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E999 (Quillaia extract)

EC / List no.: 273-620-4
CAS no. : 68990-67-0
EINECS/ELINCS No:273-620-4
COSING REF No:59042

E999 (Quillaia extract) is the milled inner bark or small stems and branches of the soapbark (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria, Molina). 
Other names include Murillo bark extract, Panama bark extract, E999 (Quillaia extract), Quillay bark extract, and Soapbark extract.
E999 (Quillaia extract) is the concentrated purified extract of the outer cambium layer of the E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponaria Molina Tree, commonly identified as Quillay bark, native to Chile. 
Quillay (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Mol.; E999 (Quillaia extract)ceae) is an endemic Chilean evergreen tree distributed from Valparaíso Region (30° S lat) to La Araucanía Region (38° S lat) , which is rich in bidesmosidic saponins into its bark, leaves, and parts of the trunk.
E999 (Quillaia extract) contains high concentrations of saponins that can be increased further by processing. 

Highly purified saponins from E999 (Quillaia extract) are used as adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines. 
Other compounds in the crude extract include tannins and other polyphenols, and calcium oxalate.
E999 (Quillaia extract) is used in the manufacture of food additives, and it is listed as an ingredient in root beer and cream soda. 
The extract also is used as a humectant in baked goods, frozen dairy products, and puddings and as a foaming agent in soft drinks.
E999 (Quillaia extract) is used in agriculture for some "natural" spray adjuvant formulations.

The sustainable management of a unique resource and a local, eco-friendly production process are the keys to the creation of our natural, easy-to-use and multifunctional E999 (Quillaia extract)-based solutions: sapnov™ and UPtaia™.
Yucca extracts complete this range of ingredients rich in saponins.
With their unmatched natural foaming and emulsifying capacities, E999 (Quillaia extract) and yucca extracts serve as a source of inspiration for manufacturers looking to develop clean, natural, high-performance formulations.
Three groups of E999 (Quillaia extract) components having a triterpenoid structure named QHA, QHB, and QHC have been characterized by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and were functionally identified to be of particular interest for ISCOMs.

E999 (Quillaia extract) is a plant. 
Garuda International's E999 (Quillaia extract) (E999 (Quillaia extract)) Extract Powder 100%, Food-Grade NP is an ingredient made from the concentrated purified extract of the outer cambium layer of the E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponaria Molina tree, commonly identified as quillay bark, or soap bark, native to Chile. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) Powder is a perfect raw material for use in foods, beverages, specialized confections, natural vegetable/fruit washes, soaps and shampoos.
E999 (Quillaia extract) (E 999) is obtained by aqueous extraction of the milled inner bark or wood of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina, or other E999 (Quillaia extract) species, trees of the family Rosaceae. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) contains a number of triterpenoid saponins consisting of glycosides of quillaic acid. 
Sugars – including glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, and rhamnose – are also present, along with tannin, calcium oxalate and other minor components.

E999 (Quillaia extract) pH is between 3.7 and 5.5 (4%solution).
E999 (Quillaia extract) very soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, acetone, methanol and butanol.
E999 (Quillaia extract) has been used orally in traditional medicine to relieve cough and bronchitis, and topically to relieve scalp itchiness and dandruff. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is a large evergreen tree with shiny, thick leaves that grows to 18 m by 6 m. 
The generic name is derived from the Chilean word quillean, meaning "to wash," due to the bark’s use as a cleansing aid. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) as an acrid, astringent taste. 
Although E999 (Quillaia extract) is native to Chile and Peru, it is now widely cultivated in southern California.
The inner bark is separated from the cork and collected for commercial use.

E999 (Quillaia extract) LIQUID AND POWDER GENERAL INFORMATION PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
E999 (Quillaia extract) Liquid is standardized to 50% E999 (Quillaia extract) powder, by weight. 
The liquid provides ease of solution while elimination the dust of powder. 
The liquid is a dark, viscous syrup. 
The powder is a spray-dried, buff-colored product. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) (liquid or powder) performs equally well at a 2 to 1 ratio in finished products. 

E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract (also spelled “E999 (Quillaia extract)”) is a dark brown liquid made from the logs and bark of the soapbark tree. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) has a sweet, pungent odor.
The word quillay is derived from the native Mapuche word quillean, which means “to wash. 
The soapbark tree is a large evergreen with shiny, leathery leaves and a thick bark. 
The soapbark tree is native to Chile. 
The wood for the extract is often obtained through regular pruning activities that improve forest without killing the trees.

E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria contains saponins, which are molecules with a distinctive foaming characteristic. 
Quillaijas foam considerably when shaken in water.
The extract is used as a food additive and flavoring agent in soft drinks (typically root beer and cream soda). 
Quillaija  is also used as an emulsifier in baked goods, candies, frozen dairy products, gelatins, mayonnaise, puddings, and low-cholesterol dairy products.
Quillaija saponaria extract is also found in shampoo, lotion, conditioner, baby sap, facial cleanser and other products.
Quillaija is used as a moisturizer that keeps the skin soft and supple.

E999 (Quillaia extract), which is derived from the native Chilean Mapuche word ‘quillean’ that means ‘to wash’, is not a novel ingredient.
Food manufacturers have been using extracts of the E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponaria ​tree, also known as soapbark, as a foaming agent in beverages like root beer where some foaming is desired and as an emulsifier in food. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) also has some applications in cholesterol-reduction in dairy and flavor enhancement.
“Due to E999 (Quillaia extract)s' unique chemical structure, E999 (Quillaia extract) perform better than traditional emulsifiers such as soy lecithin. 
Soy lecithin faces increasing scrutiny for health and environmental concerns and alternatives are becoming more appealing.
Nano-structures produced with E999 (Quillaia extract) are extremely resistant to shear stress and oxidation and these propertiesare key for formulating novel plant-based foods.
E999 (Quillaia extract), or E999 (Quillaia extract), extract contains over 100 triterpenoid saponins as well as polyphenols and tannins.
E999 (Quillaia extract) bark can be collected sustainably by pruning branches, which improves the quality of existing forests.

Synonyms: E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2, Soapbark extract, Quillay bark extract, Bois de Panama, Panama bark extract, Quillai extract 
No chemical name, EC/EINECS Number, chemical formula or molecular weight are provided in the EU specifications.
Synonyms: Soapbark extract; Quillay bark extract; Panama bark extract; Quillai extract; Murillo bark extract; China bark extract.
E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract is registered with EC No 273-620-4 and CAS No 68990-67-0, the same CAS number cited for E999 (Quillaia extract) Type 1 and Type 2 in the JECFA specifications.
Commercial Name: Sapnov™; Uptaia™

E999 (Quillaia extract) SAPONARIA BARK EXTRACT is classified as :
-Antidandruff
-Cleansing
-Emulsifying
-Foaming
-Masking
-Moisturising
-Skin conditioning
-Surfactant

CAS Number    68990-67-0
EINECS/ELINCS No:273-620-4
COSING REF No:59042
Chem/IUPAC Name:E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponaria Bark Extract is an extract of the bark of the Panama Bark, E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria, Rosaceae

Benefits of E999 (Quillaia extract)
E999 (Quillaia extract) (E999 (Quillaia extract)) is a natural GRAS (generally recognized as safe) food-grade surfactant/emulsifier ingredient (raw material) rich in saponins and sapogenins. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) raw material has been used for decades as an ingredient to create the foaming in beverages such as root beer, low-alcohol beers and foaming carbonated beverages and bar mixers. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) powder raw material is an ingredient that can also be used to formulate household/commercial liquid soaps without artificial saponification of fats or vegetable oils. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) raw material can be used anywhere a non-ionic surfactant can be used. 
Besides its common use for foaming in beverages, E999 (Quillaia extract) contributes natural emulsification properties essential when combining functional fats or lipid-based flavors into aqueous solutions/beverages. 

E999 (Quillaia extract) can be used to wash vegetables, fruits and produce to more effectively remove soil, pesticides and microorganisms. 
The foaming characteristics of E999 (Quillaia extract) can also be used to prepare fluffy and light halvah (halwa or halva) confections as a replacement for egg whites or other foamers.
E999 (Quillaia extract) (E999 (Quillaia extract)) Extract Powder 100%, Food-Grade NP will not impart the color or taste that is common in many other commercially available E999 (Quillaia extract) raw materials. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is a carefully refined ingredient from sustainably harvested quillay trees. 
Also available Certified Organic. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) has lower allergenicity because no fish by-products are used during processing.

E999 (Quillaia extract) (Type 1) is obtained by aqueous extraction of the milled inner bark or of the wood of pruned stems and branches of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina (family Rosaceae). 
E999 (Quillaia extract) contains triterpenoid saponins (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins, QS) consisting predominantly of glycosides of quillaic acid. 
Polyphenols and tannins are major components and some sugars and calcium oxalate will be present
E999 (Quillaia extract) (Type 1) is available commercially as liquid product or as spray-dried powder that may contain carriers such as lactose, maltitol or maltodextrin. 
The liquid product of E999 (Quillaia extract) is usually preserved with sodium benzoate or ethanol.
Saponin content is not less than 20% and not more than 26% on the dried basis.

E999 (Quillaia extract) (Type 2) is obtained either by chromatographic separation or ultrafiltration of the aqueous extraction of the milled inner bark or of the wood of pruned stems and branches of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina (family Rosaceae). 
E999 (Quillaia extract)(Type 2) contains triterpenoid saponins (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins, QS) consisting predominantly of glycosides of quillaic acid. 
Polyphenols and tannins are minor components. 
Some sugars and calcium oxalate will also be present
E999 (Quillaia extract) (Type 2) is available commercially as a liquid product or as a spray-dried powder that may contain carriers such as lactose, maltitol or maltodextrin.
The liquid product of E999 (Quillaia extract)(Type 2) is usually preserved with sodium benzoate or ethanol.
Saponin content is not less than 65% and not more than 90% on the dried basis.
E999 (Quillaia extract) (type 2) is light red-brownish liquid or powder.

Carbonated beverages, slush type syrups, frozen carbonated beverages, bar mixes, beer, juices, wine coolers, schnapps, barley drinks, root beer and many other products needing exaggerated foam. 
For application in Root Beer: 100 - 150 grams per 1000 liters of syrup, Cream Soda and other Soft Drinks: 30 - 40 grams per 1000 liters of syrup, Slush Products/Frozen Carbonated Beverages: 400 to 1000 grams per 1000 liters of syrup, Cocktail Mixes: 700 grams to 1.5 kilograms per 1000 liters. 
The level of E999 (Quillaia extract) required to achieve the desired effect is quite variable, depending both on the product and the amount and quality of the foam desired. 
These suggested use levels above are average amounts. 
The actual level of E999 (Quillaia extract) raw material required is dependent upon the final product formulation.
Other possible uses for E999 (Quillaia extract) powder are as an ingredient in cosmetics, soaps, natural foaming detergents, halvah confections and pharmaceuticals.

The inner bark is used as medicine.
E999 (Quillaia extract) is used for the common cold, cough, bronchitis, high cholesterol, and many other conditions. 
In foods, E999 (Quillaia extract) is used in frozen dairy desserts, candy, baked goods, gelatins, and puddings. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is also used in beverages and cocktails and as a foaming agent in root beer.
In manufacturing, E999 (Quillaia extract)s are used in skin creams. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is also used as a foaming agent in fire extinguishers.
In South America, E999 (Quillaia extract) bark is used to wash clothes.

E999 (Quillaia extract)s (synonyms, soapbark extracts, Quillay bark extracts, bois de Panama, Panama bark extracts, quillai extracts) are obtained by aqueous extraction of the milled inner bark or of the wood of pruned stems and branches of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina (family Rosaceae). 
The term ‘E999 (Quillaia extract)’ refers to the dried inner bark of the tree, which is a large evergreen with shiny, leathery leaves and a thick bark, native to China and several South American countries, principally Bolivia, Chile, and Peru.

Saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria is a new active ingredient that comprises 8.60% of the end use product E999 (Quillaia extract). 
The saponins are derived by extraction from the logs and bark of the soapbark tree (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria). 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is intended to control fungi and nematodes on ornamentals, food crops and turfgrass. 
There are no significant issues identified for dietary risk, residential risk, or ground and surface water contamination from the use of saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria as an active ingredient.
Thereby determined that there is reasonable certainty that no harm will result from aggregate exposure to saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria residues.

E999 (Quillaia extract) may be applied using ground equipment with a band sprayer, soil fertilizer shanks, drip irrigation, or aboveground sprinkler systems. 
Saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria is a new active ingredient for a pesticide formulation. 
The EP is intended to be used to control of nematodes and pathogenic fungi in turfgrasse and ornamental and food crops. 
Determined that saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria can be classified as a biochemical pesticide due to its apparent non-toxic mode of action.

The active ingredient saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria represents 8.60% by weight of the EP E999 (Quillaia extract), which is a dark brown liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. 
The saponins are derived by extraction from logs and bark of the soapbark tree (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria). 
The descriptions of the product formulation and production process, as well as the formation of impurities, were examined by the Agency and found to be acceptable in meeting current guideline standards.
A preliminary analysis was conducted to determine the saponins of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria content in five batches of E999 (Quillaia extract), and the results were determined to be acceptable by the Agency. 
The analytical method is high pressure liquid chromatography.

Phytochemicals such as saponins from E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extracts have been proven to prevent and control diseases in other animal production systems. 
The efficacy proved to be dependent on the quantity of saponins and toxicity dependent on purification. 
Determined that E999 (Quillaia extract)s could be potentially used as a new sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to control P. salmonis infection, contributing to decreased fish mortality, antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance in intensive aquaculture worldwide.
E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins controlled in vitro infections with P. salmonis and could be considered good candidates for a new, safe and sustainable method of controlling fish bacterial infectious diseases.

Unpurified extracts contain over 60 triterpenoid saponins, consisting predomi-nantly of glycosides of quillaic acid. 
Polyphenols and tannins are major components. Some simple sugars and calcium oxalate are also present. 
The saponin concentration of freshly prepared, unpurified extracts is 190–200 g/kg of solids (about 20%). 
The extracts are treated with ‘stabilizing agents’ such as egg albumin and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and then filtered through diatomaceous earth. 
The stabilizing agents remove substances that would probably precipitate during storage, such as protein–polyphenol complexes. 
After filtration, the liquid is concentrated, and the concentrate may be sold as such (solids constituting about 550 g/L) or be spray-dried and sold as a powder containing carriers such as lactose and maltodextrin. 
The unpurified extracts are used in food applications, primarily for their foaming properties.

Semi-purified powdered extracts are produced by subjecting unpurified extracts to ultra-filtration or affinity chromatography to remove most non-saponin solids, such as polyphenols. 
These semi-purified extracts have higher saponin concentrations (750–800 g/kg of solids; about 80%) and better emulsifying properties than unpurified extracts.

Highly purified extracts are produced for use as adjuvants in the production of animal and human vaccines and not for food use. 
These products generally contain more than 90% saponins.

E999 (Quillaia extract)s are mixtures of biologically active compounds, including saponins, tannins, polyphenols, and calcium oxalate. 
The saponins present in E999 (Quillaia extract) have a variety of biological activities. 
The biological activities and the potency of individual saponins vary widely and depend in vivo primarily on the route of administration.

The first report of isolation of a E999 (Quillaia extract) saponin was in 1887.
E999 (Quillaia extract) contains about 10% saponins, secondary metabolites containing a triterpene or steroidal nucleus, linked to a sugar.
Triterpene or steroidal nucleusconsist primarily of glycosides of quillaic acid (E999 (Quillaia extract) sapogenin [a mixture of acetylated triterpenoid oligoglycosides], hydroxygypsogenin). 
The bark contains tannin, calcium oxalate, and numerous other components. 
One study analyzing the phenolic constituents of E999 (Quillaia extract) wood extracts found that (+)-piscidic acid was the major phenolic compound, representing 75% to 87% w/w of all phenolic compounds identified.
A highly purified saponin, designated QS-21, has been used as an adjuvant to enhance the activity of viral vaccines and is a combination of 2 structural isomers.

E999 (Quillaia extract) Market Outlook:
E999 (Quillaia extract)s also known as quillay extracts, bois de Panama, and soapbark extracts are attained by aqueous abstraction of the crushed inner covering of the wood of trimmed stems and branches of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria molina. 
Native to China and several South American countries, mainly Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, E999 (Quillaia extract) is considered as a natural GRAS (generally recognized as safe) food-grade surfactant (surface active agent), emulsifier ingredient. 
They are enriched with saponins and sapogenins. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is used as an emulsifying agent, foaming agent, and flavoring agent.
E999 (Quillaia extract) is obtained naturally and is broadly used in the food and beverages industry. 
The factors expected to drive the growth of the E999 (Quillaia extract) market are growing food and beverages industry, presence of major market players and the favorable guidelines employed by the governments.

E999 (Quillaia extract) Market: Dynamics
E999 (Quillaia extract) is a natural foaming agent, enriched with saponins. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is a perfect substitute for synthetic, harsh surfactants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and others. 
The growing adoption of natural ingredients due to their health benefits over synthetic ones is a major factor expected to drive the demand for E999 (Quillaia extract) globally. 
The growth of the E999 (Quillaia extract) market is related to the growth of the food and beverage industry. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) for decades is used as an ingredient to create the foaming in the beverages, such as root and low-alcohol beers, which is the other factor expected to boost the growth of the E999 (Quillaia extract) market.

Besides, its typical use for foaming in beverages, E999 (Quillaia extract) is also used to wash vegetables, fruits, formulation of household/commercial liquid soaps without artificial saponification. 
Thus, due to all its health benefits and widespread applications, the E999 (Quillaia extract) market is expected to witness significant growth during the forecast period.
The E999 (Quillaia extract) has numerous applications in carbonated beverages, slush type syrups, frozen carbonated beverages, wine coolers, root beers and many other products that need extravagant foam. 
The primary industry that is stimulating the E999 (Quillaia extract) market is the food and beverage. 
The aspects that are contributing to the growth of E999 (Quillaia extract) market are the rise in the consumption of natural ingredients owing to their health benefits that are achieved, change in the consumer preferences regarding the food eating behaviors and rising obese population. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) cannot be consumed directly as it contains Tannins, a chemical that absorbs substances in the stomach and intestines. 

Increasing Global Demand of E999 (Quillaia extract)
Increasing preference for E999 (Quillaia extract) over synthetic agents as an emulsifying and foaming agent in food processing is one of primary driver for E999 (Quillaia extract) market across the globe. 
The use of E999 (Quillaia extract) in food and beverage processing, the E999 (Quillaia extract) market is expected to rise in upcoming years around the globe. 
With their unmatched natural foaming and emulsifying capacities, E999 (Quillaia extract)s serve as a source of inspiration for manufacturers looking to develop clean, natural, high-performance formulations, therefore in the regions such as Americas and Asia-Pacific, there has are increasigly demand and application of this ingredient in the various industry such as food and beverage, pharmaceutical, personal care products, and others, which are particualrly alighned towards better-for-you consumption.
Considering the increased demand around the globe, the companies are also strategising towards launching the new products in the market such as Naturex launched Sapnov, a 100% water-extracted natural surfactant derived from E999 (Quillaia extract) (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria).

Saponin adjuvants
The saponins from E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria are used in several approved veterinary vaccines (e.g., foot-and-mouth disease vaccines). 
Initially a crude preparation was used, but more recently purified products have been developed. 
Quil A is still a mixture of more than 25 different saponin molecules. 
One of them, the saponin QS21, has been investigated for as an adjuvant for human vaccines.

Novavax uses a highly purified E999 (Quillaia extract) as an adjuvant in its experimental human vaccines. 
The adjuvant, Matrix-M, is made at facilities in Sweden and Denmark.
Leung 1980 Saponins were first studied in 1925 as an adjuvant to enhance antibody response against diphtheria and tetanus. 
Currently, saponins are used as adjuvants in vaccinations.

E999 (Quillaia extract)s may be used as a foaming agent in soft drinks, such as ginger beer, root beer, and cream soda, in cocktail mixes, and as an emulsifier in other foods, such as baked goods, candies, frozen dairy products, gelatine, and puddings. 
The major food use is in soft drinks. 
E999 (Quillaia extract)s are currently proposed for use in the Codex draft General Standard for Food additives (GSFA) at 500 mg/kg in food group 14.1.4 ‘Water-based flavoured drinks’, including ‘sport’ or ‘electrolyte’ drinks and particulated drinks.
Data on intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s were submitted to the Committee by Australia and New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the USA.

How does it work ?
E999 (Quillaia extract) contains high concentrations of tannins. 
Tannins can thin mucous to make it easier to cough up. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) also contains chemicals called saponins. 
Saponins seem to prevent some types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses from attaching to and infecting healthy cells. 
These chemicals may also help stimulate the immune system when given with vaccines. 
Saponins from E999 (Quillaia extract) also seem to attach to dietary fat in the stomach. 
This may lower blood fat such as cholesterol by preventing the fat from getting into the blood or other organs.

Screening for additives by the budget method
The budget method was used to decide whether the intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s should be assessed further. 
The calculations indicated that the theoretical maximum level of use of E999 (Quillaia extract)s is 100 mg/kg, assuming that it is used in only half the beverages in a food supply and that the ADI is 0–5 mg/kg bw. 
As this theoretical level is lower than the proposed level of 500 mg/kg in the draft GSFA, further assessment of intake is needed. 
The draft GSFA proposes use of E999 (Quillaia extract) in one food group only, 14.1.4 ‘Water-based flavoured drinks’.

As E999 (Quillaia extract)s are proposed for use in a single food group, a reverse budget method was used to indicate the maximum amount of the food group that can be consumed before the ADI is exceeded. 
In this case, up to 600 g/day of water-based flavoured drinks could be consumed if E999 (Quillaia extract)s were used at a concentration of 500 mg/kg, assuming an ADI of 0–5 mg/kg bw and an average body weight of 60 kg, while a child of 15 kg can drink only 150 g/day before exceeding the ADI.
If E999 (Quillaia extract)s were used at 100 mg/kg (the maximum manufacturers’ use levels are 95 mg/kg in the United Kingdom and 100 mg/kg in the USA), up to 3000 g/day of water-based flavoured drinks could be consumed before the ADI was exceeded, assuming an ADI of 0–5 mg/kg bw, an average body weight of 60 kg, and up to 750 g/day for a 15-kg child.

Poundage data
Poundage (disappearance) data were available from the USA; 38 600 pounds (17 500 kg) of E999 (Quillaia extract)s were reported to have been used in food applications in 1987. 
The intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s per capita was calculated to be 0.0055 mg/kg bw per day (0.1% ADI), assuming a body weight of 60 kg and 60% response to the survey (raw poundage data divided by 0.6 to account for underreporting). 
The per capita intake the E999 (Quillaia extract)s at the 90th percentile was calculated by multiplying by a factor of 2, to give 0.011 mg/kg bw per day or 0.2% ADI.

Individual dietary records
Estimates of the intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s based on individual dietary records from national surveys in Australia and New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the USA were based on consumption of the whole water-based flavoured drinks category or those soft drinks likely to contain the additive. 
If use of E999 (Quillaia extract)s is assumed to be at the GSFA level (500 mg/kg) in all water-based drinks, the intake would exceed the ADI for consumers in Australia at the mean level (5.5 mg/kg bw per day or 109% of the ADI) and at the high level (16 mg/kg bw per day or 316% of the ADI) and for consumers at the high level in New Zealand (9.8 mg/kg bw per day or 196% of the ADI), for child respondents in the study in the United Kingdom (8.8 mg/kg bw per day or 177% of the ADI), and for consumers at the high level among both child (28 mg/kg bw per day or 550% of the ADI) and adult consumers (5.3 mg/kg bw per day or 106% of the ADI) in the United Kingdom.
Estimates of intake based only on soft drinks likely to contain E999 (Quillaia extract)s and the level of use stated in the draft GSFA were submitted by Australia and the USA. 
The mean intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s by consumers in Australia was below the ADI (3 mg/kg bw per day, 59% of the ADI), but that of consumers of large amounts of soft drinks likely to contain the additive exceeded the ADI (7.2 mg/kg bw per day, 145% of the ADI). 

The estimated intakes of E999 (Quillaia extract)s in the USA were 1.5 mg/kg bw per day (30% of the ADI) for consumers at the mean level and 2.7 mg/kg bw per day (54% of the ADI) for those at the 90th percentile of consumption.
Estimates of intake based only on consumption of water-based drinks and national levels of use were submitted by the United Kingdom, where the maximum level of use of E999 (Quillaia extract)s is 95 mg/kg, although 200 mg/kg is permitted in the European Union. 
The estimated mean intakes of E999 (Quillaia extract)s were 0.18 mg/kg bw per day, or 4% of the ADI, by adult respondents and 1.7 mg/kg bw per day, or 34% of the ADI, by child respondents. 
The estimated intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s by adult consumers of large amounts was below the ADI, but that for children who were high consumers exceeded the ADI (5.2 mg/kg bw per day or 105% of the ADI).
Estimates of intake based only on soft drinks likely to contain the additive and national levels of use were submitted by the USA, where the maximum manufacturers’ level of use of E999 (Quillaia extract)s is 100 mg/kg. 
The estimated intakes were 0.3 mg/kg bw per day, or 6% of the ADI, for consumers at the mean level and 0.54 mg/kg bw per day, or 11% of the ADI, for consumners at the 90th percentile of consumption.

Evaluation of intake estimates
Screening by application of the budget method showed that further assessment of the intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s was required. 
The reverse budget method indicated that up to 600 g of water-based flavoured soft drinks could be consumed by a 60-kg person, or 150 g by a 15-kg child, before the ADI of 5 mg/kg bw was exceeded, if E999 (Quillaia extract)s were used at a concentration of 500 mg/kg, as proposed in the draft GSFA. 
Intake estimates based on poundage data from the USA indicated low per capita intakes of E999 (Quillaia extract)s (< 1% ADI), although this type of estimate tends to result in underestimates of the intake by high consumers.

Intake estimates based on individual records in national surveys tend to provide more accurate estimates of the actual intake of food additives. 
The issue of the poor absorption of E999 (Quillaia extract)s was not considered in this evaluation. 
Data on food consumption submitted to the Committee indicated that consumers of large volumes of soft drinks likely to contain the additive (95th percentile) in Australia and children aged 1.5–4 years in the United Kingdom who are drink large volumes of all soft drinks (97.5th percentile) may exceed these amounts, although these may be overestimates of long-term consumption because they are derived from short-term surveys. 
Estimated intakes at the 95th percentile of consumption in Australia and New Zealand, based on a single 24-h recall, tend to overestimate the habitual intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s by these consumers, as evidenced by the much higher reported levels of consumption at that level in those countries. 
In the surveys in the United Kingdom and the USA, the amounts of food consumed were averaged over a number of days (3 and 7, respectively), which would tend to decrease the reported daily consumption of all foods but in particular foods consumed occasionally.

The use of food consumption data for all water-based drinks, as in the submissions from New Zealand and the United Kingdom, would result in overestimates of the actual intake of E999 (Quillaia extract)s, which are used in a limited number of drinks as a foaming agent. 
Nevertheless, the estimated intakes based on these data and national levels of use did not exceed the ADI for the population of the United Kingdom, as E999 (Quillaia extract)s are permitted for use at lower maximum levels (95 mg/kg). 
Young children are an exception, as their relatively heavy consumption of water-based drinks and low body weight resulted in an estimated intake of E999 (Quillaia extract) that exceeded the ADI for consumers at the high level. 
This estimate is still conservative in that it was assumed that all water-based drinks contained E999 (Quillaia extract)s at the maximum manufacturers’ level of use. 
In addition, data from short-term nutritional surveys do not permit estimation of the frequency or duration of exceedence over the ADI.

The most accurate estimates of intake were those from the USA, where information on consumption of soft drinks likely to contain the additive and national levels of use were available. 
The estimated intakes of E999 (Quillaia extract)s were well below the ADI for consumers at both mean and high levels. 

Chemical and Physical Characteristics
E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 is manufactured as a clear brown or brown liquid or powder that is very soluble in water and insoluble in standard solvents (e.g., ethanol, acetone, methanol, and butanol). 
The primary component of E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 is E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins, which consist of a hydrophobic fat-soluble triterpene structure with water-soluble carbohydrate chains. 
The molecular weight of monomeric saponins is approximately 1,800 to 2,300 g/mol, which is consistent with a triterpene containing 8 to 10 monosaccharide units, such as those found in E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2.

Chemical Structure of E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponins
E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins have 2- to 5-unit sugar chains attached at C-3 and C-28 of the aglycone and an 18-carbon acyl chain attached to the fucose first sugar unit at C-28 position in the majority of the saponins.  
A summary of the molecular structure of the 4 major E999 (Quillaia extract) saponins is provided.

Raw Materials, Processing Aids, and Additives 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is extracted from wood and/or bark of the Chilean tree E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina (family Rosaceae), a large evergreen tree with shiny, leathery leaves and thick bark that is harvested in a sustainable manner. 
The source wood and/or bark is not classified as a genetically modified organism (GMO). 
The material does not contain any ingredients or processing aids that might have been derived from GMOs. 
The organoleptic quality is confirmed by assessing the aspect, color, and flavor of the E999 (Quillaia extract) wood and/or bark, and the identity is confirmed using thin layer chromatography. 

To ensure the material is fit for human consumption, Naturex has also established limits for heavy metals (lead <3 ppm, arsenic <3 ppm, cadmium <1 ppm, and mercury <0.1 ppm) and foreign matter (<2%, consistent with the European Pharmacopeia) in the wood and bark. 
Pesticide residues in the E999 (Quillaia extract) wood and bark must also conform to the limits established in Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 (EC, 2005) and the United States Pharmacope. 
Naturex manufactures E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 in both powder and liquid forms and the processing aids and food additives used to manufacture E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 liquid and powder vary depending on the requirements of Naturex’s customers and the target market (e.g., vegan, organic, etc.). 
Regardless, all food contact articles, processing aids, and additives used in the manufacture of E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 are food-grade and approved for their intended use in accordance with an appropriate federal regulation, effective food contact notification, or have previously been concluded to be GRAS. 
Examples of the processing aids and additives used in the production of E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, citric acid, hydrochloric acid, pectinase, bentonite, perlite, polyvinylpyrrolidone, diatomaceous earth, pea protein, bovine gelatin, and sodium benzoate.

Manufacturing Process 
E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 is manufactured following a Food Safety Assurance Plan based on the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and in accordance with the principles of current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP). 
To produce E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2, E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria wood and/or bark is milled to wood/bark chips, which are then extracted with the addition of hot water. 
The extract is stabilized using a food-grade acid (thus reducing pH to less than 4.0) and a pectinase enzyme preparation may or may not be used. 
Following stabilization, the extract is concentrated by evaporation. 
The extract is then purified and filtered using food-grade clarifying agents and/or filtration aids until a minimum content of 65% saponins on a dry basis is.

Potential hazards during each step of the manufacturing process are documented along with their methods of control and acceptable limits as a part of the HACCP system and maintain compliance with cGMP. 
Upon assessment of the potential hazards of E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 manufacturing, the pasteurization step was identified as the only critical control point. 
The critical limit for E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 identified.

Storage Conditions
E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 (liquid and powder) should be stored between 5 and 25°C, sheltered from light,moisture, and oxygen. 
The shelf-life for E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 is 24 months when stored under the recommended conditions and in its original packaging.
The saponin content remained stable and the microbiological counts did not exceed the specified limits when E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 liquid was stored approximately 30 months. 
Thus, E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2 remained stable for the duration of the shelf-life of 24 months. 
On the basis that the chemical and microbiological parameters are known to be more susceptible to instability in liquid form compared to powder form, the stability studies performed on a liquid product are considered as the worst case and thus representative for both preparations. 
Therefore, the powder products also are concluded to be stable for the duration of the shelf-life of 24 months. 

Current Regulatory Status In the U.S., 
E999 (Quillaia extract), type not differentiated, is permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption under its common name, E999 (Quillaia extract). 
E999 (Quillaia extract) type 1 was concluded to be GRAS by the ABA for use as a foaming agent in semi-frozen carbonated and non-carbonated beverages at levels not to exceed 500 mg/kg (dried basis) in beverage concentrate prior to the incorporation of water and carbon dioxide or air in retail establishments. 
The aforementioned GRAS uses of E999 (Quillaia extract) were notified to the offices of the U.S. FDA by the ABA under the voluntary GRAS notification program and the notice was filed by the Agency under GRN 165 without objection.
E999 (Quillaia extract) also has been concluded to be GRAS by the Expert Panel of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association. 
In the most recent evaluation in 2015 concluded the use of E999 (Quillaia extract).
Dietary supplements containing E999 (Quillaia extract) also are expected to be present in the U.S. marketplace and appear to have been in use prior to 15 October 1994, due to its inclusion the Utah Natural Products Alliance master ‘Old Dietary Ingredient List’, as provided.

How E999 (Quillaia extract) Saponaria (soapbark) extract Is Made
E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract is produced by aqueous extraction of the milled inner bark or wood of stems and branches of the soapbark tree. 
After harvesting the logs and bark, the external part of the bark is removed. 
The inner bark is then treated with hot water to obtain the extract.
One type of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract is treated with stabilizing agents and then filtered. 
The liquid is then concentrated via evaporation and sold; it can also be spray-dried and sold as a powder. 

A second type of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract is put through extra filtration, typically via activated charcoal, to remove unwanted solids.
Natural, aqueous extracts of E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria, the Chilean soapbark tree, contain several physiologically active triterpenoid saponins that display strong adjuvant activity when used in either human or animal vaccines. 
Described that demonstrate a novel antiviral activity of E999 (Quillaia extract)s against six viruses: vaccinia virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, varicella zoster virus, human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) and reovirus. 
Demonstrated that microgram amounts of extract, while exhibiting no cell cytotoxicity or direct virucidal activity, prevent each of the six viruses tested from infecting their host cells. 
In addition, the presence of residual amounts of extract continue to block virus infection and render cells resistant to infection for at least 16 h after the removal of the extract from the cell culture medium. 
Demonstrated that a E999 (Quillaia extract) possesses strong antiviral activity at concentrations more than 100-fold lower than concentrations that exhibit cell cytotoxicity. 

Extract concentrations as high as 100 μg ml−1 are not cytotoxic, but concentrations as low as 0.1 μg ml−1 are able to block HIV-1 and HIV-2 virus attachment and infection.
Aqueous extracts of the Chilean soapbark tree (E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria Molina) contain several physiologically active triterpenoid saponins. 
These saponins have been shown to exhibit strong adjuvant activity that has been exploited for use in animal and human vaccines. 

Additionally, triterpenoid saponins exhibit direct virucidal activity against Newcastle disease virus, vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus.
Saponins offer some novel mechanisms of antiviral action, including interactions with viral envelopes leading to their destruction, interactions with host-cell membranes leading to a loss of virus binding sites and coating of cells to prevent virus binding.
The E999 (Quillaia extract) does demonstrate direct antiviral activity, but at concentrations only 10-fold lower than those cytotoxic for the cell lines themselves.
The E999 (Quillaia extract) prevents virus binding to/association with treated cells.

Industry Insights
The global E999 (Quillaia extract)s market size was value at USD 736.2 million in 2018 and is expected to register a CAGR of 5.2% from 2019 to 2025.
It is driven by rising preference for natural ingredients, changing food habits, and a wide range of applications of the product in industries such as food and beverage, medical, and personal care among others. 
Cough syrup, shampoo, beer, and soft drinks are some of the major application areas for E999 (Quillaia extract). High demand for these products is anticipated to positively influence the market.

E999 (Quillaia extract) is a rich source of saponins and sapogenins and is widely used as a foaming and emulsifying agent in the food and beverage industry, for the production of cream soda, cider, puddings, baked goods, and frozen dairy products among others. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is used in different quantities, for instance, in carbonated beverages, the concentration of E999 (Quillaia extract)s is up to 200mg/kg, and in non-carbonated juices, it is up to 500mg/kg.
E999 (Quillaia extract) also finds application in the medical industry for the treatment of colds and bronchitis, hypercholesterolemia, Giardiasis (beaver fever), and rotavirus infection, among others. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) exctract is also used as an adjuvant for vaccines. 

External uses of the extracts include treatment of skin sores, itchy scalp, and athlete’s foot.
Rising adoption in cosmetics and personal care industry, driven by the increased preference for natural and organic products, is anticipated to drive the E999 (Quillaia extract)s market.
Dry food products of E999 (Quillaia extract) have the highest market share reflecting 30% of the global revenue. 
This can be attributed to health-conscious pet owners and the demand for supplements to enhance performance and endurance.
Manufacturers are investing heavily in research and development activities for the appropriate utilization of ingredients like E999 (Quillaia extract) in pet food to cater to a larger consumer base. 

Product Type Insights
The E999 (Quillaia extract)s in powder form held the largest market share of 50.08% in 2018. 
Powder extract enhances the flavor and shelf life of the end products as it lacks moisture. 
Powder extract of E999 (Quillaia extract) blends easily with components and is easy to use. 
These factors are anticipated to bode well for the growth of the segment over the forecast period.

Liquid E999 (Quillaia extract) product type is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 5.4% over the forecast period. 
The liquid extract is smooth and textureless making it suitable for curries and sauces. 
However, the use of liquid extract of E999 (Quillaia extract) is restricted due to the stratification of liquid extracts upon storage for a longer span. 
Rise in consumption of beverages and high adoption of liquid E999 (Quillaia extract) for manufacturing beverages and other liquids due to its high solubility is anticipated to further fuel the growth.

How Is E999 (Quillaia extract)ed?
The extraction method is called – aqueous extraction – This is an environmentally friendly method to use.
In simple terms, the dried leaves are placed in a blender with water.
This is then blended and ground for several minutes until a pulp has been made.
This pulp is then transferred into a centrifuge to spin out all solid material and extract the juice.

Extract is run through several filters to guarantee purity.
This also ensures that the extract is sterile. 
E999 (Quillaia extract) is stored at around 4 degrees Celcius until it is ready for use in whatever application it is needed.

Synonyms: E999 (Quillaia extract) type 2, Soapbark extract, Quillay bark extract, Bois de Panama, Panama bark extract, Quillai extract,Panama bark extract; Murillo bark extract,China bark extract.
E999 (Quillaia extract) saponaria extract is registered with EC No 273-620-4 and CAS No 68990-67-0, the same CAS number cited for E999 (Quillaia extract) Type 1 and Type 2 in the JECFA specifications.
Commercial Name: Sapnov™; Uptaia™
No chemical name, EC/EINECS Number, chemical formula or molecular weight are provided in the EU specifications.
 

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