ENROFLOXACIN

Enrofloxacin is used in dermal infections (wounds and abscesses) associated with susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Enrofloxacin is especially good against Gram-negative bacteria that other antibiotics can’t kill.
Enrofloxacin is best to save this broad-spectrum antibiotic for the infections that other antibiotics can’t fight.

CAS Number: 93106-60-6 
Molecular Formula: C19H22FN3O3
Molecular Weight: 359.4 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Enrofloxacin, 93106-60-6, Enrofloxacine, Enrofloxacino, CFPQ, Enrofloxacinum, endrofloxicin, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, ERFX, Enrofloxacinum [Latin], HSDB 6952, UNII-3DX3XEK1BN, 3DX3XEK1BN, NSC-758616, BRN 5307824, Enrofloxacin for veterinary use, CCRIS 8214, DTXSID1045619, CHEBI:35720, DTXCID9025619, Enrofloxacin [USAN:USP:INN:BAN], 1,4-Dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, NSC 758616, Enrofloxacinum (Latin), ENROFLOXACIN (MART.), ENROFLOXACIN [MART.], 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-, ENROFLOXACIN (USP-RS), ENROFLOXACIN [USP-RS], ENROFLOXACIN (USP IMPURITY), ENROFLOXACIN [USP IMPURITY], Enrofloxacin (USAN:USP:INN:BAN), ENROFLOXACIN (USP MONOGRAPH), ENROFLOXACIN [USP MONOGRAPH], Enrofloxacin base, ENROFLOXACIN FOR VETERINARY USE (EP IMPURITY), ENROFLOXACIN FOR VETERINARY USE (EP MONOGRAPH), ENROFLOXACIN FOR VETERINARY USE [EP IMPURITY], ENROFLOXACIN FOR VETERINARY USE [EP MONOGRAPH], Quellaxcin, Enroflox, Enroquin, Enrosite, Tenotryl, Zobuxa, EnroMed, EnrositeFlavored, FluroxinFlavored, EnrofloxacinFlavored, Enroflox 100, EnroMed 100, Enroquin Antibacterial, SolutionKitsEnrofloxacin, Enroflox Chewable Tablets, ENROFLOXACIN 100, Fluroxinfor Dogs 2.27%, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-Fluoro-1,4-Dihydro-4-Oxo-3-Quinolonecarboxylic Acid, Enrofloxacin Flavored Tablets, Baytril Soft Chewable Tablets, Baytril 100 Injectable Solution, Enroflox Injection for Dogs 2.27%, Baytril Antibacterial Injectable Solution, Enrofloxacin Antibacterial Injectable Solution, Baytril Antibacterial Tablets, Baytril Taste Tabs Antibacterial Tablets, 1,4-Dihydro-1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxyl acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxyl acid, Baytril, BAY VP 2674, MFCD00792463, Enroxil, Baytril (TN), N-Ethylciprofloxacin, 3-Quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-, MLS000069441, BAY Vp 2674, PD160788, NCGC00018143-04, CPD000059011, SMR000059011, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid, Enrofloxacine [French], Enrofloxacino [Spanish], Bay-Vp-2674, 1-cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazinyl)-6-fluoro-4-oxohydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic Acid, CAS-93106-60-6, Enrofloxacin [USAN:BAN:INN], Baytril (veterinary), Enrofloxacin (Standard), Opera_ID_1106, Enrofloxacin (USP/INN), ENROFLOXACIN [MI], Enrofloxacin (USAN/INN), ENROFLOXACIN [INN], ENROFLOXACIN [HSDB], ENROFLOXACIN [USAN], MLS001076496, MLS001424169, CHEMBL15511, SCHEMBL149150, SPECTRUM1503721, GTPL13668, HY-B0502R, ENROFLOXACIN [GREEN BOOK], MSK4107, HMS2052O09, HMS2090E12, HMS2093I21, HMS2234M11, HMS3373P14, HMS3394O09, HMS3715B18, HMS5087O14, Pharmakon1600-01503721, ALBB-030792, BCP15457, HY-B0502, Enrofloxacin, >=98.0% (HPLC), Tox21_110831, BBL009982, DL-384, NSC758616, s3059, SBB012586, STK711109, AKOS005530685, BAY-Vp2674, PD160788, Tox21_110831_1, AC-7614, AE22674, CCG-101102, DB11404, KS-5010, NC00352, NCGC00018143-01, NCGC00018143-02, NCGC00018143-03, NCGC00018143-05, NCGC00021632-03, PD160788, ST072197, SY052755, SBI-0206725.P001, DB-057368, E0786, Enrofloxacin 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, NS00010889, D02473, F81544, AB00384269-16, AB00384269_17, AB00384269_18, Enrofloxacin, VETRANAL(TM), analytical standard, Q414413, SR-01000000045, SR-01000000045-3, BRD-K76534306-001-11-0, BRD-K76534306-001-21-9, BRD-K76534306-001-22-7, F2173-0641, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1, Enrofloxacin, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Enrofloxacin, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Enrofloxacin for system suitability, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Enrofloxacin, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-quinoline-carboxylic acid, 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3- quinolonecarboxylic acid, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, 9CI, 1-Cyclopropyl-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, CFPQ, Bay vp 2674, 1-CYCLOPROPYL-7-(4-ETHYLPIPERAZINO)-6-FLUORO-4-OXO-1,4-DIHYDRO-3-QUINOLINECARBOXYLIC ACID, Enrofloxacin, Enrofloxacin HCl, Enrofloxacine, Enorfloxacin, Enorofloxacin hydrochloride, Baytril

Its potent bactericidal action, including against resistant strains, makes Enrofloxacin effective—but it requires cautious handling due to respiratory sensitization, aquatic toxicity, and cartilage/testis toxicity upon long-term exposure.
Enrofloxacin is regulated and contraindicated in some animal sectors, and strict PPE and disposal protocols are highly recommended.

Enrofloxacin is a veterinary-grade fluoroquinolone antibiotic (CAS 93106‑60‑6, EC 618‑911‑2), widely used for broad-spectrum bacterial infections in animals.
Enrofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent from the class of the quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives.

Enrofloxacin has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Enrofloxacin is rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract, penetrating into all measured body tissues and fluids.
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone, broad-spectrum antibiotic which is well tolerated in birds and useful for treating a wide range of bacterial infections.

Enrofloxacin is the veterinary-labeled form of ciprofloxacin, which is the equivalent drug used in humans.
In the United States, Enrofloxacin is available by prescription only, meaning that you will need to obtain it through your veterinarian who will prescribe it "extra-label" to poultry kept as pets.

Since this drug is a fluoroquinolone-class antibiotic, Enrofloxacin is not approved for use in birds who are not kept as pets.
Enrofloxacin is bactericidal at low concentrations against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as Mycoplasma and Chlamydia spp.

Enrofloxacin is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, bones, and central nervous system.
A single intramuscular injection of enrofloxacin at 25 mg/kg BW generated sustained and therapeutically active levels of enrofloxacin in the aqueous humour of chickens' eyes.

Enrofloxacin is available as an injectable solution, oral syrup, or tablets.
The oral syrup should be given directly to the mouth or dissolved in the drinking water.
Due to its bitter taste, Enrofloxacin may be necessary to mix the drug with another medium such as applesauce or fruit juice to improve the taste.

The drug is less effective when administered in drinking water.
Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic in the fluoroquinolone family that is a good choice for a variety of infections.
Considered a broad-spectrum antibiotic, Enrofloxacin is often considered more of a “big gun” antibiotic, often reserved for more serious or resistant infections such as Pseudomonas.

Bacterial resistance is a growing concern in medicine and one reason fluoroquinolones as a class should be used judiciously.
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections.
Enrofloxacin's use in dogs and cats to treat certain infections and its use in small mammals, birds, and reptiles is “off label” or “extra label”.

Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off-label use in veterinary medicine.
In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions very carefully, as their directions may be significantly different from those on the label.

Enrofloxacin is a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7.
Enrofloxacin is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.

Enrofloxacin has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent and an antimicrobial agent.
Enrofloxacin is a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid, a quinolone, an organofluorine compound, a N-alkylpiperazine, a N-arylpiperazine and a member of cyclopropanes.

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic agent from the fluoroquinolone family produced by the Bayer Corporation.
Enrofloxacin is approved by the FDA for its veterinary use.
Due to the identification of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Campylobacter, in September 2005, the FDA withdrew the approval of enrofloxacin for its use in water to treat flocks of poultry.

Enrofloxacin is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of II.
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.
Enrofloxacin is a member of the family of 6-fluoro-7-piperazinyl-4-quinolones.

Enrofloxacin is highly lipophilic, and the addition of a carboxic acid and a tertiary amine contributes to the amphoteric properties of enrofloxacin.
Enrofloxacin is bactericidal and has excellent activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.

Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly prescribed by veterinarians to treat dogs and cats with certain bacterial infections.
Enrofloxacin belongs to a class of antibiotics known as fluoroquinolones (quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives) which is designed to treat against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.

Enrofloxacin is not an appropriate treatment option against infections caused by viruses, fungi, or parasites.
Enrofloxacin is typically given orally and is available in tablet, capsule, and oral suspension forms.
Enrofloxacin is also available to veterinarians in an injectable form.

Enrofloxacin is available by prescription from your veterinarian or with a veterinary prescription.
Enrofloxacin is available in tablet, flavored chewable tablet, and injectable forms.
Enrofloxacin is bactericidal, with activity against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for a series of 39 isolates representing 9 genera of bacteria from natural infections in dogs and cats, selected principally because of resistance to one or more of the following antibiotics: ampicillin, cephalothin, colistin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, triple sulfa and sulfa/trimethoprim.

Most strains of these organisms were found to be susceptible to enrofloxacin in vitro but the clinical significance has not been determined for some of the isolates.
The susceptibility of organisms to enrofloxacin should be determined using enrofloxacin 5 mcg disks.

Specimens for susceptibility testing should be collected prior to the initiation of enrofloxacin therapy.
Enrofloxacin (Baytril) is a medicine used to treat certain infections in dogs and cats.
Enrofloxacin is also used “extra-label” or “off-label” for other infections in dogs and cats.

Medicines can be prescribed “extra-label” or “off-label” in veterinary medicine in certain situations where there is no approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but there is evidence of safe and effective use.
Enrofloxacin is classified as a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity, meaning it is effective against many types of bacteria.

Enrofloxacin, or 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-7-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, belongs to fluoroquinolone family which is a subfamily of quinolone.
The first quinolone is the Nalidixic acid used in animal at the beginning of 1980s.

Enrofloxacin is the first fluoroquinolone patented in 1984.
The huge evolution in the quinolone family is the addition of a fluor atom on the 6th position which improves quinolones’ antibacterial spectrum and creates the fluoroquinolone subfamily.

Quinolones have an action on bacterial topoisomerase.
The marketing authorization reports a large antimicrobial spectrum for enrofloxacin, which is efficient on most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria but not efficient on anaerobic bacteria.

But with 3.6 tons sold per year in France for animal use, fluoroquinolones are an important family in veterinary medicine that increases the probability of selecting resisting bacteria.
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of animals.

Enrofloxacin is a bactericidal agent.
The bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 20–30 minutes of exposure.

Enrofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.
Enrofloxacin is partially deethylated by CYP450 into the active metabolite ciprofloxacin, which is also a fluoroquinolone antibiotic.

In September 2005, the FDA withdrew approval of enrofloxacin for use in water to treat flocks of poultry, as the practice was noted to promote the evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of the bacterium Campylobacter, a human pathogen.

Enrofloxacin is available as a fixed-dose combination medication with silver sulfadiazine for the treatment of canine otitis externa.
Enrofloxacin is available as a generic medication.

USES and APPLICATIONS of ENROFLOXACIN:
Veterinary antibiotic (Baytril): Administered orally, subcutaneously, or intramuscularly to treat infections in dogs, cats, cattle, swine, poultry (though poultry use banned in US), rabbits, etc.
Broad-spectrum activity: Effective against Gram-negative (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus spp.), and some mycoplasmas; ineffective on anaerobes.

Enrofloxacin is a generic form of Baytril and is a broad spectrum treatment that helps treat bacterial infections such as Paratyphoid, Mycoplasma, and Salmonella/E.coli.
Safe to use on pet birds such as finches, canaries, pigeons, backyard chickens, and even pet rats.

If you believe your pet has developed a bacterial infection, your pet should be seen by a veterinarian as soon as possible.
Medications are available that can quickly resolve the infection and get your pet back to good health.
Depending on your pet’s diagnosis, enrofloxacin may be the antibiotic your veterinarian prescribes because it is effective against a variety of infections.

Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which has proven to be highly effective against a wide range of bacterial types.
This includes some of the more difficult to treat infections.
Enrofloxacin prevents bacterial cells from replicating and rapidly causes cell death.

Gram-positive coverage is limited and often includes Staphylococcus spp., but enrofloxacin is not effective against Enterococcus spp.
Enrofloxacin is commonly used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, and skin (dermal) infections.
Enrofloxacin has also been used to control certain intracellular pathogens.

Cats: Enrofloxacin is used in dermal infections (wounds and abscesses) associated with susceptible strains of Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Enrofloxacin is especially good against Gram-negative bacteria that other antibiotics can’t kill.

Enrofloxacin is best to save this broad-spectrum antibiotic for the infections that other antibiotics can’t fight.
This is one step in limiting antibiotic resistance, which means that the bacteria can withstand antibiotics.
In dogs, enrofloxacin is approved by the FDA for oral and intramuscular (injection into the muscle) use.

Enrofloxacin can also be used extra-label in dogs by injection subcutaneously (under the skin) or intravenously (into a vein), but this is controversial.
In cats, only the oral form is FDA-approved, but the injectable form is sometimes used extra-label either intramuscularly or intravenously.

Enrofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is widely employed in veterinary medicine, particularly in dogs and cats, to combat bacterial infections.
Enrofloxacin's mechanism of action involves inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, critical enzymes in DNA replication and repair, leading to the disruption of bacterial growth and eventual cell death.

Effective against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, enrofloxacin is commonly used to treat various infections, including those affecting the respiratory, urinary, and integumentary systems in animals.
Enrofloxacin is crucial to adhere to veterinary prescriptions and complete the recommended course of treatment to ensure the successful eradication of bacterial infections, although its use in food-producing animals may be restricted due to concerns about antibiotic resistance.

Enrofloxacin is used for the treatment and control of swine respiratory disease (SRD) associated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus parasuis, Streptococcus suis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo).
For the control of colibacillosis in groups or pens of weaned pigs where colibacillosis associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been diagnosed.

-Dogs: 
Enrofloxacin is used to treat dermal infections (wounds and abscesses) associated with susceptible strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus intermedius; respiratory infections (pneumonia, tonsillitis, rhinitis) associated with susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; and urinary cystitis associated with susceptible strains of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Enrofloxacin is generally used as a second-line drug for the treatment of deep pyoderma in dogs, although use is only recommended if culture and susceptibility results indicate first-line drugs will not be effective.

-Enrofloxacin is usually the appropriate treatment option to kill bacteria such as:
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa
*Klebsiella pneumoniae
*Escherichia coli (E. coli)
*Enterobacter
*Campylobacter
*Shigella
*Salmonella
*Aeromonas
*Mycoplasma
*Hemophilus
*Proteus mirabilis
*Yersinia
*Serratia
*Vibrio
*Brucella
*Chlamydia
*Mycobacterium
*Staphylococcus intermedius

-Enrofloxacin is commonly used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections such as:
*Osteomyelitis (inflammation or swelling that occurs in the bone)
*Sinus Infections
*Otitis (Middle ear infection)
*Urinary cystitis
*Peritonitis (Inflammation of the lining of the abdomen)
*Difficult soft tissue and skin infections
*Pneumonia
*Pleuritis (The layers of tissue that separate the lungs from your chest wall becomes inflamed)
Enrofloxacin is not effective against anaerobic bacteria and can be variably effective against Streptococcus infections.

HOW IS ENROFLOXACIN USED IN PETS?
Enrofloxacin is given by mouth as a tablet or flavored chewable tablet.
Enrofloxacin can also be given as an injection at the veterinary clinic.

Enrofloxacin is usually given once or twice daily for the length of the prescribed treatment.
Enrofloxacin is important to finish all of the prescribed antibiotic unless otherwise directed by your veterinarian, even if your pet seems to be better.

Enrofloxacin may be given with or without food.
If stomach upset occurs, try giving Enrofloxacin with food or a treat, but not with any dairy products such as milk or cheese.
Do not crush the non-chewable tablets.

HOW IS ENROFLOXACIN GIVEN?
Give enrofloxacin by mouth in the form of a tablet or a compounded liquid suspension.
Enrofloxacin is best given on an empty stomach, but if vomiting or nausea occurs, give the next dose with food or a treat that does not contain dairy.

Do not crush the tablets.
Enrofloxacin may also be given by your veterinarian in the form of an injectable solution.

Enrofloxacin takes effect quickly, in about 1 to 2 hours; however, visible effects may take a few days to be recognized.
It is important to give this medication to your pet for the entire time prescribed by your veterinarian, even if Enrofloxacin appears that your pet is feeling better.

WHAT IF I MISS GIVING MY PET ENROFLOXACIN?
If you miss a dose, give Enrofloxacin when you remember.
However, if Enrofloxacin is close to the time for the next dose, skip the dose you missed, give it at the next scheduled time, and return to the regular dosing schedule.
Never give your pet two doses at once or give extra doses.

KEY FACTS OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections in dogs and cats.
Enrofloxacin is generally well absorbed and tolerated, so it is often used for difficult-to-treat infections and for long-term use.
The most common side effects are diarrhea or loose stools, vomiting, and lack of appetite.
Enrofloxacin is available in a number of forms, including oral tablets, capsules, and suspension, as well as an otic (ear) suspension.

HOW ENROFLOXACIN WORKS:
Enrofloxacin works by inhibiting the process of DNA synthesis within the bacterial cells, which results in cell death.
Enrofloxacin is commonly used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including those of the skin, urinary tract, and respiratory system, as well as infections that result from wounds.

Enrofloxacin is efficiently absorbed, which makes it a very attractive antibiotic choice for difficult-to-treat infections, particularly those resistant to other antibacterial agents.

WHAT IS ENROFLOXACIN FOR DOGS AND CATS?
Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic in a class called fluoroquinolones, which treat a wide variety of bacteria.
It is FDA-approved for use in dogs and cats to manage bacterial infections that are susceptible to enrofloxacin, such as certain respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections.

In certain circumstances, your vet may recommend a compounded formulation of enrofloxacin.
Compounded medications are prescribed if there’s a specific reason your pet’s health can’t be managed by an FDA-approved drug, such as if your pet has trouble taking pills in capsule form, the dosage strength is not commercially available, or the pet is allergic to an ingredient in the FDA-approved medication.

WHAT FOLLOW-UP IS REQUIRED WITH ENROFLOXACIN?
You and your veterinarian should monitor your pet for improvement of their condition, as well as for side effects of the medicine.
Before starting your pet on enrofloxacin, your veterinarian may perform a test to confirm that your pet is taking the best antibiotic for their condition.

This is called a bacterial culture and sensitivity test.
The results of the test can take several days to receive, but the veterinarian may want your pet to start taking the medicine before the results are back.

They may wish to change the medicine when the results return.
In cats, your veterinarian may monitor kidney function with blood tests.

Enrofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic agent from the class of the quinolone carboxylic acid derivatives.
It has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
It is rapidly absorbed from the digestive tract, penetrating into all measured body tissues and fluids.

WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF ENROFLOXACIN IN DOGS AND CATS?
Enrofloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, meaning that it is effective against many types of bacteria.
Enrofloxacin is specifically formulated for animals and is more well-studied in animals than human fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin.

ACTIVITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY DATA OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Enrofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent from the class of the fluoroquinolone carboxylic acid derivatives.
Enrofloxacin has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
Enrofloxacin is effective against:
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa
*Klebsiella
*Escherichia coli
*Enterobacter
*Campylobacter
*Shigella
*Salmonella
*Aeromonas
*Haemophilus
*Proteus
*Yersinia
*Serratia
*Vibrio
*Brucella
*Chlamydia trachomatis
*Staphylococcus (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains)
*Mycoplasma
*Mycobacterium

Variable activity against:
*Streptococcus
*Ineffective against:
*Anaerobes

The following data represent minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for a few medically significant bacterial pathogens:
*Escherichia coli - 0.022 - 0.03 μg/mL
*Staphylococcus aureus - 0.0925 - 64 μg/mL
*Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 0.05 μg/mL

KEY TAKEAWAYS OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat infections in dogs that don’t respond to other antibiotics.
Veterinarians may prescribe enrofloxacin to treat skin infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.

Side effects of enrofloxacin in dogs are uncommon, but can include diarrhea and vomiting.
Bacterial infections in dogs are often treated with antibiotics.

Some are considered first-choice antibiotics.
These standard medications treat common bacterial infections in dogs.

Other antibiotics, like enrofloxacin, are only used in special situations.
Veterinarians prescribe enrofloxacin for severe infections and when other antibiotics aren’t effective.

ACTION MECHANISM OF ENROFLOXACIN:
-Important Physicochemical Properties of Enrofloxacin

Enrofloxacin is a zwitterionic molecule with a pKa1 = 5.88 - 6.06 and a pKa2 = 7.70 - 7.74.
The lowest pKa is due to the carboxyl acid group and the second to the basic tertiary amine.

So enrofloxacin doesn’t bear charge between this two pH.
Moreover it is a lipophilic molecule with a logP of 4.70 at a pH of 7, but 1.88 ± 1.43 with ACDLabs.

The active metabolite of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin or 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid, which is available as a drug product on veterinary and human market, is a multiple acid with pKa1 = 5.15 and pKa2 = 8.25.
Ciprofloxacin is less lipophilic than enrofloxacin with a logP of −1.11 at a pH of 7.4.

Targets’ Mechanism of Action
Enrofloxacin, like the other quinolones, has two main targets of the topoisomerase family.

Although these proteins exist in eukaryotic cells, quinolones have less affinity for eukaryotes’ topoisomerases than for the DNA Topoisomerase II (Gyrase) and the DNA Topoisomerase IV (Topo IV), two major bacterial topoisomerases.

The Gyrase and the Topo IV are two tetramers formed respectively of two GyrA and two GyrB and of two ParC and two ParE.
Moreover, GyrA and GyrB are homologous respectively with ParC and ParE.

The Gyrase has an important role in bacteria’s life by modifying the topology of the spiral DNA.
Positive supercoiling stabilizes the DNA and makes the strands’ separation more difficult.
Transcription generates a positive supercoiling accumulation that can stop transcription.

This positive supercoiling can be released by the Gyrase, which enhances transcription.
To do this, the Gyrase binds and wraps around itself a strand of DNA with the help of the C-terminal domain.

It then cleaves it with the mediation of the catalytic tyrosine Tyr122 of each GyrA.
Tyrosines form covalent phosphotyrosyls with each 5’ phosphoryl terminus of both strands, which remain bound during the reaction.

This reaction forms a gap in the sequence (called G-DNA).
The GyrB part catches the other DNA sequence (called transported DNA or T-DNA).

The T-DNA is passed through the opened G-DNA.
The G-DNA is closed in an ATP-dependent reaction.

This reaction results in the addition of negative coiling.
The Gyrase is able to do an intermolecular strand passage at the end of the replication like the Topo IV but without wrapping the DNA as Topo IV does.

This is the major difference between the reactions of both enzymes.
Topo IV catalyzes the segregation of the two daughter DNA molecules after the replication more efficiently than Gyrase.

Interactions between Fluoroquinolones, DNA and Its Target
The penetration in the bacteria differs between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
For Gram-negative bacteria, fluoroquinolones pass the outer membrane mainly through porins.

The trimeric OmpF porin is mainly used by fluoroquinolone; this pathway can be modulated by Mg²⁺.
Some quinolones can promote a pathway by interacting with the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and creating a lipophilic passage.

For Gram-positive bacteria, the diffusion process is the main uptake pathway.
In the case of mycobacteria, the high lipid level of the membrane allows fluoroquinolones to diffuse through the membrane.

After entering the bacteria, quinolones have two effects: bacteriostatic at low concentration and bactericidal at high concentration.
Rapidly after the Gyrase has formed a complex with the DNA strand, two quinolones bind with this complex before the DNA’s cleavage.
This binding is reversible and induces a conformation modification in Gyrase.

This modification induces a cleavage of DNA in a particular location and forms a cleaved complex.
At this step, the action is still reversible but rapidly reduces the activity of replication and has a bacteriostatic effect.

Two pathways are possible: one for bacteriostatic concentration and the other for bactericidal concentration.
For bacteriostatic concentrations, quinolones induce the SOS regulon controlled by the repressor lexA.

Activation of the regulon induces the sfiA gene, which codes for an inhibitor of cell division, and bacteria form a long filamentous structure.
This effect is still reversible.
This filamentous structure contributes to the death of bacteria.

For bactericidal concentration, quinolones induce chromosome fragmentation by creation of a suicide factor or by destabilization of a GyrA dimer.
The fragmentation can induce rapid death or, by reassociation of the GyrA dimer, genomic mutation in bacteria.

RESISTANCE MECHANISM OF ENROFLOXACIN:
The resistance to fluoroquinolones in general is today a main subject for the use of antibiotic substances in veterinary medicine and was the subject of an EMA report.

Many studies show an augmentation in the development of resistances to enrofloxacin.
Moreover, another study shows the increase of resistance of Escherichia coli to quinolones and fluoroquinolones after using of enrofloxacin in calves.

The mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolones is based on many pathways:
*the change of targets,
*the protection of target,
*the lower expression of target,
*the improvement of the efflux pumps,
*and inactivation of fluoroquinolones.
These mechanisms can be chromosomal or plasmid-mediated.

The most common mechanism is the mutation of Gyrase.
In the subpart GyrA the mutation is mainly between Ala67 and Gln106 for E. coli and other bacteria.

The mutation is near the GyrA active site which is called the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Region (QRDR).
For GyrB two mutations are reported at Asp426 and Lys447.

Only one Gyrase mutation is able to increase the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) up to 64 times,
but the GyrB mutation seems to be less effective in resistance against nalidixic acid than the GyrA mutation.

The mutation of Topo IV is also described but, until today, always with at least one Gyrase mutation.
Therefore, these mutations seem to be developed in a second time to increase the resistance more than only Gyrase’s mutations.
A QRDR can also be characterized in the parC of topoisomerase IV between Tyr57 and Glu84.

The protection of the target can be attributed to a qnr gene often present on a Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) or in the chromosomal DNA.

The Qnr protein is a dimer which binds with Gyrase and decreases the binding of quinolones with the DNA-Gyrase-Qnr complex.
But it seems that the Qnr protein reduces the interaction between DNA and Gyrase.
Another theory is that the Qnr protein destabilizes the DNA-Gyrase-quinolone complex and promotes DNA repair after cleavage.

A hypothesis of resistance is the slow growth of cells; bacteria growing slowly seem to resist better, but this mechanism is not well understood today.

Although resistances are often attributed to Gyrase or Topo IV mutations,
a decrease of influx and an increase of efflux mechanisms are important pathways of resistance common to a large number of unrelated antibiotics.

This defines a Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) phenotype.
E. coli bearing a MAR operon has higher resistance to rapid death by fluoroquinolones.

This operon can induce a decrease of OmpF pumps
and an increase of efflux with AcrAB protein.
The decrease of porins can also be attributed to PMQR.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO PREVENT RESISTANCE, ENROFLOXACIN:
Given the rapidity of development of resistance,
we have to consider with the MIC, the Mutant Prevention Concentration (MPC).
MPC is a recent indicator which is not well standardized.

Commonly, MPC50 is the concentration where 50% of the colonies don’t contain resistant mutants after 72 hours of incubation.
To count the mutants, a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used but only known resistant mutations are tested.
Between MIC and MPC there is a window where enrofloxacin is effective but also where mutants are selected.

The data recorded show that the window between the MIC and the MPC can be very important, with a MPC/MIC between 1.6 and 64.
This high difference can explain the explosion of resistance against enrofloxacin and might be a base to define new guidelines and dosage for enrofloxacin.

PHARMACOKINETIC OF ENROFLOXACIN:
-Absorption
There is high variation of bioavailability after oral administration of enrofloxacin between polygastric and monogastric animals from 10% to 80%.

This has direct consequences on the galenic; oral presentations are reserved for pigs, poultry, calves, and carnivores, and only injectable solutions are available for cattle.
Moreover, bioavailability depends on whether the animals are fed or fasted, and on the presence of ions.

These interferences can be explained by the formation of a complex between cation and fluoroquinolone which cannot permeate through the digestive barrier.
Another consequence of this complex is the influence of the hardness of water, notably in poultry farming where the dilution in water is used.
Lipophilic compounds in food can enhance the oral bioavailability of fluoroquinolone.

In addition to passive diffusion allowed by enrofloxacin’s lipophilicity, active transporters also have an important role in intestinal absorption.
These transporters are also important for the elimination of fluoroquinolones.

The intramuscular bioavailability is 96%, with a maximum concentration 3 hours after administration.
Intramuscular bioavailability can be enhanced by solid lipophilic nanoparticles; this technique enhances the duration of enrofloxacin in plasma.

-Metabolism
After administration, a high part of enrofloxacin is metabolized into ciprofloxacin in most species.
Enrofloxacin has an active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, obtained by deethylation of the ethyl group on the piperazine ring.
Other metabolites are obtained, but they do not have antimicrobial effects.

Only poultry does not have a large portion of enrofloxacin metabolized into ciprofloxacin.
The first hepatic pass does not have a significant effect; only 7% of enrofloxacin is metabolized.

Moreover, ciprofloxacin seems to be a more potent drug than enrofloxacin.
These elements support granting a more important role to ciprofloxacin in the effects of enrofloxacin-based drugs.

-Distribution
Distribution of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin to tissues depends on the drug’s free concentration, which itself depends on protein concentration and the strength of binding.
The difference between ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin protein binding supports the theory of enrofloxacin acting as a prodrug.

In some species, ciprofloxacin is less bound to proteins, making it more available to be effective.
Moreover, enrofloxacin can interact with other protein-binding drugs; for instance, it increases the clearance of flunixin meglumine.

The volumes of distribution of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in different species are all higher than 1.
So, enrofloxacin and its metabolite diffuse strongly in tissues, and molecules can be present in cells, rendering them inactive.

Contrary to expectations based on protein binding, ciprofloxacin does not diffuse in tissues more than enrofloxacin.
Suggest a high affinity of the drugs for the lungs and kidneys, even though data confirm enrofloxacin’s and ciprofloxacin’s good diffusion.

Enrofloxacin is an antibiotic agent from the fluoroquinolone family produced by the Bayer Corporation.
Enrofloxacin is approved by the FDA for its veterinary use.

Due to the identification of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Campylobacter, in September 2005, the FDA withdrew the approval of enrofloxacin for its use in water to treat flocks of poultry.

✔️ BENEFITS & CHARACTERISTICS OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Rapid bactericidal effect, including post-antibiotic suppression.
High bioavailability: ~65–80% in animals, variable half-lives—dogs ~4–5 h, cats ~6 h, sheep ~1.5–4.5 h.
Effective for systemic and localized infections due to good tissue penetration and metabolite activity.

WHY ENROFLOXACIN IS PRESCRIBED IN VETERINARY MEDICINE:
Enrofloxacin is used by veterinarians to treat a range of bacterial infections, but it is most commonly prescribed to pets diagnosed with skin infections and urinary tract infections.
Enrofloxacin may be prescribed with other antibiotics in severe cases as an “empiric therapy” while your veterinarian isolates the cause of the infection.

HOW IS ENROFLOXACIN GIVEN AND WHAT IF A DOSE IS MISSED?
Enrofloxacin is typically prescribed for once-daily dosing.
If a dose is missed and Enrofloxacin is relatively recent, administer said dose.
Do not give two doses at once.

HOW SHOULD ENROFLOXACIN BE STORED?
No special considerations.

WHAT IS ENROFLOXACIN’S BACKGROUND?
Pseudomonas has historically been a difficult bacteria for antibiotics to kill.
The fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, including enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, were developed in the 1980s and provide a good oral option for killing this and several other types of previously challenging bacteria.

WHAT PETS SHOULD NOT TAKE ENROFLOXACIN?
Dogs should be at least 8 months old to take enrofloxacin to avoid possible cartilage damage.
Caution should be used in patients with seizures as enrofloxacin may lower the seizure threshold.
The safety margin in cats is quite narrow, and doses greater than 5 mg/kg have been associated with irreversible blindness.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION OF ENROFLOXACIN:
The dosage of enrofloxacin varies depending on your pet’s species, weight, and the specific organism causing the infection.
When giving an oral form of the drug, Enrofloxacin is best administered to the pet on an empty stomach.

However, if signs of nausea or vomiting occur, give the medication with a small portion of food or treat.
Do not give this medication with dairy (including cheeses), antacids or multivitamins.

Injectable forms of the medication should only be administered by a trained professional.
Results may be noticeable in just a few days, but do not stop the course of treatment until it is complete or instructed by your veterinarian.
Stopping a course of antibiotics early may create further complications for your pet.

CHEMICAL CLASS & MECHANISM OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Fluoroquinolone antibiotic; bactericidal by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase/topoisomerase II and IV.
Effective concentration-dependent killing with a post-antibiotic effect; partially metabolized to ciprofloxacin.

STORAGE/STABILITY OF ENROFLOXACIN:
Unless otherwise directed by the manufacturer, enrofloxacin tablets should be stored in tight containers at temperatures less than 30°C.
Protect from strong UV light.

ENROFLOXACIN DOSAGE INSTRUCTIONS:
Liquid: 
Administer 2 cc (ml) per quart of drinking water.
Minimize dosage to 1 cc (ml) per quart after 4th day.
Change water daily.
Administering a probiotic supplement after the treatment is advised.

Powder: 
1 teaspoon (5 grams) per gallon of drinking water for 5 to 7 consecutive days.
Change water daily.

Warning: 
Enrofloxacin is formulated for pet birds only.
Do not use on livestock and other animals whose meat or eggs are intended for human consumption.
Please keep away from children and other pets.

Treatment Time in Pigeons:
Mycoplasma/Respiratory: treat 5-7 consecutive days.
Salmonella/E.coli: treat 7-10 days.

BIRD ANTIBIOTICS KEY BENEFITS OF ENROFLOXACIN:
*Enrofloxacin penetrates well into different tissues.
*Enrofloxacin helps treat animals sick with certain bacterial infections such as Mycoplasma, Paratyphoid, and Salmonella/E.coli.
*Enrofloxacin may help when other treatments containing a different active ingredient have not worked.
*Enrofloxacin may be used on pigeons, pet chickens, cage birds, and pet rats.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ENROFLOXACIN:
CAS Number: 93106-60-6
Formula: C19H22FN3O3
Molar mass: 359.401 g·mol−1
Molecular Weight: 359.4 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.2
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 7
Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 359.16451973 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 359.16451973 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 64.1 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 26
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 613
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): C19H22FN3O3
Beilstein: 5307824

MDL number: MFCD00792463
UNSPSC Code: 41116105
PubChem Substance ID: 329751571
NACRES: NA.21
Physical state: powder, crystals
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/ range: 219 - 221 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available

Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: No data available
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity: Viscosity, kinematic: No data available, Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available

Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: No data available
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: No data available
Other safety information: No data available
Appearance: Pale yellow to light beige crystalline powder

Odor: Musty, characteristic for quinolones
Melting Point: 219–225 °C
Boiling Point: ~560 °C (estimated)
Density: ~1.385 g/cm³
Solubility: Slightly soluble in water, soluble in chloroform and dilute KOH
pKa: ~6.4
Log P: Not available, but hydrophilicity moderate due to ionizable carboxyl group
Stability: Stable under normal conditions; 
may form explosive dust-air mixtures when handled as a dry powder; avoid strong oxidizers

FIRST AID MEASURES of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of ENROFLOXACIN:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available