PRODUCTS

ETHANAL

Ethanal is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me=methyl).
Ethanal is one of the most important aldehydes, occuring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry.
Ethanal occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants.

CAS Number: 75-07-0
EC Number: 200-836-8
Chemical formula: C2H4O
Molar mass: 44.053 g·mol−1

Synonyms: acetaldehyde, ethanal, 75-07-0, acetic aldehyde, ethyl aldehyde, Acetaldehyd, aldehyde, Acetylaldehyde, Acetic ethanol, Aldeide acetica, Octowy aldehyd, Aldehyde acetique, Azetaldehyd, RCRA waste number U001, Acetaldehyde (natural), NSC 7594, NCI-C56326, ACETYL GROUP, acetaldehydes, ethaldehyde, CCRIS 1396, HSDB 230, UNII-GO1N1ZPR3B, MFCD00006991, UN1089, CHEBI:15343, AI3-31167, CH3CHO, GO1N1ZPR3B, Acetaldehyd, Ethylaldehyde, Octowy aldehyd, Aldeide acetica, Aldehyde acetique, FEMA No. 2003, EINECS 200-836-8, RCRA waste no. U001, Acetaldehyde, >=99%, meets FCC analytical specification, acetaldhyde, acetoaldehyde, Acetaldeyde, acetic hydride, ethan-1-one, Acetaldehyde 10%, MeCHO, Acetaldehyde Natural, ACETALD, Acetaldehyde-[13C], Acetaldehyde polymerized, DSSTox_CID_2, CH2CHO, NATURAL ALDEFRESH, Oxidized polyvinyl alcohol, bmse000647, Epitope ID:145667, EC 200-836-8, WLN: VH1, DSSTox_RID_79423, oxidised poly(vinyl alcohol), an oxidized polyvinyl alcohol, DSSTox_GSID_39224, Acetaldehyde, >=99%, FG, BIDD:ER0621, Acetaldehyde, >=99%, FCC, CHEMBL170365, GTPL6277, DTXSID5039224, Acetaldehyde, analytical standard, CHEBI:16571, NSC7594, Acetaldehyde solution, 5 M in THF, NSC-7594, STR01382, Tox21_202479, Acetaldehyde, natural, >=99%, FG, Acetaldehyde, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, STL264249, AKOS000120180, MCULE-6800925955, UN 1089, Acetaldehyde, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, CAS-75-07-0, Acetaldehyde, >=99%, FCC, stabilized, NCGC00091753-01, NCGC00260028-01, Acetaldehyde solution, 40 wt. % in H2O, Acetaldehyde, >=90.0%, SAJ first grade, Acetaldehyde [UN1089] [Flammable liquid], Acetaldehyde solution, 50 wt. % in ethanol, FT-0621719, FT-0660962, Acetaldehyde solution, 50 wt. % (triacetin), C00084, D78540, Q61457, Acetaldehyde solution, 40 wt. % in isopropanol, Acetaldehyde, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0% (GC), A838317, ACETALDEHYDE SOLUTION, 40 WT. % IN H2O, Acetaldehyde solution, natural, 50 wt. % in ethanol, BRD-K77914232-001-01-3, Q57695648, Acetaldehyde solution, natural, 50 wt. % ethanol, FG, Acetaldehyde, puriss. p.a., anhydrous, >=99.5% (GC), F2190-0651, Acetaldehyde, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Acetaldehyde solution, natural, 50 wt. % in ethanol, analytical standard, 200-836-8, 462-95-3, 75-07-0, Acetaldehído, Acetaldehyd, Acetaldehyde, Acétaldéhyde, Acetaldeide, acetylaldehyde, Aldehído acético, Aldehyde acetique, Aldeide acetica, Asetaldehit, Etanal, ethaldehyde, ethanal, Éthanal, ethyl aldehyde, Ethylaldehyde, MFCD0000699, Αιθανάλη, Ацетальдегид, アセトアルデヒド, 2-Oxoethyl, acetaldehyde-d3, Acetaldehydemissing, acetic aldehyde, Aldeide acetica, Azetaldehyd, Ethanal, Acetic Aldehyde, Ethyl Aldehyde, formylmethyl, Methylcarbonyl, Octowy aldehyd, STR01382, VH1f

Ethanal is present in various plants, ripe fruits, vegetables, smoke from tobacco, gasoline and exhaust from the engine.
Ethanal is commonly used as a flavouring agent and as an intermediate in alcohol metabolism in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, dyes, and medicines.
The chemical formula of Ethanal is CH3CHO

Ethanal is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Ethanal is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Ethanal occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants.
Ethanal is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol and may be a contributing factor to hangovers from alcohol consumption, produced in the liver by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.

Ethanal is mainly used as a precursor to acetic acid.
Ethanal is also an important precursor to pyridine derivates.

Nevertheless, the global market for Ethanal is declining.
Ethanal is toxic when applied externally for prolonged periods, an irritant and a probable carcinogen.

Ethanal is also called as MeCHO.
Ethanal is miscible with naptha, gasoline, xylene, ether, turpentine, alcohol and benzene.

Ethanal has no colour and is a flammable liquid.
Ethanal has a suffocating smell.

Ethanal is non-corrosive to many metals but when Ethanal has a narcotic action and can cause mucous irritation.
Ethanal is an organic chemical compound with the formula CH3CHO, sometimes abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO (Me = methyl).

Ethanal is a colorless liquid or gas, boiling near room temperature.
Ethanal is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry.

Ethanal occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit, and is produced by plants.
Ethanal is also produced by the partial oxidation of ethanol by the liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase and is a contributing cause of hangover after alcohol consumption.

Pathways of exposure include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke.
Consumption of disulfiram inhibits Ethanal dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the metabolism of Ethanal, thereby causing Ethanal to build up in the body.

Ethanal is an important volatile flavoring compound found in Sherry-like wines and also in many fruits.
Ethanal is mainly used as a flavoring ingredient in milk products, fruit juices and soft drinks.

When you drink alcohol, your body breaks Ethanal down into a chemical called Ethanal.
Ethanal damages your DNA and prevents your body from repairing the damage.

DNA is the cell’s “instruction manual” that controls a cell’s normal growth and function.
When DNA is damaged, a cell can begin growing out of control and create a cancer tumor.
A toxic buildup of Ethanal can increase your cancer risk.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has listed Ethanal as a Group 1 carcinogen.
Ethanal is "one of the most frequently found air toxins with cancer risk greater than one in a million".

Ethanal is a clear liquid that burns easily.
Ethanal has a strong, fruity odor that in high concentrations can make breathing difficult.
Also known as Acetaldehyde, Ethanal forms naturally in the body and in plants.

Ethanal is found in nature in many foods such as ripe fruits, cheese and heated milk.
Ethanal is primarily used to produce other chemicals, including acetic acid and disinfectants, drugs and perfumes.

Ethanal enters your body when you breathe air containing Ethanal.
Ethanal can also enter your body when you eat food or drink liquid containing Ethanal.

When you drink alcohol, your body makes Ethanal when Ethanal processes the alcohol.
The effect of Ethanal on your health depends on how much is in your body, how long you were exposed, and how often you were exposed.
The way Ethanal affects you will also depend on your health.

Another factor is the condition of the environment when you were exposed.
The way Ethanal affects you will also depend on your health.

Another factor is the condition of the environment when you were exposed.
Breathing Ethanal for short periods can hurt your lungs.
Ethanal can also hurt your heart and blood vessels.

Contact with Ethanal liquid or vapor can hurt the skin and eyes.
Ethanal is not known if breathing, drinking or eating small amounts of Ethanal over long periods will hurt you.

Some animal studies show that Ethanal can hurt a growing fetus.
Other studies on animals show that breathing Ethanal can severely damage the lungs and cause cancer.
Repeated exposure to Ethanal in the air may cause cancer in humans.

When you drink alcohol, your liver turns Ethanal into an acid.
Some of the Ethanal enters your blood, damaging your membranes and possibly causing scar tissue.

Ethanal also leads to a hangover, and can result in a faster heartbeat, a headache or an upset stomach.
The brain is most affected by Ethanal poisoning.

Ethanal causes problems with brain activity and can impair memory.
Ethanal can cause amnesia, which is the inability to remember things.
This is a common effect for people who drink too much alcohol.

Ethanal is a colourless, flammable liquid with a pungent and irritating odour, volatile at ambient temperature and pressure, and is found in both indoor and outdoor air.
In Environment Canada and Health Canada’s 2000 Priority Substances List Assessment Report: Ethanal, Ethanal was concluded that Ethanal is toxic under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA) because Ethanal may be a genotoxic carcinogen; however, there was considerable uncertainty as to the actual cancer risk.

Since the publication of the report, a number of key studies have been published, including those related to the mode of action for Ethanal carcinogenesis.
Therefore, in order to address the uncertainty in regards to the mode of action of Ethanal carcinogenesis, and to more accurately determine the risk to health from levels commonly found in Canadian homes taking into account recently published scientific data, Ethanal was given high priority for a full health risk assessment and development of a Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline (RIAQG).

The present document reviews the epidemiological, toxicological, and exposure research on Ethanal, as well as the conclusions from a number of comprehensive reviews from internationally recognized health and environmental organizations.
The document places an emphasis on research published since the most recent comprehensive review, and proposes new short- and long-term indoor air exposure limits.

This RIAQG for Ethanal is intended to provide recommended exposure limits which would minimize risks to human health and support the development of actions to limit Ethanal emissions.
This document also shows that, when compared to the newly proposed guidelines, levels in Canadian houses do not present a health risk.

Ethanal, also known as Acetaldehyde, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as short-chain aldehydes.
These are an aldehyde with a chain length containing between 2 and 5 carbon atoms.

Ethanal exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Within humans, Ethanal participates in a number of enzymatic reactions.
In particular, Ethanal can be biosynthesized from ethanol which is mediated by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase 1B.

Ethanal can also be converted to acetic acid by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (mitochondrial) and aldehyde dehydrogenase X (mitochondrial).
The main method of production is the oxidation of ethylene by the Wacker process, which involves oxidation of ethylene using a homogeneous palladium/copper system: 2 CH2CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3CHO.

In humans, Ethanal is involved in disulfiram action pathway.
Ethanal is an aldehydic, ethereal, and fruity tasting compound.
Outside of the human body, Ethanal is found, on average, in the highest concentration in a few different foods, such as sweet oranges, pineapples, and mandarin orange (clementine, tangerine) and in a lower concentration in.

Ethanal (CH3CHO), also called Acetaldehyde, an aldehyde used as a starting material in the synthesis of 1-butanol (n-butyl alcohol), ethyl acetate, perfumes, flavourings, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber, and other chemical compounds.
Ethanal has been manufactured by the hydration of acetylene and by the oxidation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

Today the dominant process for the manufacture of Ethanal is the Wacker process, developed between 1957 and 1959, which catalyzes the oxidation of ethylene to Ethanal.
The catalyst is a two-component system consisting of palladium chloride, PdCl2, and copper chloride, CuCl2.

Pure Ethanal is a colourless, flammable liquid with a pungent, fruity odour; Ethanal boils at 20.8 °C (69.4 °F).

Ethanal is a common name of Acetaldehyde.
Ethanal is an organic chemical compound with the chemical formula CH3CHO.

Ethanal is also abbreviated by chemists as MeCHO where ‘Me’ means methyl.
Ethanal is one of the most important aldehydes.

Ethanal is being produced on a large scale in many industries.
Ethanal occurs widely in nature as in coffee, bread, and ripe fruit and is produced by plants.
Ethanal is also contributing to the cause of hangover after alcohol consumption.

Pathways of exposure to Ethanal include air, water, land, or groundwater, as well as drink and smoke.
Consumption of disulfiram inhibits Ethanal dehydrogenase.
Ethanal is the enzyme that is responsible for the metabolism of Ethanal.

Ethanal is easily miscible with naptha, gasoline, xylene, ether, turpentine, alcohol and benzene.
Ethanal is a colourless, flammable liquid and has a suffocating smell.

Ethanal is non-corrosive to many metals but when Ethanal has a narcotic action, Ethanal can cause mucous irritation.
Ethanal was observed by the Swedish pharmacist/chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the year 1774.

Ethanal is a Ethanal that is produced in the human body during metabolic processes, for example when the body breaks down alcohol.
Ethanal often occurs in nature as a chemical by-product in plants and in many organisms.

Ethanal is also a natural ingredient in many foods, such as fruit, coffee and bread.
The taste of Ethanal is described as fresh with a fruity but sometimes musty odour.

Ethanal is widely used in the production of other industrial chemical Ethanal.
Ethanal is used as a solvent in the rubber, tanning and paper industries, and as a preservative for fruit and fish.
Sometimes Ethanal is also used as a flavouring agent.

Ethanal is a common raw material in the organic chemical industry
Ethanal has a wide range of applications and is a raw material in the manufacture of many everyday products, such as paint binders, plasticisers and superabsorbents in baby nappies.

Ethanal is also used in the manufacture of various types of building materials, fire protection paints, synthetic lubricants and explosives.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Ethanal is used, among other things, in the manufacture of vitamins, sleeping aids and sedatives.
Ethanal is also often used as a base when producing acetic acid, which is also a basic chemical with many uses.

In the food industry, Ethanal is used in the manufacture of preservatives and flavourings and occurs naturally in fruit and fruit juices.
Ethanal arises naturally during fermentation and is found in low levels in foodstuffs such as milk products, soy products, pickled vegetables and non-alcoholic beverages.

Sekab produces Ethanal industrially by the catalytic oxidation of ethanol.
The production process takes place with renewable bioenergy in a closed-loop system and with as little toxicological effect as possible.

Ethanal is a complicated chemical to handle since Ethanal reacts easily with other chemicals and with the oxygen in the air.
This implies fire hazard and explosion risk and puts demands on safe handling.

Ethanal has short shelf life, which puts demands on warehouse logistics.
Sekab can ensure and satisfy all of these requirements and conditions.

Ethanal (CH3CHO) is a volatile compound found in wine.
Levels in various wines are listed in Table I. On average, red wines contain 30 mg/L, white 80 mg/L, and Sherries 300 mg/L.

The high levels in sherry are considered a unique feature of this wine.
At low levels Ethanal can contribute pleasant fruity aromas to a wine, however, at higher levels the aroma is considered a defect and is reminiscent of rotten-apples.
The threshold in wine ranges between 100-125 mg/L.

Ethanal is one of the most important sensory carbonyl compounds in wine and constitutes approximately 90% of the total aldehyde content in wine.
Ethanal can be formed by yeasts and acetic acid bacteria (AAB).

AAB form Ethanal by oxidizing ethanol.
The amount formed by yeasts varies with species, but is considered to be a leakage product of the alcoholic fermentation.

Additionally, film yeasts (important in sherry production) will oxidize ethanol to form Ethanal.
Oxygen, and SO2 can all impact the amount of Ethanal formed by yeasts.

Wines fermented in the presence of SO2 have considerably higher amounts of Ethanal.
This is related to SO2 resistance of certain yeasts.

In wine, Ethanal concentration increases with higher temperatures, though production was higher at cooler temperatures in fermented cider with Saccharomyces cereviseae.
Ethanal can also be formed as a result of oxidation of phenolic compounds.
Hydrogen peroxide, a product of phenolic oxidation, will oxidize ethanol to Ethanal.

At wine pH (3-4), SO2 consists mainly of bisulfite (HSO3-), and small amounts of molecular (SO2) and sulfite ion (SO32-).
The bisulfite can form complexes with carbonyl compounds, predominately Ethanal.

The binding of Ethanal to bisulfite limits Ethanal sensory contribution to wine.
Addition of SO2 to ‘inhibit’ Ethanal production may reduce the perceived aldehyde aroma character, but is most likely only masking the aroma contribution of the Ethanal that is present instead of actually inhibiting Ethanal production.

Ethanal is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of a range of chemicals, perfumes, aniline dyes, plastics and synthetic rubber and in some fuel compounds.
Ethanal is also used in the manufacture of disinfectants, drugs, perfumes, explosives, lacquers and varnishes, photographic chemicals, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators and antioxidants, and room air deodourisers.
Ethanal is also used as a synthetic flavouring Ethanal, food preservative and as a fragrance.

Ethanal is a toxic molecule that is always circulating in the blood in low concentrations.
A Group 1 carcinogen, Ethanal can cause damage in our bodies and continued exposure can lead to cancer and other disease.
In our modern environment, Ethanal enters the body from a number of sources.

Ethanal is also produced inside our own bodies through regular processes.
Those with ALDH2 Deficiency cannot properly break down Ethanal, which leads to accumulation in the body and increases the risk of long-term diseases.
Those with ALDH2 Deficiency should be aware of the major sources of Ethanal.

Ethanal, produced from the metabolism of ethanol, may also be responsible for localized cancers, brain damage in prenatal infants, and growth suppression (in chicken embryos).
Ethanal, as a direct result of ethanol metabolism in the body, has been implicated in alcoholic cardiomyopathy and cancer of the digestive tract.

Ethanal DNA adducts have been observed in the lymphocytes of human alcohol abusers.
Esophageal tumors have been reportedly associated with genetic polymorphisms that result in high Ethanal levels after ethanol consumption, but there is inadequate evidence to associate carcinogenicity in humans with Ethanal exposure.
The levels of Ethanal in blood are directly correlated with ethanol consumption.

Ethanal, also called Acetaldehyde, is the simplest aldehyde (CH3CHO).
Ethanal is a colourless and volatile liquid made by the catalytic oxidation of ethanol, with a sharp and fruity odour.
Ethanal is widely used industrially as a chemical intermediate.

Ethanal is also a metabolite of sugars and ethanol in humans,is found naturally in the environment, and is a product of biomass combustion.
Ethanal is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of a range of chemicals, perfumes, aniline dyes, plastics and synthetic rubber and in some fuel compounds.

Ethanal is an important reagent used in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, and many other organic chemicals.
In the presence of acids Ethanal forms the cyclic polymers paraldehyde (CH3CHO)3, and metaldehyde (CH3CHO)4.

The former is used as a hypnotic, and the latter as a solid fuel for portable stoves and as a poison for snails and slugs.
Ethanal is also used in the manufacture of disinfectants, drugs, perfumes, explosives, lacquers and varnishes, photographic chemicals, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators and antioxidants, and room air deodourizers.
Ethanal is also used as a synthetic flavouring Ethanal, food preservative and as a fragrance.

Ethanal is a highly flammable, volatile colourless liquid.
Ethanal has a characteristic, pungent, and suffocating odour and is miscible in water.

Ethanal is ubiquitous in the ambient environment.
Ethanal is an intermediate product of higher plant respiration and formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion in fireplaces and woodstoves, burning of tobacco, vehicle exhaust fumes, coal refining, and waste processing.
Exposures to Ethanal occur during the production of acetic acid and various other industrial chemical Ethanal, for instance, manufacture of drugs, dyes, explosives, disinfectants, phenolic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, and varnish.

Uses of Ethanal:
Ethanal was used as a precursor to acetic acid.
Ethanal is used as a precursor to pyridine derivatives, crotonaldehyde, and pentaerythritol.

Ethanal is used in the manufacturing of resin.
Ethanal is used to produce polyvinyl acetate.

Ethanal is used in the manufacturing of disinfectants, perfumes, and drugs.
Ethanal is used in the production of chemicals such as acetic acid.

Ethanal was used as a precursor to acetic acid.
Ethanal was used as a precursor to pyridine derivatives, crotonaldehyde, and pentaerythritol.

Ethanal is used in the manufacturing of resin.
Ethanal is used to produce polyvinyl acetate.

Ethanal is used in the manufacturing of disinfectants, perfumes, and drugs.
Ethanal is used in the production of chemicals such as acetic acid.

Ethanal is used in producing acetic acid, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, syntheticpyridine derivatives, pentaerythritol, terephthalicacid, and many other raw materials.
Release of Ethanal from poly ethyleneterephthalate (PET) bottles into carbonatedmineral waters has been observed; 180 ppm was detected in sampleskept for 6 months at 40°C (104°F).

Ethanal is also known as Acetaldehyde.
Ethanal is miscible with H2O, alcohol, or ether in all proportions.
Because of Ethanal versatile chemical reactivity, Ethanal is widely used as a commencing material in organic syntheses, including the production of resins, dyestuffs, and explosives.

Ethanal also is used as a reducing agent, preservative, and as a medium for silvering mirrors.
In resin manufacture, paraldehyde (CH3CHO)3 sometimes is preferred because of Ethanal higher boiling and flash points.

Ethanal is used as a general solvent in organic and polymer chemical reactions.
Ethanal also plays a role in fruit and food quality, ripening and deterioration.

Manufacture of paraldehyde, acetic acid, butanol, perfumes, flavors, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber; silvering mirrors, hardening gelatin fibers.
Ethanal is used as flavoring agent in foods and beverages.
Ethanal is fumigant for storage of apples and strawberries.

Ethanal can also be used as an odorant, and Ethanal found in nature in many foods such as ripe fruits, cheese and heated milk.
Ethanal occurs naturally during fermentation, and low levels of Ethanal are to be found in certain foods.

Ethanal is mainly used for preparation of citrus, apple, cream type essence, etc.
Ethanal is mostly used in acetic acid industry.

Butanol and octanol are also the important derivatives of the Ethanal in the past.
Nowadays, butanol and octanol are prepared by Propylene carbonyl synthesis method.

Ethanal is a very important raw material in the production of a large number of chemical products, for example paint binders in alkyd paints and plasticizers for plastics.
Ethanal is also used in the manufacture of construction materials, fire retardant paints and explosives, while Ethanal uses within the pharmaceutical industry include the manufacture of sedatives and tranquilisers, among other things.
Ethanal can also be used as a raw material in the manufacture of acetic acid, another platform chemical with many applications.

Ethanal is also used to produce pentaerythritol, peracetic acid, pyridine and Ethanal derivatives.
Domestically produced Ethanal is mainly used as intermediate for the production of acetic acid.

Only a small amount is used for the production of pentaerythritol, butanol, trichloroEthanal, trimethylolpropane, etc.
The predominant use of Ethanal is as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Ethanal is used in the production of perfumes, polyester resins, and basic dyes.
Ethanal is also used as a fruit and fish preservative, as a flavoring agent, and as a denaturant for alcohol, in fue compositions, for hardening gelatin, and as a solvent in the rubber, tanning, and paper industries.

The predominant use of Ethanal is as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals.

Glue sticks, glitter glues, fabric glues, craft glue, spray mounts, stencil sprays, and other adhesives used for primarily craft purposes
Cleaning and household care products that can not be placed in a more refined category

Ethanal is used in synthesis of organic chemicals, resins, dyes, pesticides, disinfectants, cosmetics, gelatin, glue, lacquers, varnishes, casein products, explosives, and pharmaceuticals.
Ethanal is also used as a hardener in photography, a flavoring agent, and a leather preservative.

Ethanal is also used in leather tanning, in glue products, and in the paper industry.

Ethanal is used in the production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, pentaerythritol, synthetic pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid, and peracetic acid.
Ethanal is also used in the production of perfumes, polyester resins, basic dyes, in fruit and fish preservation, as a flavoring agent, an alcohol denaturant, as a hardening agent for gelatin, in fuel compositions, and as a solvent in the rubber, tanning, and paper industries.

Hydraulic fracturing uses a specially blended liquid which is pumped into a well under extreme pressure causing cracks in rock formations underground.
These cracks in the rock then allow oil and natural gas to flow, increasing resource production.
Although there are dozens to hundreds of chemicals which could be used as additives, there are a limited number which are routinely used in hydraulic fracturing.

Traditionally, Ethanal was mainly used as a precursor to acetic acid.
This application has declined because acetic acid is produced more efficiently from methanol by the Monsanto and Cativa processes.

Ethanal is an important precursor to pyridine derivatives, pentaerythritol, and crotonaldehyde.
Urea and Ethanal combine to give a useful resin.
Acetic anhydride reacts with Ethanal to give ethylidene diacetate, a precursor to vinyl acetate, which is used to produce polyvinyl acetate.

The global market for Ethanal is declining.
Demand has been impacted by changes in the production of plasticizer alcohols, which has shifted because n-butyraldehyde is less often produced from Ethanal, instead being generated by hydroformylation of propylene.

Likewise, acetic acid, once produced from Ethanal, is made predominantly by the lower-cost methanol carbonylation process.
The impact on demand has led to increase in prices and thus slowdown in the market.

China is the largest consumer of Ethanal in the world, accounting for almost half of global consumption in 2012.
Major use has been the production of acetic acid.

Other uses such as pyridines and pentaerythritol are expected to grow faster than acetic acid, but the volumes are not large enough to offset the decline in acetic acid.
As a consequence, overall Ethanal consumption in China may grow slightly at 1.6% per year through 2018.

Western Europe is the second-largest consumer of Ethanal worldwide, accounting for 20% of world consumption in 2012.
As with China, the Western European Ethanal market is expected to increase only very slightly at 1% per year during 2012–2018.

However, Japan could emerge as a potential consumer for Ethanal in next five years due to newfound use in commercial production of butadiene.
The supply of butadiene has been volatile in Japan and the rest of Asia.
This should provide the much needed boost to the flat market, as of 2013.

Ethanal is an intermediate in the production of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, cellulose acetate, vinyl acetate resins, acetate esters, pentaerythritol, synthetic pyridine derivatives, terephthalic acid and peracetic acid.
Other uses of Ethanal include silvering of mirrors; leather tanning; denaturant for alcohol; fuel mixtures; hardener for gelatine fibres; glue and casein products; preservative for fish and fruit; synthetic flavouring agent; paper industry; and manufacture of cosmetics, aniline dyes, plastics and synthetic rubber.
The concentration of Ethanal in alcoholic beverages is generally below 500 mg/l.

Low levels of Ethanal are also reported to occur in several essential oils.
Ethanal is an intermediate product in the metabolism of ethanol and sugars and also occurs as a natural metabolite in small quantities in human blood.

In cosmetic products, two possibilities of occurrence of Ethanal can be distinguished:

1) Ethanal is used as a fragrance/flavour ingredient in fragrance compounds used in cosmetic products.
The SCCNFP concluded in Ethanal opinion of 25th May 2004 that Ethanal can be safely used as a fragrance/flavour ingredient at a maximum concentration of 0.0025% (25 ppm) in the fragrance compound.

2) In addition, Ethanal can also be found in cosmetic products in the form of unavoidable traces originating mainly through:
Plant extracts and botanical ingredients
Ethanol.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Ethanal is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Ethanal is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Ethanal is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Uses at industrial sites:
Ethanal is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals.
Ethanal is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.

Ethanal is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Ethanal can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another Ethanal (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.

Industry Uses:
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediates

Consumer Uses:
Adhesives and sealants
Golf and Sports Turf
Paints and coatings
Paper products
Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
Process Intermediates

Properties of Ethanal:

Typical Properties:
The chemical formula of Ethanal is CH3CHO and its molecular weight is 44.06 g/mol.
Ethanal is a colorless, mobile liquid that is flammable and miscible with water.

Ethanal has a sharp, suffocating odor, but in dilute concentrations it has a fruity, pleasant odor.
The odor threshold of Ethanal is 0.05 parts per million (ppm) (0.09 mg/m3).

The vapor pressure of Ethanal is 740 mm Hg at 20 °C and the log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) is 0.43.
The molecular weight/molar mass of Ethanal is 44.05 grams per mole.

The density of Ethanal is 0.784 grams per cubic centimeter.
Additionally, the boiling temperature of Ethanal is 20.2oC.
The melting point of Ethanal is -123.5oC.

Ethanal is colorless, mobile, fuming, volatile liquid or gas with a penetrating, pungent odor.
Ethanal is odor threshold concentrations ranged from 1.5 ppbv to 0.21 ppmv.
Katz and Talbert (1930) reported an experimental detection odor threshold concentration of 120 μg/m3 (67 ppbv).

At low concentrations, Ethanal imparts a pleasant, fruity, green apple or leafy green-like flavor.
Twenty-five panelists were randomly selected for testing milk products and water for determining flavor thresholds.

Chemical Properties:
The chemical properties of Ethanal are similar to formaldehyde.
Ethanal is a precursor in organic synthesis, especially as an electrophile.

By condensation reaction, one can gain intermediates like pentaerythritol that we can be used in organic synthesis.
Also, can be useful to produce hydroxyethyl derivatives by a reaction with a Grignard reagent.
Ethanal is a building block that is in use in the synthesis of heterocycles, such as imines and pyridines.

This chemical is dangerous when exposed to heat or flame.
Ethanal is sensitive to air and may undergo autopolymerization.

Ethanal is also sensitive to moisture.
Upon prolonged storage, Ethanal may form unstable peroxides.

Can react vigorously with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, amines phosphorous, isocyanates, strong alkalies and strong acids and is incompatible with oxidising and reducing agents.
Ethanal also reacts with nitric acid, peroxides, caustic soda and soda ash.

Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(II)chlorate or mercury(II)perchlorate form sensitive and explosive products.
Polymerisation may occur with acetic acid.

Autoignition of vapour may occur on contact with corroded metals.
Exothermic polymerisation can occur with trace metals.

Ethanal is miscible with gasoline, naptha, xylene, turpentine, ether, benzene and alcohol.
Rubber products decompose on contact with Ethanal, but Ethanal is not corrosive to most metals.

Ethanal is a highly fl ammable, volatile, colorless liquid.
Ethanal has a characteristic pun- gent and suffocating odor, and is miscible in water.
Ethanal is ubiquitous in the ambient environment.

Ethanal is an intermediate product of higher plant respiration and formed as a product of incomplete wood combustion in fi replaces and woodstoves, burning of tobacco, vehicle exhaust fumes, coal refi ning, and waste processing.
Exposures to acetal- dehyde occur during the production of acetic acid and various other industrial chemical Ethanal.
For instance, the manufacture of drugs, dyes, explosives, disinfectants, pheno- lic and urea resins, rubber accelerators, and varnish.

Ethanal is a flammable, volatile, colorless liquid, or gas.
Ethanal has a characteristic, penetrating, fruity odor.

Production of Ethanal:
The main method of production of Ethanal is the oxidation of ethylene.
Ethanal is done by the Wacker process.

This process involves the oxidation of ethylene by homogeneous palladium or copper system.
2CH2=CH2+O2→2CH3CHO

A small quantity of Ethanal can be prepared by the partial oxidation of ethanol.

Ethanal is an exothermic reaction and is conducted over a silver catalyst at about 500oC to 650oC.
CH3CH2OH+1/2O2→CH3CHO+H2O

Ethanal is the oldest method for the preparation of Ethanal.

Prior to the Wacker process and the availability of ethylene, Ethanal is also produced by the hydration of acetylene and is catalyzed by mercury (II) salts.
C2H2+Hg2++H2O→CH3CHO+Hg

The mechanism involves the intermediacy of vinyl alcohol that is tautomerized to Ethanal.
The reaction is conducted at 90oC to 95oC.
Ethanal formed here is separated from water and mercury and cooled to 25oC to 30oC.

In the wet oxidation process, iron (III) sulfate is in use to reoxidize the mercury to the mercury (II) salt.
The resulting iron (II) sulfate is then oxidized in a separate reactor with nitric acid.

Traditionally, Ethanal was also produced by the partial dehydrogenation of ethanol.
CH3CH2OH→CH3CHO+H2

This is an endothermic process.
Ethanol vapour is passed by a copper-based catalyst at 260oC to 290oC.

In 2003, global production was about 1 million tonnes.
Before 1962, ethanol and acetylene were the major sources of Ethanal.
Since then, ethylene is the dominant feedstock.

The main method of production is the oxidation of ethylene by the Wacker process, which involves oxidation of ethylene using a homogeneous palladium/copper system:
2 CH2=CH2 + O2 → 2 CH3CHO

In the 1970s, the world capacity of the Wacker-Hoechst direct oxidation process exceeded 2 million tonnes annually.

Smaller quantities can be prepared by the partial oxidation of ethanol in an exothermic reaction.

This process typically is conducted over a silver catalyst at about 500–650 °C.
CH3CH2OH + 1⁄2 O2 → CH3CHO + H2O

This method is one of the oldest routes for the industrial preparation of Ethanal.

Other methods:

Hydration of acetylene:
Prior to the Wacker process and the availability of cheap ethylene, Ethanal was produced by the hydration of acetylene.

This reaction is catalyzed by mercury(II) salts:
C2H2 + Hg2+ + H2O → CH3CHO + Hg

The mechanism involves the intermediacy of vinyl alcohol, which tautomerizes to Ethanal.
The reaction is conducted at 90–95 °C, and the Ethanal formed is separated from water and mercury and cooled to 25–30 °C.

In the wet oxidation process, iron(III) sulfate is used to reoxidize the mercury back to the mercury(II) salt.
The resulting iron(II) sulfate is oxidized in a separate reactor with nitric acid.

Dehydrogenation of ethanol:

Traditionally, Ethanal was produced by the partial dehydrogenation of ethanol:
CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO + H2

In this endothermic process, ethanol vapor is passed at 260–290 °C over a copper-based catalyst.
The process was once attractive because of the value of the hydrogen coproduct, but in modern times is not economically viable.

Hydroformylation of methanol:
The hydroformylation of methanol with catalysts like cobalt, nickel, or iron salts also produces Ethanal, although this process is of no industrial importance.
Similarly noncompetitive, Ethanal arises from synthesis gas with modest selectivity.

Reactions of Ethanal:

Tautomerization of Ethanal to vinyl alcohol:
Like many other carbonyl compounds, Ethanal tautomerizes to give an enol:
CH3CH=O ⇌ CH2=CHOH - ∆H298,g = +42.7 kJ/mol

The equilibrium constant is 6×10−7 at room temperature, thus that the relative amount of the enol form in a sample of Ethanal is very small.
At room temperature, Ethanal (CH3CH=O) is more stable than vinyl alcohol (CH2=CHOH) by 42.7 kJ/mol: Overall the keto-enol tautomerization occurs slowly but is catalyzed by acids.

Photo-induced keto-enol tautomerization is viable under atmospheric or stratospheric conditions.
This photo-tautomerization is relevant to the earth's atmosphere, because vinyl alcohol is thought to be a precursor to carboxylic acids in the atmosphere.

Condensation reactions:
Ethanal is a common electrophile in organic synthesis.
In condensation reactions, Ethanal is prochiral.

Ethanal is used primarily as a source of the "CH3C+H(OH)" synthon in aldol and related condensation reactions.
Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with MeCHO to give hydroxyethyl derivatives.
In one of the more spectacular condensation reactions, three equivalents of formaldehyde add to MeCHO to give pentaerythritol, C(CH2OH)4.

In a Strecker reaction, Ethanal condenses with cyanide and ammonia to give, after hydrolysis, the amino acid alanine.
Ethanal can condense with amines to yield imines; for example, with cyclohexylamine to give N-ethylidenecyclohexylamine.
These imines can be used to direct subsequent reactions like an aldol condensation.

Ethanal is also a building block in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.
In one example, Ethanal converts, upon treatment with ammonia, to 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine ("aldehyde-collidine").

Manufacturing Methods of Ethanal:
There is still some commercial production by the partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol and hydration of acetylene.
Ethanal is also formed as a coproduct in the high temperature oxidation of butane.
A more recently developed rhodium catalyzed process produces Ethanal from synthesis gas as a coproduct with ethyl alcohol and acetic acid.

Ethanal can producing dehydrogenation of ethanol.
Ethanol vapor is passed at 260-290 °C over a catalyst consisting of copper sponge or copper activated with chromium oxide in a tubular reactor.

A conversion of 25-50% per run is obtained.
By washing with alcohol and water, Ethanal and ethanol are separated from the exhaust gas, which is mainly hydrogen.

Pure Ethanal is obtained by distillation; the ethanol is separated from water and higher-boiling products by distillation and flows back to the reactor.
The final Ethanal yield is about 90%.
By products include butyric acid, crotonaldehyde, and ethyl acetate.

Oxidation of ethanol is the oldest laboratory method for preparing Ethanal.
In the commercial process, ethanol is oxidized catalytically with oxygen (or air) in the vapor phase.
Copper, silver, and their oxides or alloys are the most frequently used catalysts.

Ethanal can producing direct oxidation of ethylene.
An aqueous solution of PdCl2 and CuCl2 is used as catalyst.

Ethanal formation had already been observed in the reaction between ethylene and aqueous palladium chloride.
In the Wacker-Hoechst process, metallic palladium is reoxidized by CuCl2, which is then regenerated with oxygen.

Only a very small amount of PdCl2 is required for the conversion of ethylene.
The reaction of ethylene with palladium chloride is the rate-determining step.

In the one-stage method, an ethylene - oxygen mixture reacts with the catalyst solution.
During the reaction a stationary state is established in which "reaction" (formation of Ethanal and reduction of CuCl2) and "oxidation" (reoxidation of CuCl) proceed at the same rate.

This stationary state is determined by the degree of oxidation of the catalyst.
In the two-stage process the reaction is carried out with ethylene and then with oxygen in two separate reactors.

The catalyst solution is alternately reduced and oxidized.
At the same time the degree of oxidation of the catalyst changes alternately.
Air is used instead of pure oxygen for the catalyst oxidation.

General Manufacturing Information of Ethanal:

Industry Processing Sectors:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
Petrochemical manufacturing

China is the largest consumer of Ethanal.
Ethanal is heavily used in the production of acetic acid.

This use will be limited in the future because new plants in China will use the methanol carbonylation process.
Other uses will grow, but the volumes are not large enough to offset the volumes used in acetic acid production.
Chinese consumption is expected to grow slightly at 1.6%/yr through 2018.

Ethanal can producing formation during the natural alcoholic fermentation process.
Recovery is effected by suitable fractionation, subsequent preparation of the Ethanal ammonia, and final treatment of the addition compound with diluted sulfuric acid.

Western Europe is the second largest consumer of Ethanal accounting for 20% of world consumption in 2012.
The rate of growth there is expected to be 1%/yr through 2018.

Total Ethanal production in western Europe on January 1, 1983 was more than 0.5 million tons, & production capacity is estimated to have been nearly 1 million tons.
Most of this was based on the catalytic oxidation of ethylene; less than 10% was based on partial oxidation of ethanol, & a very small percentage was based on the hydration of acetylene.

Ethanal is produced (by oxidation of ethylene) by 7 companies in Japan.
Their combined production is est to have been 278,000 tons in 1982, down from an est 323,000 tons in 1981.
Japanese imports & exports of Ethanal are negligible.

Polymerization of Ethanal:
The Ethanal may polymerize under the influence of acids, alkaline materials, such as sodium hydroxide, in the presence of trace metals (iron) with fire or explosion hazard.

Polymeric forms of Ethanal:
Three molecules of Ethanal condense to form "paraldehyde", a cyclic trimer containing C-O single bonds.
Similarly condensation of four molecules of Ethanal give the cyclic molecule metaldehyde.

Paraldehyde can be produced in good yields, using a sulfuric acid catalyst.
Metaldehyde is only obtained in a few percent yield and with cooling, often using HBr rather than H2SO4 as the catalyst.
At -40 °C in the presence of acid catalysts, polyEthanal is produced.
There are two stereomers of paraldehyde and four of metaldehyde.

The German chemist Valentin Hermann Weidenbusch (1821–1893) synthesized paraldehyde in 1848 by treating Ethanal with acid (either sulfuric or nitric acid) and cooling to 0°C.
He found Ethanal quite remarkable that when paraldehyde was heated with a trace of the same acid, the reaction went the other way, recreating Ethanal.

Acetal derivatives of Ethanal:
Ethanal forms a stable acetal upon reaction with ethanol under conditions that favor dehydration.
The product, CH3CH(OCH2CH3)2, is formally named 1,1-diethoxyethane but is commonly referred to as "acetal".
This can cause confusion as "acetal" is more commonly used to describe compounds with the functional groups RCH(OR')2 or RR'C(OR'')2 rather than referring to this specific compound – in fact, 1,1-diethoxyethane is also described as the diethyl acetal of Ethanal.

Precursor to vinylphosphonic acid:
Ethanal is a precursor to vinylphosphonic acid, which is used to make adhesives and ion conductive membranes.

The synthesis sequence begins with a reaction with phosphorus trichloride:
PCl3 + CH3CHO → CH3CH(O−)PCl3+
CH3CH(O−)PCl3+ + 2 CH3CO2H → CH3CH(Cl)PO(OH)2 + 2 CH3COCl
CH3CH(Cl)PO(OH)2 → CH2=CHPO(OH)2 + HCl

Purification Methods of Ethanal:
Ethanal is usually purified by fractional distillation in a glass helices-packed column under dry N2, discarding the first portion of distillate.
Ethanal is shaking for 30 minutes with NaHCO3, dried with CaSO4 and fractionally distilled at 760mm through a 70cm Vigreux column.
The middle fraction is collected and further purified by standing for 2hours at 0o with a small amount of hydroquinone (free radical inhibitor), followed by distillation.

Biochemistry of Ethanal:
In the liver, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase oxidizes ethanol into Ethanal, which is then further oxidized into harmless acetic acid by Ethanal dehydrogenase.
These two oxidation reactions are coupled with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.

In the brain, the enzyme catalase is primarily responsible for oxidizing ethanol to Ethanal, and alcohol dehydrogenase plays a minor role.
The last steps of alcoholic fermentation in bacteria, plants, and yeast involve the conversion of pyruvate into Ethanal and carbon dioxide by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase, followed by the conversion of Ethanal into ethanol.
The latter reaction is again catalyzed by an alcohol dehydrogenase, now operating in the opposite direction.

Human Metabolite Information of Ethanal:

Tissue Locations:
Adrenal Medulla
Brain
Epidermis
Erythrocyte
Fibroblasts
Intestine
Kidney
Liver
Neuron
Ovary
Pancreas
Placenta
Platelet
Skeletal Muscle
Testis
Thyroid Gland

Cellular Locations:
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
Extracellular
Mitochondria
Peroxisome

History of Ethanal:
Ethanal was first observed by the Swedish pharmacist/chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774); Ethanal was then investigated by the French chemists Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (1800), and the German chemists Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1821, 1822, 1832) and Justus von Liebig (1835).
In 1835, Liebig named Ethanal "aldehyde"; the name was later altered to "Ethanal".

Handling and Storage of Ethanal:

Nonfire Spill Response of Ethanal:
ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area).
All equipment used when handling Ethanal must be grounded.

Do not touch or walk through spilled material.
Stop leak if you can do Ethanal without risk.

Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.
Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL:
Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.
Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Safe Storage of Ethanal:
Fireproof.
Separated from incompatible materials.

Keep in the dark.
Store only if stabilized.

Ethanal should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.
Ethanal should always be stored under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon to prevent autoxidation.

Storage Conditions of Ethanal:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Recommended storage temperature: 2 - 8 °C.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location.
Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet.

Separate from oxidizing material and other reactive hazards.
Store bulk quantities in detached tanks provided with refrigeration and inert gas cover.

Ethanal is recommended that steel storage tanks of suitable std be used.
Storage vessels should be fitted with temp gauges & automatic water sprays.

All tanks & equipment must be earthed.
Transfer of material by pipeline must be by pressure of nitrogen.
Drums containing Ethanal should never be stored in direct sunlight or other warm areas.

Reactivity Profile of Ethanal:
Ethanal undergoes a vigorously exothermic condensation reaction in contact with strong acids, bases or traces of metals.
Can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents such as dinitrogen pentaoxide, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, silver nitrate, etc.
Contamination often leads either to reaction with the contaminant or polymerization, both with the evolution of heat.

Can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, halogens, phosphorus, isocyanates, concentrated sulfuric acid, and aliphatic amines.
Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(II) chlorate or perchlorate form sensitive, explosive products.

An oxygenation reaction of Ethanal in the presence of cobalt acetate at -20°C exploded violently when stirred.
The event was ascribed to peroxyacetate formation.

Safety Profile of Ethanal:
Ethanal is confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data.
Poison by intratracheal and intravenous routes.

Ethanal is human systemic irritant by inhalation.
Ethanal is human systemic irritant by inhalation.
Ethanal is a experimental teratogen.

Ethanal has other experimental reproductive effects.
Ethanal is skin and severe eye irritant.

Ethanal is a narcotic.
Ethanal is common air contaminant.

Ethanal is highly flammable liquid.
Ethanal mixtures of 30-60% of the vapor in air ignite above 100℃.

Ethanal can react violently with acid anhydrides, alcohols, ketones, phenols, NH3, HCN, H2S, halogens, P, isocyanates, strong alkalies, and amines.

Reactions with cobalt chloride, mercury(Ⅱ) chlorate, or mercury(Ⅱ) perchlorate form violently in the presence of traces of metals or acids.
Reaction with oxygen may lead to detonation.
When heated to decomposition Ethanal emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Health Effects of Ethanal:
Health effects of exposure to Ethanal have been examined in toxicological and controlled human exposure studies, with very little epidemiological evidence related to indoor Ethanal exposure.
In this assessment, the short-term exposure limit is derived from the results of a controlled human exposure study, whereas the long-term exposure limit is based on toxicological data from a study in a rodent model.
Supporting evidence is provided by the results of other toxicological and controlled human exposure studies.

Based on the evidence from human and toxicological studies, the effects of short-term and long-term Ethanal inhalation are observed at the site of entry.
Key health effects include tissue damage and cancer development, mainly in the upper respiratory tract.

First Aid Measures of Ethanal:

EYES:
First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present.
Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center.

Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN:
IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing.
Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water.

IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION:
IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air.
IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop.

Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere.
Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION:
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems.

If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body.
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring.
Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, Ethanal chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Fire Fighting of Ethanal:

All these products have a very low flash point:
Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE:
Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE:
Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.
Do not use straight streams.
Move containers from fire area if you can do Ethanal without risk.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS:
Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles.
Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.
ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.
For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Isolation and Evacuation of Ethanal:
As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL:
Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE:
If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Spillage Disposal of Ethanal:
Remove all ignition sources.

Evacuate danger area! Personal protection:
Filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the Ethanal.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.
Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers.

Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.
Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.
Remove vapour with fine water spray.

Cleanup Methods of Ethanal:

Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas.

Ensure adequate ventilation.
Remove all sources of ignition.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.

Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations.
Vapors can accumulate in low areas.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

(1) Remove all ignition sources
(2) Ventilate area to disperse gas
(3) If in gaseous form, stop flow of gas
(4) If in liquid form, for small quantities absorb on paper towels.
Evaporate in safe place (fume hood).

Allow sufficient time for vapors to completely clear hood ductwork, then burn the paper in a location away from combustible materials.

Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber.
Ethanal should not be allowed to enter a confined space such as a sewer, because of possibility of an explosion.
Sewers designed to preclude the formation of explosive concentration of Ethanal vapors are permitted.

Identifiers of Ethanal:
CAS Number: 75-07-0
ChEBI: CHEBI:15343
ChEMBL: ChEMBL170365
ChemSpider: 172
ECHA InfoCard: 100.000.761
EC Number: 200-836-8
IUPHAR/BPS: 6277
KEGG: C00084
PubChem CID: 177
RTECS number: AB1925000
UNII: GO1N1ZPR3B
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID5039224
InChI:
InChI=1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3
Key: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3
Key: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYAB
SMILES:
O=CC
CC=O

Properties of Ethanal:
Chemical formula: C2H4O
Molar mass: 44.053 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colourless gas or liquid
Odor: Ethereal
Density:
0.784 g·cm−3 (20 °C)
0.7904–0.7928 g·cm−3 (10 °C)
Melting point: −123.37 °C (−190.07 °F; 149.78 K)
Boiling point: 20.2 °C (68.4 °F; 293.3 K)
Solubility in water: miscible
Solubility: miscible with ethanol, ether, benzene, toluene, xylene, turpentine, acetone
slightly soluble in chloroform
log P: -0.34
Vapor pressure: 740 mmHg (20 °C)
Acidity (pKa): 13.57 (25 °C, H2O)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -.5153−6 cm3/g
Refractive index (nD): 1.3316
Viscosity: 0.21 mPa-s at 20 °C (0.253 mPa-s at 9.5 °C)

Molecular Weight: 44.05
XLogP3-AA: -0.3
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 44.026214747
Monoisotopic Mass: 44.026214747
Topological Polar Surface Area: 17.1 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Complexity: 10.3
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Quality Level: 400
grade:
FG
Halal
Kosher
natural
reg. compliance:
EU Regulation 1334/2008 & 178/2002
FDA 21 CFR 117
vapor density: 1.52 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 14.63 psi ( 20 °C)
assay: ≥99% (GC)
form: liquid
autoignition temp.: 365 °F
expl. lim.: 60 %
refractive index: n20/D 1.332 (lit.)
pH: 5 (20 °C)
bp: 21 °C (lit.)
mp: −125 °C (lit.)
density: 0.785 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
application(s): flavors and fragrances
Documentation: see Safety & Documentation for available documents
food allergen: no known allergens
Organoleptic: ethereal
storage temp.: 2-8°C
SMILES string: CC=O
InChI: 1S/C2H4O/c1-2-3/h2H,1H3
InChI key: IKHGUXGNUITLKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Boiling point: 20.4 °C (1013 hPa)
Density: 0.78 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 4 - 57 %(V)
Flash point: -38.89 °C
Ignition temperature: 140 °C
Melting Point: -123.5 °C
pH value: 5 (H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 1202 hPa (25 °C)

Structure of Ethanal:
Molecular shape:
trigonal planar (sp2) at C1
tetrahedral (sp3) at C2
Dipole moment: 2.7 D

Thermochemistry of Ethanal:
Heat capacity (C) of Ethanal:: 89 J·mol−1·K−1
Std molar entropy (So298): 160.2 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −192.2 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚): -127.6 kJ·mol−1

Names of Ethanal:

Preferred IUPAC name:
Ethanal

Systematic IUPAC name:
Acetaldehyde

Other names:
Acetic aldehyde
Ethyl aldehyde
Acetylaldehyde