution.
Due to this property, E414 Gum Arabic has long been used for industrial purposes, for the production of adhesives.
When the solution of E414 is boiled, various sugary substances are formed in it, so now E414 Gum Arabic is widely used in food production.


In the confectionery and bakery industry, the E414 Gum Arabic additive prevents sugariness, formation of lumps and foam, but at the same time completely preserves the taste of the product (for example, in the production of cookies, sweets, pastes, glazes, etc.).
In the dairy industry, the emulsifier E414 Gum Arabic is used in the manufacture of yogurt, ice cream, cream, creams.


Usage of E414 Gum Arabic can increase the volume of the product, prepare a stable emulsion.
Also as an emulsifier, E414 Gum Arabic is used in the production of carbonated alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
In medicine, E414 Gum Arabic is used in the manufacture of painkillers and some other medicines.


E414 Gum Arabic is widely used in the production of ink; one of the components for dyeing fabrics, leather processing; is used in the production of ceramics.
E414 Gum Arabic is used in easel painting, being a binder for dry components (second in quality, after egg yolk).


-Food uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is a widely edible gum that can be found in the bakery, confectionery, beverage, dairy and so on.
More than 80% of E414 Gum Arabic is used in the food production for emulsification, encapsulation, coating, gum candies and so on.   


-Uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
Its approved applications are listed separately E414 Gum Arabic and in Group I where the uses is quantum satis (QS).

Following foods may contain E414 Gum Arabic:
*Cocoa and Chocolate Confectionary
*Table-top sweeteners
*Processed cereal-based foods and baby foods
*Beer and malt beverages


-Confectionary uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic can be used as a glaze or coating in confectionery and the common uses are in chocolates, candies and chewing gum.
Generally, E414 Gum Arabic is to prevent sugar crystallization, modify texture, keep the emulsion stable and distribute fatty components evenly.   

-Drinks uses of E414 Gum Arabic: 
E414 Gum Arabic can be used in soft drinks due to such advantages:
*the low viscosity: that will not make a change to the overall viscosity of the beverage.
*excellent solubility in aqueous solution.
*stable in a wide PH range.
*as a stabilizer in oil in water emulsions.
*strengthen the foam stability in beer and soft drinks.
*as a fining/clarifying agent in winemaking.
*low calorie.
*as a carrier for flavor encapsulation.   


-Cosmetics uses of E414 Gum Arabic: 
Per the “European Commission database for information on cosmetic substances and ingredients”, E414 Gum Arabic can function as a film forming and masking agent in cosmetic and personal care products.   
E414 Gum Arabic contains it:
*Mascara
*facial moisturizer
*anti-aging
*body wash
*liquid hand soap
*hair spray
*lipstick and others


-Food uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is used in the food industry as a stabiliser, emulsifying agent, and thickening agent in icing, fillings, soft candy, chewing gum, and other confectionery, and to bind the sweeteners and flavorings in soft drinks.
A solution of sugar and E414 Gum Arabic in water, gomme syrup, is sometimes used in cocktails to prevent the sugar from crystallising and provide a smooth texture.


-Industrial Applications of E414 Gum Arabic: 
Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics and Other Fields

E414 Gum Arabic has a wide range of uses in many industrial areas with the advantages of being a natural polysaccharide.
Especially in the pharmaceutical industry, E414 Gum Arabic plays a role as an effective binding agent.

This increases the effectiveness of drugs and makes them more acceptable to patients.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic stands out in the cosmetics sector with its moisturizing and stabilizing properties.

Creams and lotions gain a more homogeneous formulation thanks to this substance.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic is a frequently preferred additive in the food industry.


-Painting and art uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is used as a binder for watercolor painting because it dissolves easily in water.
Pigment of any color is suspended within E414 Gum Arabic in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paint.

Water acts as a vehicle or a diluent to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper.
When all moisture evaporates, E414 Gum Arabic typically does not bind the pigment to the paper surface, but is totally absorbed by deeper layers.

If little water is used, after evaporation, E414 Gum Arabic functions as a true binder in a paint film, increasing luminosity and helping prevent the colors from lightening.
E414 Gum Arabic allows more subtle control over washes, because it facilitates the dispersion of the pigment particles.

In addition, E414 Gum Arabic slows evaporation of water, giving slightly longer working time.
The addition of a little E414 Gum Arabic to watercolor pigment and water allows for easier lifting of pigment from paper, thus can be a useful tool when lifting out color when painting in watercolor.


-Food Industry uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is used thickener, stabilizer, and emulsifier in a wide range of foods, such as confectionery (e.g., gummy bears), beverages, baked goods, whipped toppings, glazes, marzipan, and drink powders.

E414 Gum Arabic prevents the crystallization of sugar in sweets and reduces the formation of ice crystals in frozen products.
E414 Gum Arabic stabilizes emulsions and foams in beverages, such as soft drinks, beer, and sparkling wine.
E414 Gum Arabic improves mouthfeel and prevents tartrate precipitation in wine.


-Cosmetics uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is used as a binder, thickener, and emulsifier in skin and body care products.
E414 Gum Arabic provides decorative cosmetics such as mascara with special smudge resistance and ensures a pleasant texture.


-Technical Applications of E414 Gum Arabic:
Binder for artists' paints, such as watercolors.
Gumming of paper, e.g., for stamps, envelopes, and labels.
Niche applications of E414 Gum Arabic such as leather polish, lithography, component in printer inks and varnishes.


-Ceramics uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic has a long history as additives to ceramic glazes.
E414 Gum Arabic acts as a binder, helping the glaze adhere to the clay before it is fired, thereby minimising damage by handling during the manufacture of the piece.

As a secondary effect, E414 Gum Arabic also acts as a deflocculant, increasing the fluidity of the glaze mixture, but also making it more likely to sediment out into a hard cake if not used for a while.

E414 Gum Arabic is normally made up into a solution in hot water (typically 10–25 g/L; ¼ to ½ oz per pint), and then added to the glaze solution after any ball milling in concentrations from 0.02% to 3.0% of E414 Gum Arabic to the dry weight of the glaze.

On firing, E414 Gum Arabic burns out at a low temperature, leaving no residues in the glaze.
More recently, particularly in commercial manufacturing, E414 Gum Arabic is often replaced by more refined and consistent alternatives, such as carboxymethyl cellulose.


-Photography uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
The historical photography process of gum bichromate photography uses E414 Gum Arabic mixed with ammonium or potassium dichromate and pigment to create a coloured photographic emulsion that becomes relatively insoluble in water upon exposure to ultraviolet light. 
Unreacted gum remains soluble and can be washed off in warm water so that the reacted E414 Gum Arabic permanently binds the pigments onto the paper in the final print.


-Printmaking uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
E414 Gum Arabic is also used to protect and etch an image in lithographic processes, both from traditional stones and aluminum plates. 
In lithography, E414 Gum Arabic by itself may be used to etch very light tones, such as those made with a number-five crayon.
Phosphoric, nitric, or tannic acid is added in varying concentrations to the acacia gum to etch the darker tones up to dark blacks. 

The etching process creates a gum adsorb layer within the matrix that attracts water, ensuring that the oil-based ink does not stick to those areas. 
E414 Gum Arabic is also essential to what is sometimes called paper lithography, printing from an image created by a laser printer or photocopier. 


-Composition uses of E414 Gum Arabic:
Arabinogalactan is a biopolymer consisting of arabinose and galactose monosaccharides.
It is a major component of many plant gums, including E414 Gum Arabic.
8-5' Noncyclic diferulic acid has been identified as covalently linked to carbohydrate moieties of the arabinogalactan-protein fraction.

THE ROLE AND USES OF E414 GUM ARABIC IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY:
E414 Gum Arabic is a natural substance and has a wide range of uses in the food industry.
E414 Gum Arabic is generally preferred as a thickener and stabilizer in products such as sweeteners, yogurt and ice cream.

This is because E414 Gum Arabic maintains the structure of liquids and provides an even distribution.
In particular, E414 Gum Arabic known as Arabic Gum increases the shelf life of food products and protects against unwanted separation.

At the same time, as an additive E414, E414 Gum Arabic enriches the texture of the products.
However, it should not be forgotten that E414 Gum Arabic does not only increase the taste of food.

E414 Gum Arabic also contributes to food safety.
Especially with the spread of healthy eating trends, the use of E414 Gum Arabic is increasing.
In summary, E414 Gum Arabic stands out as an indispensable ingredient in the food industry.

As consumers turn to more natural and healthy products, the importance of substances such as E414 Gum Arabic will be increasingly understood.
Therefore, food manufacturers should look for ways to use this substance more effectively.

ALTERNATIVE USES AND INNOVATIONS OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic has traditionally been used as a stabilizer and emulsifier in the food industry.
However, in recent years, there has been a great increase in interest in alternative uses of these natural substances.
For example, E414 Gum Arabic has also begun to gain an important place in the pharmaceutical industry.

In the formulation of drugs, E414 Gum Arabic has the potential to strengthen the effect of drugs by increasing the bioavailability of active ingredients.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic has a significant role in the cosmetics sector.

In skin care products, E414 Gum Arabic offers a deep smoothness experience to the user thanks to its moisture-retaining properties.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic has even begun to be used in environmentally friendly packaging materials by developing innovative approaches.
At this point, E414 Gum Arabic's capacity to offer sustainable solutions thanks to its natural structure attracts attention on a global scale.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF E414 GUM ARABIC IN NON-FOOD APPLICATIONS?
E414 Gum Arabic stands out as an indispensable ingredient not only in the food sector but also in many industries.
First of all, E414 Gum Arabic is used as a natural binder and stabilizer.
These properties pave the way for applications in different sectors such as:


*Pharmaceutical Industry: 
E414 Gum Arabic is used in tablet and capsule formulations.
In particular, E414 Gum Arabic ensures that the active ingredients remain together in two different forms.


*Cosmetic Products: 
E414 Gum Arabic acts as a moisturizing aid in skin care products.
In this way, the consistency of the products is increased and their effect on the skin is strengthened.


*Paper Production: 
E414 Gum Arabic is used as a binding agent for the smoothness of the process in the production of high quality paper.
Thus, both durability and aesthetic appearance are provided.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic is also used in the production of plates and other artistic works.

However, these wide applications can sometimes lead to confusion; E414 Gum Arabic is important to be clear about how it is effective in which area.
In general, E414 Gum Arabic maintains its importance in various industries as a functional and versatile substance.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic is a rich source of dietary fibers and in addition to its widespread use in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safe thickener, emulsifier, and stabilizer, it also possesses a broad range of health benefits that have been evidently proved through several in vitro and in vivo studies.

E414 Gum Arabic is not degraded in the stomach, but fermented in the large intestine into a number of short chain fatty acids.
E414 Gum Arabic is regarded as a prebiotic that enhances the growth and proliferation of the beneficial intestinal microbiota and therefore its intake is associated with many useful health effects.

These health benefits include:
*Improved absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract
*Anti-diabetic
*Anti-obesity (E414 Gum Arabic lowers the body mass index and body fat percentage)
*Lipid lowering potential (E414 Gum Arabic decreases total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride)
*Antioxidant activities
*Kidney and liver support
*Immune function via modulating the release of some inflammatory mediators
*Prebiotic improving the intestinal barrier function, preventing colon cancer, and alleviating symptoms of irritable bowel diseases

PROPERTIES OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
*Appearance
E414 Gum Arabic is a white or yellowish-white spheroidal tear with different sizes.
E414 Gum Arabic is available in the form of flakes, granular, powder or spray-dried powder.   

*Solubility
E414 Gum Arabic is a cold water-soluble polysaccharide and a multi-functional hydrocolloid.
E414 Gum Arabic dissolves in 2 mL cold water; insoluble in ethanol.   

*Viscosity
E414 Gum Arabic has a low viscosity, and its viscosity of 30% gum arabic solution is lower than 1% of CMC at low shear rates.   

NATURAL AND SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic, as a natural polysaccharide, has an important place in various industries.
E414 Gum Arabic, which is used especially in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, is obtained through a sustainable production process.

This process is supported by environmentally friendly approaches and also provides economic benefits.
E414 Gum Arabic is generally obtained from acacia trees.
Here are the basic stages of this production process:


*Collection: 
Light cuts are made in the trunk of acacia trees and the resin dripping from these cuts is collected.


*Drying: 
The collected resin is dried in the sun.
This stage makes the substance more stable.


*Packaging: 
Dried E414 Gum Arabic is packaged under hygienic conditions and presented to the market.
This natural production process minimizes environmental impacts while also supporting communities’ livelihoods.

In other words, E414 Gum Arabic is not only a natural product, but also a sustainable alternative.
At the same time, the labor involved in this process contributes to the employment of local people.
Therefore, the production of E414 Gum Arabic is not only an economic activity, but also a social responsibility project.

WHAT ARE THE OTHER KNOWN NAMES OF E414 GUM ARABIC?
E414 Gum Arabic is a substance with historical roots that is known by many different names.
For this reason, different definitions have emerged regarding this term.

First of all, E414 Gum Arabic is also known as Acacia gum .
This name is derived from the Acacia trees from which its rock was first obtained.
In addition, this substance, also called E414 Gum Arabic in some sources , has an important place in various cultures with its traditional use.

In addition to these substances, E414 Gum Arabic can sometimes be seen that it is also referred to as Korkutan Gummi or Gummi arabicum.
This situation reflects the diversity we encounter in different languages and cultural contexts.
Therefore, it will be useful to investigate the versatile structure and areas of use of E414 Gum Arabic in order to understand it better.

PRODUCTION OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
While E414 Gum Arabic has been harvested in Arabia and West Asia since antiquity, sub-Saharan acacia gum has a long history as a prized export.
E414 Gum Arabic exported came from the band of acacia trees that once covered much of the Sahel region, the southern littoral of the Sahara Desert that runs from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea.

Today, the main populations of gum-producing Acacia species are found in Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Acacia is tapped for gum by stripping bits off the bark, from which gum then exudes.  

Traditionally harvested by seminomadic desert pastoralists in the course of their transhumance cycle, acacia gum remains a main export of several African nations, including Mauritania, Niger, Chad, and Sudan.  
Total world E414 Gum Arabic exports were estimated in 2019 at 160,000 tonnes, having recovered from 1987 to 1989 and 2003–2005 crises caused by the destruction of trees by the desert locust.

HEALTH BENEFITS OF IT: NUTRITION AND HEALING RESEARCH
E414 Gum Arabic stands out as a natural substance that has attracted attention in recent years, especially in the field of nutrition.
Research shows that E414 Gum Arabic makes significant contributions to digestive health.
Thanks to its fibrous structure, E414 Gum Arabic can help regulate the digestive system by supporting intestinal flora.

In addition, E414 Gum Arabic can strengthen stress coping mechanisms.
However, these effects can have different results in each individual.
E414 Gum Arabic is particularly striking that it stands out with its immune system-supporting properties.

In addition to its widespread use in agricultural products, E414 Gum Arabic is claimed that it can also play a role in the healing processes of individuals with certain health weaknesses.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic can cause allergic reactions in some people.

Therefore, it is important to be careful when using E414 Gum Arabic.
Although its health benefits are promising, E414 Gum Arabic is important to remember that research is ongoing.
As a result, more information is needed about E414 Gum Arabic.

COMPOSITION OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic consists mainly of high-molecular-weight polysaccharides and their calcium, magnesium and potassium salts.
E414 Gum Arabic is a complex combination of polysaccharides and glycoproteins.
E414 Gum Arabic is two main components of arabic gum.

E414 Gum Arabic mainly contains the following monomeric units when hydrolysis and their percentages as follows:
*D-galactose(32.5–35.0%)
*L-arabinose (31.7–53.1%)
*L-rhamnose (2.7–16.3%),
*D-glucuronic acid (5.3–14.0%)
*4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid (0.8–5.2%)
*Protein (1.5-3.0%)

STRUCTURE OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic is a highly branched structure consisting of a b-1,3-linked D-galactose core with extensive branching through 3- and 6-linked galactose and 3-linked arabinose.

ADVANTAGES OF E414 GUM ARABIC AS A NATURAL ADDITIVE: 
E414 Gum Arabic is a natural additive found in nature and used in many areas.
E414 Gum Arabic attracts attention especially in the food sector with its binding and thickening properties.

However, such a short definition does not fully reflect the advantages E414 Gum Arabic offers.
Here are a few important points about the effects of E414 Gum Arabic on health and nutrition:

*A Natural Food Additive: 
You can find E414 Gum Arabic in supermarkets, it does not contain any chemicals.


*Provides Sugar Balance: 
E414 Gum Arabic has a low glycemic index, so it can balance blood sugar.


*Digestion Friendly: 
E414 Gum Arabic contributes to intestinal health due to its high fiber content.
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic is also used as a stabilizer in many industries.

E414 Gum Arabic is preferred especially in drinks and sauces, thanks to its homogeneous structure.
However, E414 Gum Arabic is useful to be careful as it can have different effects on some users.

In other words, each individual's reaction may be different and this may cause some confusion.
As a result, it is important to consider these when using E414 Gum Arabic.

HISTORY OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
Political aspects
West Africa
In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on Arguin Island (off the coast of modern Mauritania), which acquired acacia gum and slaves for Portugal.

With the merger of the Portuguese and Spanish crowns in 1580, the Spaniards became the dominant influence along the coast.
In 1638, however, they were replaced by the Dutch, who were the first to begin exploiting the acacia gum trade.
Produced by the acacia trees of Trarza and Brakna, this acacia gum was considered superior to that previously obtained in Arabia.

By 1678, the French had driven out the Dutch and established a permanent settlement at Saint Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River.
E414 Gum Arabic came to play an essential role in textile printing and therefore in pre-industrial economies of France, Great Britain and other European countries.

Throughout the 18th century, their competition over the commodity was so fierce, that some have referred to it as the gum wars.
For much of the 18th and 19th centuries, E414 Gum Arabic was the major export from French and British trading colonies in modern Senegal and Mauritania.

West Africa had become the sole supplier of world acacia gum by the 18th century, and its export at the French colony of Saint-Louis doubled in the decade of 1830 alone.
A threat to bypass Saint-Louis and taxes by sending gum to the British traders at Portendick, eventually brought the Emirate of Trarza into direct conflict with the French.

In the 1820s, the French launched the Franco-Trarzan War of 1825.
The new emir, Muhammad al Habib, had signed an agreement with the Waalo Kingdom, directly to the south of the river.

In return for an end to raids in Waalo territory, the emir took the heiress of Waalo as a bride.
The prospect that Trarza might inherit control of both banks of the Senegal struck at the security of French traders, and the French responded by sending a large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army.

The war incited the French to expand to the north of the Senegal River for the first time, heralding French direct involvement in the interior of West Africa.

Africa continued to export E414 Gum Arabic in large quantities—from the Sahel areas of French West Africa (modern Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) and French Equatorial Africa (modern Chad) as well as British-administered Sudan, until these nations gained their independence in 1959–61.


Sudan
Since the 1950s, the global supply of E414 Gum Arabic has been dominated by Sudan.
In the early 2020s, about 70% of the global supply has been sourced from Sudan, with approximately 5 million Sudanese people (more than 10 percent of a country's population) being directly or indirectly dependent on E414 Gum Arabic for their livelihoods.

After market reforms in 2019, official figures showed that Sudan's exports of E414 Gum Arabic were at about 60,000 tonnes in 2022, but exact numbers are difficult to ascertain because some production is in regions that are hard to access.
Before the reforms, the production of E414 Gum Arabic was heavily dominated by the Sudanese government and in some periods there were attempts of using its importance to the global market as a leverage against other countries.

Since the 2023 Sudan conflict, the export of E414 Gum Arabic has been interrupted, causing a crash in its price in Sudan because of a reduced ability to export the product, whereas international companies that rely on it are attempting to diversify the supply chain of E414 Gum Arabic and find alternative ingredients that can be used as a replacement.


Pharmacology
E414 Gum Arabic slows the rate of absorption of some drugs, including amoxicillin, from the gut.

Symbolic value
In the works of English playwright William Shakespeare, Dutch poet Jacob Cats and other European poets of the 13th to 17th centuries, E414 Gum Arabic represented the "noble Orient".
In the Sahel, it is a symbol of the purity of youth

IS E414 GUM ARABIC SAFE TO EAT?
Yes, E414 Gum Arabic almost has no side effects and the safety has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), as well as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

FDA
E414 Gum Arabic claimed gum arabic added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
E414 Gum Arabic may contain it and with the max uses levels (from high to low):
*Soft candy: 85.0%
*Hard candy and cough drops: 46.5%
*Confections and frostings: 12.4%
*Nuts and nut products: 8.3%
*Quiescently frozen confection products: 6.0%
*Chewing gum: 5.6%
*Snack foods: 4.0%
*Gelatins, puddings, and fillings: 2.5%
*Beverages and beverage bases: 2.0%
*Fats and oils: 1.5%
*Dairy product analogs: 1.3%
*All other food categories: 1.0%   

E414 Gum Arabic is also approved by the FDA.
E414 Gum Arabic can also function as a dietary fiber besides the above mentioned properties.

*Breakfast cereals:
Cakes, brownies, pastries, biscuits, muffins, and cookies
Grain-based bars (e.g., breakfast bars, granola bars, rice cereal bars)

*Soups and soup mixes

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF E414 GUM ARABIC:
E414 Gum Arabic is obtained from a natural polysaccharide.
E414 Gum Arabic is obtained specifically from the sap of the Acacia tree.

Chemically, E414 Gum Arabic has a complex structure consisting of monosaccharides such as arabinogalactan, rhamnose and galacturonic acid.
Thanks to these properties, E414 Gum Arabic is easily soluble in water, making it a common excipient in the food industry.  
In addition, its low viscosity makes E414 Gum Arabic effective in increasing the consistency of products.

So much so that E414 Gum Arabic is classified with the code E414 and is used as a food additive, especially in the food sector.  
In addition, E414 Gum Arabic combines oil and water-based components as a natural emulsifier.  
However, it is also known that E414 Gum Arabic has positive effects on health. 

E414 Gum Arabic attracts attention with its prebiotic effect thanks to its properties that support intestinal health.
As a result, E414 Gum Arabic continues to be both a functional and healthy ingredient with the richness of its chemical structure.

HOW IS E414 GUM ARABIC MADE?
E414 Gum Arabic is the result of a bacterial or fungal infection mostly on the wild trees also in cultivated gardens.
E414 Gum Arabic is exuded or produced only from unhealthy trees which were stimulated by heat, poor nutrition and drought.
Generally, the following are 6 steps E414 Gum Arabic.

E414 Gum Arabic The farmers of West & South East Sudan start tapping the two species of arabic trees, acacia senegal and acacia seyal in Autumn.
E414 Gum Arabic The hardened gum arabic nodules are gathered under the sun for a few days to make it dry.

E414 Gum Arabic The dried gum is then cleaned manually to remove small bark fibers and any other impurities.
E414 Gum Arabic Using kibbling, sieving and pulverization to remove vegetable and mineral impurities.
This step is much more efficient.

Dissolve E414 Gum Arabic in water and all the impurities can be removed by a series of filtration steps.
E414 Gum Arabic With roller drying or spray dried processes to concentrate the gum syrup and get rid of bacterial contamination.
Nowadays E414 Gum Arabic is the common way to produce acacia gum.

E414 Gum Arabic can keep all properties of the raw gum while roller drying method reduces its emulsifying properties by drastic thermal treatment.
E414 Gum Arabic has the lower content of water (loss on drying not more than 10%) than the not spray-dried acacia gum (loss on drying not more than 15%)"

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E414 GUM ARABIC:
Physical state: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point:
No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range:
No data available Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: No data available

Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity 
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: ca.1,4 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available

Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
CAS number: 9000-01-5
EC number: 232-519-5
Grade: Ph Eur,BP
HS Code: 1301 20 00

Density: 1.4 g/cm3
pH value: 5 (100 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 400 kg/m3
Solubility: 500 g/l
Density: 1.35-1.49
Molecular weight/ Molar mass: ≈ 0.25×106
Boiling point: > 250ºC
Melting point: 0 – 100oC
Odour: Odourless

Appearance: Glassy appearance
pH: 4.5
Emulsifying properties: 30%
Solubility: The solubility in water is 43–48%
CAS Number: 9000-01-5
Chemical formula: NA
Molecular Weight: Approximately 350,000
Empirical formula: C₁₅H₂₀NNa₂O₁₀ (approximate for a basic repeating unit)
Molecular Weight: Varies widely depending on source and processing
Typically ranges from: 250,000 to 600,000 g/mol (as a high molecular weight heteropolysaccharide)

FIRST AID MEASURES of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Environmental precautions
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Water 
Foam 
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media.
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Respiratory protection
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
-Control of environmental exposure
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E414 GUM ARABIC:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Conditions to avoid:
no information available
-Incompatible materials:
No data available
 

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