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Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is a highly water-soluble quaternary ammonium salt commonly known as choline chloride.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is an important source of choline used in animal nutrition, human food and nutritional formulations, biochemical research, chemical synthesis, and specialty solvent systems.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is normally supplied as hygroscopic white crystals, concentrated aqueous solutions, or stabilized solid preparations.
CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC Number: 200-655-4
Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
Molecular Weight: 139.63 g/mol
SYNONYMS
Choline Chloride, Choline, Chloride, Cholinium Chloride, Choline Hydrochloride, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Chloride, 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethan-1-aminium Chloride, 2-Hydroxyethyl(trimethyl)azanium Chloride, Trimethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Chloride, (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride, (β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride, Beta-Hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium Chloride, Hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium Chloride, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1), Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride Salt, 2-Hydroxyethyltrimethylazanium Chloride, N,N,N-Trimethyl-2-hydroxyethanaminium Chloride, N-Trimethylethanolamine Chloride, Trimethylethanolammonium Chloride, Trimethyl-β-hydroxyethylammonium Chloride, Cholini Chloridum, Cholinum Chloratum, Chloride de Choline, Chlorure de Choline, Cloruro de Colina, Colina Cloruro, Cloridrato de Colina, Cholinchlorid, Cholin Chlorid, Bilineurine Chloride, Bilineurin Chloride, Hepacholine, Neocolina, Biocolina, Biocoline, Choline Salt, Choline Nutrient Salt, Choline Feed Additive, Choline Nutritional Additive, Choline Chloride Feed Grade, Choline Chloride Food Grade, Choline Chloride Pharmaceutical Grade, Choline Chloride Reagent Grade, Choline Chloride Analytical Standard, Choline Chloride Crystals, Anhydrous Choline Chloride, Choline Chloride Powder, Choline Chloride Aqueous Solution, Choline Chloride 75% Solution, Choline Chloride 70% Solution, Choline Chloride 60% Preparation, Cholinium Salt, Quaternary Ammonium Choline Salt, Hydroxyethyl Quaternary Ammonium Chloride, Choline Ion Chloride Salt, Vitamin B4 Chloride, Vitamin B4 Salt, Vitamin J Chloride, ChCl, C₅H₁₄ClNO, C₅H₁₄NOCl, HOCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₃Cl, CAS 67-48-1, EC 200-655-4, JECFA 2003, FEMA 4500, PubChem CID 6209, DTXSID4020325
APPLICATIONS
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a nutritional feed additive supplying choline to poultry, pigs, ruminants, aquaculture species, companion animals, and other animal categories.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports the formation of phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids required for normal cellular-membrane structure.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes to normal lipid transport, methyl-group metabolism, and physiological choline availability.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is currently authorized in the European Union as a nutritional feed additive for all animal species under defined conditions of use.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a choline source in poultry feed formulations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports dietary programs intended to meet the nutritional choline requirements of broilers, laying hens, breeders, turkeys, and other poultry.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes to normal liver lipid metabolism, growth, feed utilization, and physiological development when incorporated at nutritionally appropriate levels.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires dosage control because simultaneous supplementation through complete feed and drinking water may result in unnecessary excess exposure.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a nutritional component in pig and swine feed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports metabolic pathways involving phospholipids, lipoproteins, acetylcholine, and methyl-group transfer.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes to feed programs for piglets, growing pigs, finishing pigs, and breeding animals.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride should be incorporated according to species, age, diet composition, naturally occurring choline, and applicable feed regulations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in ruminant nutrition as a source of choline in suitable feed preparations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride can be incorporated into conventional or protected formulations depending on the intended nutritional delivery strategy.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports lipid-metabolism and methyl-donor functions when biologically available to the animal.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires formulation-specific assessment because unprotected choline may undergo extensive transformation within the rumen.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a nutritional additive in aquaculture feed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports choline-dependent metabolism in fish, shrimp, and other cultured aquatic species.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes to balanced feed formulations when the natural choline contribution of proteins, oils, grains, and other raw materials is considered.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires species-specific nutritional and water-quality evaluation before use in commercial aquaculture diets.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a choline source in pet-food and companion-animal nutrition.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports preparation of nutritionally complete dry, wet, semi-moist, and supplementary products.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride helps formulators correct variations in the natural choline content of meat, cereal, fat, and protein ingredients.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride must be used according to the nutritional standard and labeling requirements applicable to the intended animal species.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a component of vitamin, mineral, and nutritional premixes for animal feed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables concentrated choline delivery before uniform dispersion through the complete feed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports accurate dosing when particle size, carrier selection, mixing time, and segregation are properly controlled.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires compatibility testing because its hygroscopicity can affect vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and free-flowing premix properties.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in liquid feed supplements and drinking-water systems where permitted.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride dissolves rapidly in water and enables preparation of concentrated liquid nutritional solutions.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports automated metering through suitable dosing pumps and liquid-feed equipment.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires control of concentration, water quality, microbial stability, equipment compatibility, and simultaneous feed supplementation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a nutrient supplement in authorized human-food applications.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride provides a defined source of choline for foods formulated to increase or standardize choline content.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports fortified foods, nutritional preparations, and specialty dietary products when food-grade purity is used.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is recognized in the United States as a nutrient supplement when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a choline source in dietary supplements.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride can be incorporated into tablets, capsules, powders, granules, and liquid preparations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes a comparatively high proportion of choline by weight relative to many complex food ingredients.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires moisture-resistant formulation and packaging because the pure salt readily absorbs atmospheric water.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in powdered nutritional beverages and reconstitution products.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride dissolves readily during preparation with water and distributes choline throughout the beverage.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports nutritional fortification where taste, chloride contribution, osmolality, and ingredient compatibility are properly managed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires protection from humidity to prevent caking and loss of powder flow.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a nutrient component in specialized medical, sports, and meal-replacement formulations where legally permitted.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports formulation of products designed to provide measured quantities of choline.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables quantitative control that may be difficult to achieve using variable natural food ingredients alone.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires product-category-specific nutritional, medical, purity, and labeling assessment.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a flavoring substance in authorized food applications.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is listed in international flavoring specifications with a minimum assay requirement of 95%.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride can contribute saline, nutrient-associated, and formulation-modifying effects at controlled concentrations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride must comply with the applicable food-grade identity, purity, and use-level requirements.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a biochemical source of the choline cation in laboratory research.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports studies of phospholipid metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, neurotransmitter pathways, and cellular osmotic regulation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables researchers to prepare accurately defined aqueous choline solutions.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires analytical-grade purity when trace contaminants could influence biological results.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a nutrient in microbiological fermentation media.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supplies choline to microorganisms capable of incorporating or metabolizing the compound.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports studies of phospholipid formation, osmoprotection, methyl-group metabolism, and betaine production.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires organism-specific optimization because choline uptake and metabolism differ among microbial species.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in cell-culture and biochemical assay media.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supplies a defined choline source for cells requiring membrane-phospholipid precursors.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports preparation of experimental media used to investigate nutrient dependence and metabolic regulation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride must be selected at suitable purity and concentration to prevent osmotic or chloride-related interference.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a precursor for producing choline esters and related quaternary ammonium compounds.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride provides a hydroxyethyl group capable of controlled esterification or functional transformation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports synthesis of specialized cholinium salts, surfactants, intermediates, and research compounds.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires reaction conditions compatible with the permanently charged quaternary ammonium center.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a starting material for ion-exchange preparation of alternative cholinium salts.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride allows the chloride anion to be replaced with selected organic or inorganic counterions.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports preparation of cholinium carboxylates and other functional ionic materials.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires efficient removal of residual chloride when high counterion purity is required.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a hydrogen-bond acceptor in deep eutectic solvent systems.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride forms low-melting mixtures with suitable hydrogen-bond donors such as urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and selected carboxylic acids.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables preparation of liquid media whose viscosity, conductivity, polarity, and solvating behavior depend on composition and temperature.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires accurate control of moisture because water can substantially alter deep eutectic structure and performance.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions in the deep eutectic solvent commonly called reline when combined with urea.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride interacts strongly with urea through chloride-centered hydrogen bonding.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride produces a substantial melting-point depression that allows the mixture to remain liquid near room temperature.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports solvent research involving synthesis, extraction, electrochemistry, separations, and materials processing.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in ethaline-type deep eutectic solvents prepared with ethylene glycol.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes ionic conductivity while ethylene glycol acts as a hydrogen-bond donor and viscosity modifier.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports electrochemical and separation studies requiring a low-volatility ionic liquid phase.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires stability testing because some strongly hydrogen-bonded mixtures can undergo slow chemical decomposition during storage.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a component of glyceline-type deep eutectic solvents prepared with glycerol.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports formation of a polar liquid phase capable of dissolving selected salts, metals, organic compounds, and biomass-derived materials.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride contributes chloride-ion coordination and ionic conductivity to the mixture.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires viscosity, hydration, thermal stability, and material-compatibility evaluation for each intended process.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a solvent-forming component in metal extraction and hydrometallurgical research.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride-based eutectic mixtures can dissolve or coordinate selected metal salts and metal-containing solids.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports investigation of metal recovery from ores, catalysts, electronic materials, and battery-related feedstocks.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires process-specific control of acidity, oxidants, water, viscosity, metal loading, and solvent regeneration.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application in electrochemical deposition and surface-treatment research through deep eutectic solvent systems.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports ionic media capable of dissolving selected metal salts at concentrations different from conventional aqueous electrolytes.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables study of metal nucleation, deposition morphology, current efficiency, and alloy formation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires electrode, substrate, water-content, temperature, and electrochemical-window optimization.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a component of extraction media for natural products and biomass-derived compounds.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride-based eutectic systems provide adjustable polarity and hydrogen-bonding capacity.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports extraction studies involving phenolics, pigments, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and other polar or moderately polar substances.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires downstream removal, toxicity assessment, solvent recovery, and product-purity validation before regulated use.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a component of biomass-processing and cellulose-treatment solvent systems.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride participates in strong hydrogen-bond interactions capable of altering lignocellulosic structures.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports research on delignification, fractionation, saccharification pretreatment, and recovery of biomass components.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires careful evaluation of solvent recycling, degradation products, water consumption, and material compatibility.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride serves as a phase-transfer and ionic-reaction auxiliary in selected organic-synthesis processes.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride provides a permanently charged quaternary ammonium center and a mobile chloride counterion.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride can modify ion availability, catalyst solubility, and reaction-medium polarity.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires reaction-specific screening because its hydroxyl group and chloride ion may participate in side reactions.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride functions as a reference compound in quaternary ammonium chemistry.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports studies of ion pairing, hydration, hydrogen bonding, conductivity, and thermal decomposition.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables comparison between simple inorganic salts, conventional ionic liquids, and deep eutectic mixtures.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride provides meaningful results only when moisture content, purity, temperature, and physical form are controlled.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride finds application as an analytical reference material.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride supports calibration and validation of ion chromatography, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and spectroscopic methods.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride enables determination of choline chloride in food, feed, premixes, water, and technical preparations.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride requires traceable purity and correction for absorbed water when used for quantitative analysis.
DESCRIPTION
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is the registry-style name of choline chloride.
The compound is identified by CAS Number 67-48-1 and EC Number 200-655-4.
Its molecular formula is C₅H₁₄ClNO.
Its molecular weight is approximately 139.63 g/mol.
Structurally, Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride consists of a positively charged cholinium cation and a negatively charged chloride anion.
The cholinium cation contains one hydroxyethyl group and three methyl groups attached to a quaternary nitrogen atom.
The nitrogen atom carries a permanent positive charge because it is bonded to four carbon-containing groups.
The chloride ion provides electrical neutrality and participates strongly in hydration and hydrogen bonding.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt rather than a conventional neutral amine.
Its positive charge remains present throughout ordinary acidic, neutral, and alkaline formulation conditions.
The compound does not convert into a neutral free base merely through routine pH adjustment.
This permanent ionic character accounts for its high water affinity, low volatility, and strong electrolyte behavior.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is normally supplied as white or colorless hygroscopic crystals.
The material may also be provided as a white crystalline powder, granules, concentrated aqueous solution, or preparation deposited onto a solid carrier.
Pure crystalline material readily absorbs water from humid air.
Open containers can therefore become sticky, lumpy, partially dissolved, or difficult to handle.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is miscible or freely soluble in water.
The material is also soluble in ethanol according to international food specifications.
Its high aqueous solubility supports preparation of concentrated feed, food, analytical, and technical solutions.
Water content must nevertheless be measured because absorbed moisture changes assay on an as-received basis.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride has a melting or decomposition region above approximately 300°C.
International chemical-safety information reports a melting point near 305°C.
Current thermodynamic research notes that choline chloride may decompose before a conventional equilibrium melting process is observed.
The material should therefore not be treated as a normally distillable low-molecular-weight organic liquid.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride has negligible practical vapor pressure under ordinary ambient conditions.
Occupational airborne exposure is more likely to occur through dispersed dust or aerosol than through evaporation.
A nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can be produced rapidly when fine powder is poured, conveyed, or mixed.
Liquid formulations can generate inhalable droplets during spraying, atomization, or high-speed agitation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is reported with a log octanol–water partition coefficient near −5.16.
This value is consistent with extremely strong preference for aqueous phases over nonpolar organic phases.
The ionic salt is not expected to show the passive lipid partitioning typical of hydrophobic neutral chemicals.
Its environmental behavior is consequently influenced by water solubility, ionic interactions, biodegradation, and adsorption to charged surfaces.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride acts as a nutrient because choline is required for normal biological function.
Choline contributes to phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin formation in cellular membranes.
Choline also participates in acetylcholine synthesis and can be oxidized biologically to betaine.
Betaine contributes methyl groups to one-carbon metabolism through biochemical pathways.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is widely used in animal nutrition because the salt is concentrated, water soluble, and readily incorporated into feed-processing systems.
Current European authorization covers an aqueous solution containing at least 74% choline chloride and a preparation containing at least 60% choline chloride.
The active substance is required to have a minimum purity of 99% on an anhydrous basis.
The current authorization also specifies a maximum 2-chloroethanol content of 30 mg/kg in the active substance.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride feed preparations may contain mineral or plant-derived carrier materials.
The carrier converts a hygroscopic liquid or concentrated solution into a more manageable solid feed ingredient.
Carrier selection affects bulk density, dusting, flowability, choline concentration, storage stability, and premix compatibility.
The molecular formula and molecular weight of pure choline chloride do not describe the complete carrier-based preparation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride concentrated solutions may contain approximately 70–75% active material.
These solutions are viscous, strongly hydrophilic, and capable of absorbing additional atmospheric moisture.
Solution density and viscosity depend on concentration, temperature, impurity profile, and water content.
Cold-storage and pumping behavior must be evaluated using the actual commercial concentration rather than pure-substance data.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is commonly manufactured by reacting ethylene oxide with trimethylamine hydrochloride in water.
The reaction creates the hydroxyethyl group while preserving the quaternary trimethylammonium structure and chloride counterion.
Industrial processing controls temperature, pressure, reactant ratio, residual ethylene oxide, chlorinated impurities, water, and product concentration.
The aqueous product may be used directly, concentrated, crystallized, or applied to a carrier to produce a solid preparation.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride manufacturing quality depends strongly on control of residual starting materials and reaction by-products.
Potential process-related impurities can include trimethylamine, trimethylamine hydrochloride, ethylene oxide, 2-chloroethanol, water, and colored degradation products.
Food, feed, pharmaceutical, and analytical grades require different impurity limits and documentation.
The current certificate of analysis must therefore take priority over general chemical-property data.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride has no ordinary hydrocarbon-like odor when sufficiently pure.
Amine-like or otherwise unusual odor can indicate residual trimethylamine, degradation, contamination, or unsuitable storage.
Color development may result from prolonged heat exposure, impurities, reactions with carrier materials, or decomposition.
Appearance and odor should consequently be included in routine incoming-material inspection.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride absorbs moisture through interactions involving chloride, the hydroxyl group, and the permanently charged cation.
Moisture uptake can reduce the apparent active percentage of a solid sample.
Absorbed water can also promote caking, agglomeration, corrosion of unsuitable equipment, and uneven dosing.
Sampling should be rapid and containers should be resealed immediately after withdrawal of material.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride dry powder can become difficult to distribute uniformly after caking.
Mechanical grinding of hardened material can generate high airborne dust concentrations.
Controlled conditioning, low-dust granulation, suitable carrier selection, and humidity control provide safer approaches to maintaining flowability.
Compressed air should not be used to disperse or clean deposited powder.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is chemically stable under suitable cool and dry storage conditions.
Strong oxidizing agents are incompatible with the material.
Combustion or severe thermal decomposition can generate toxic and corrosive fumes, including hydrogen chloride.
Carbon oxides, nitrogen-containing fumes, smoke, and other irritating decomposition products may also be formed.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is considered combustible even though it is ionic, hygroscopic, and highly water soluble.
The material should be kept away from open flames and uncontrolled heating.
Water spray or dry powder can be used in fire situations according to international chemical-safety guidance.
Firefighting decisions should also consider the packaging, carrier, surrounding materials, and contaminated runoff.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride can react with strong oxidants.
Quaternary ammonium salts can also be incompatible with powerful reducing agents, active metals, metal hydrides, and highly reactive organometallic compounds.
The hydroxyethyl group and chloride ion can participate in reactions under severe thermal or strongly reactive conditions.
Documented compatibility assessment is required before use outside ordinary aqueous, nutritional, or low-temperature processing.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride forms strong hydrogen-bonded interactions with water and suitable hydrogen-bond donors.
The chloride ion acts as a particularly effective hydrogen-bond acceptor.
Mixing with urea, glycols, glycerol, or certain organic acids can depress the melting point of the combined system.
These interactions form the scientific basis of many choline-chloride-based deep eutectic solvents.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride-based deep eutectic mixtures are not automatically chemically inert.
Water, temperature, storage time, reactant purity, and hydrogen-bond-donor identity can influence stability.
Recent work has reported decomposition of certain choline chloride–ethylene glycol mixtures into chloromethane and dimethylaminoethanol.
Claims that every choline-chloride-based mixture is inherently green, harmless, or indefinitely stable should therefore be avoided.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride current food specifications describe colorless or white crystals or a white crystalline solid.
The international specification lists solubility in water and ethanol.
The minimum assay in the cited flavoring specification is 95%.
The same specification reports a melting requirement above 300°C.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride current food-ingredient records identify nutrient supplementation as its technical effect.
Use in food requires good manufacturing practice and compliance with the relevant product-category requirements.
Food-grade material cannot be assumed from feed-grade, technical-grade, or research-grade labeling.
Identity, assay, contaminants, microbiological quality, and packaging must be appropriate for human consumption.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride current feed assessments conclude that authorized use remains safe for target animal species, consumers, and the environment.
The same assessment identifies the active substance as a potential skin and respiratory sensitizer.
Exposure through the skin or respiratory tract is therefore treated as an occupational risk.
Although aqueous solutions containing up to 70% choline chloride were considered non-irritant to eyes, the eye-irritation potential of more concentrated forms could not be concluded.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride should consequently be handled with skin, eye, and respiratory protection where exposure can occur.
Solid preparations require particular attention to dust generation.
Concentrated liquids require splash control during pumping, sampling, transfer, and equipment cleaning.
Risk controls should be based on physical form and actual workplace exposure rather than the low vapor pressure alone.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is not assigned a single universal density or bulk density for all commercial forms.
Pure crystals, granules, concentrated solutions, and carrier-based preparations have substantially different physical properties.
Bulk density can also change through compaction, moisture uptake, particle-size distribution, and storage time.
Packaging, transport, dosing, and silo design should use grade-specific data.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is not assigned a conventional atmospheric boiling point because thermal decomposition occurs before normal boiling.
Flash-point data for aqueous solutions depend strongly on concentration and the presence of impurities.
Carrier-based feed preparations can exhibit combustion behavior dominated partly by the carrier.
The current Safety Data Sheet for the actual physical grade should therefore define fire and thermal precautions.
Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride quality control commonly includes identity, assay, water content, pH, color, odor, residual trimethylamine, and chlorinated impurities.
Feed preparations may additionally be tested for carrier identity, particle size, bulk density, dusting, flowability, and choline uniformity.
Aqueous solutions may be tested for density, concentration, clarity, viscosity, and microbiological quality.
Analytical grades may require traceable purity, low metal content, and detailed chromatographic impurity profiles.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Name: Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride
Common Name: Choline chloride
Alternative Common Name: Cholinium chloride
IUPAC Name: 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride
CAS Number: 67-48-1
EC Number: 200-655-4
PubChem CID: 6209
JECFA Number: 2003
FEMA Number: 4500
Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₄ClNO
Alternative Formula Representation: C₅H₁₄NO·Cl
Condensed Structural Formula: HOCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₃Cl
Molecular Weight: 139.63 g/mol
Chemical Family: Quaternary ammonium salts
Cation: Cholinium ion
Anion: Chloride ion
Functional Groups: Quaternary ammonium group and primary hydroxyl group
Electrical Charge: Permanently ionic
Physical State: Crystalline solid
Appearance: Colorless or white hygroscopic crystals
Alternative Commercial Forms: Powder, granules, concentrated aqueous solution, and carrier-based preparation
Odor: Normally slight or practically odorless when pure
Hygroscopicity: Strongly hygroscopic
Melting or Decomposition Point: Approximately 305°C
Food-Specification Melting Requirement: Greater than 300°C
Boiling Point: Not applicable because decomposition occurs before normal boiling
Water Solubility: Miscible or freely soluble
Ethanol Solubility: Soluble
Log Pow: Approximately −5.16
Volatility: Negligible under ordinary ambient conditions
Vapor Exposure Potential: Low
Dust Exposure Potential: Significant when fine material is dispersed
Aerosol Exposure Potential: Possible from spraying or atomizing solutions
Current Feed-Grade Active Purity: Minimum 99% on an anhydrous basis under the cited European authorization
Current Aqueous Feed-Additive Concentration: Minimum 74% choline chloride under the cited European authorization
Current Solid Feed-Preparation Concentration: Minimum 60% choline chloride under the cited European authorization
Current Feed-Grade 2-Chloroethanol Limit: Maximum 30 mg/kg in the active substance under the cited European authorization
Food-Flavoring Assay: Minimum 95% under the cited international specification
Primary Nutritional Function: Source of choline
Primary Biological Roles of Choline: Phospholipid formation, acetylcholine synthesis, lipid transport, and methyl-group metabolism
Primary Animal-Nutrition Applications: Poultry, swine, ruminant, aquaculture, and companion-animal feed
Primary Human-Food Application: Nutrient supplementation
Additional Food Application: Authorized flavoring use subject to applicable requirements
Primary Technical Function: Water-soluble cholinium salt and chemical intermediate
Solvent-System Function: Hydrogen-bond acceptor in deep eutectic solvents
Analytical Function: Reference and calibration material
Chemical-Synthesis Function: Precursor for cholinium salts, choline esters, and quaternary ammonium derivatives
Combustibility: Combustible
Fire Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride, carbon oxides, nitrogen-containing fumes, smoke, and irritating or toxic gases
Chemical Stability: Stable under recommended cool and dry storage conditions
Incompatible Materials: Strong oxidizing agents and other highly reactive substances identified in the current Safety Data Sheet
Potential Occupational Hazard: Skin and respiratory sensitization
Eye-Irritation Information: Aqueous solutions up to 70% were considered non-irritant in the cited feed assessment; more concentrated forms remain uncertain
Environmental Character: Highly water soluble and strongly hydrophilic
Recommended Storage: Cool, dry, well-ventilated, and tightly closed
Humidity Precaution: Protect from atmospheric moisture
Current Data Requirement: Confirm assay, water, physical form, impurities, hazard classification, transport status, and shelf life from the current grade-specific documentation.
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Move the affected person immediately to fresh air.
Keep the person at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.
Avoid further exposure to Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride dust, aerosol, smoke, or thermal-decomposition fumes.
Obtain medical attention if coughing, sore throat, breathing discomfort, wheezing, sensitization symptoms, or other effects develop or persist.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Rinse the affected skin with plenty of water.
Wash the skin thoroughly with soap and water.
Obtain medical advice if redness, irritation, itching, swelling, rash, or other signs of sensitization develop.
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Rinse the eyes immediately with plenty of clean, gently flowing water.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure complete irrigation.
Remove contact lenses when present and easy to do, then continue rinsing.
Continue rinsing for at least 15 minutes.
Obtain medical attention if pain, redness, tearing, blurred vision, or irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth thoroughly with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by qualified medical personnel or a poison center.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person.
Obtain medical advice following significant ingestion or if nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, weakness, or other symptoms develop.
Provide the current Safety Data Sheet and product label to medical personnel.
Note to Physicians:
No substance-specific antidote should be assumed.
Provide supportive care and treat according to the patient’s symptoms and clinical condition.
Assess the skin and respiratory tract for possible sensitization following occupational exposure.
Consider the concentration, physical form, chloride load, impurities, carrier materials, and additional formulation ingredients involved in the incident.
Use current poison-center guidance and the grade-specific Safety Data Sheet as the primary medical references.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Handle Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride in accordance with good industrial-hygiene and chemical-safety practices.
Review the current technical specification and Safety Data Sheet before opening or processing the material.
Avoid unnecessary contact with the skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not breathe dust, aerosol, mist, smoke, or thermal-decomposition fumes.
Use enclosed charging, transfer, weighing, dissolving, and packaging systems wherever reasonably practicable.
Avoid pouring, grinding, sweeping, or pneumatic-transfer methods that generate uncontrolled airborne dust.
Add solid material gradually to water under controlled agitation to prevent lump formation, splashing, and local concentration gradients.
Use clean, dry, and chemically compatible equipment for sampling, weighing, dissolving, pumping, and transfer.
Wash the hands, face, and exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke in areas where Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is processed.
Keep containers tightly closed when the material is not being sampled or transferred.
Prevent cross-contamination between food, feed, technical, analytical, and pharmaceutical grades.
Ventilation:
Provide effective general ventilation in storage and processing areas.
Use local exhaust ventilation at bag-emptying points, weighing stations, mixers, dissolving vessels, dryers, mills, and packaging equipment.
Capture dust and aerosol at the source rather than allowing contamination to spread through the workplace.
Provide additional ventilation when concentrated solutions are sprayed, atomized, heated, or handled in confined equipment.
Use suitable respiratory protection when engineering controls cannot adequately prevent inhalation exposure.
Select respiratory equipment through a documented occupational-exposure and sensitization-risk assessment.
Use dust-collection equipment appropriate to the particle characteristics and combustible-material assessment.
Prevent recirculation of contaminated air unless it has been adequately filtered.
Inspect and maintain ventilation and dust-collection systems regularly.
Storage:
Store Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride in tightly closed and correctly labeled containers.
Keep the material in a cool, dry, secure, and well-ventilated location.
Protect Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride from atmospheric moisture, excessive heat, direct sunlight, contamination, and physical damage.
Keep Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride separated from strong oxidizing agents and incompatible reactive chemicals.
Use moisture-resistant packaging for crystalline, powdered, and granular grades.
Reseal partially used containers immediately after sampling or transfer.
Prevent water, dirt, metals, oxidants, process residues, and incompatible chemicals from entering opened containers.
Store concentrated aqueous solutions within the temperature range stated in the current grade documentation.
Protect liquid packaging, pumps, hoses, and valves from corrosion, freezing, leakage, and mechanical damage.
Use first-in, first-out stock rotation within the applicable shelf life.
Inspect stored material for caking, liquefaction, discoloration, unusual odor, damaged packaging, or contamination before use.
Spill and Leak Procedures:
Restrict access to the affected area and remove unnecessary personnel.
Provide effective ventilation before beginning recovery operations.
Wear suitable gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, and respiratory protection as required.
Avoid dry sweeping, compressed-air cleaning, or other methods that disperse fine powder.
Carefully vacuum dry material using equipment appropriate to the dust and combustible-material assessment.
Sweep material gently into covered containers when suitable vacuum recovery is unavailable.
Moisten spilled powder cautiously only when this is compatible with recovery and disposal procedures.
Stop liquid leaks only when this can be done without personal risk.
Contain liquid spills with sand, earth, vermiculite, or another compatible inert absorbent.
Prevent Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride from entering drains, soil, groundwater, or surface water in concentrated form.
Collect recovered material and contaminated cleaning residues in tightly closed and correctly labeled containers.
Dispose of recovered material and cleaning residues through an authorized waste-management route.
Handling Precautions:
Wear chemical-resistant protective gloves selected from documented compatibility and permeation data.
Use safety spectacles with side protection or tightly fitting chemical goggles.
Wear a face shield in addition to goggles where concentrated-solution splashing is reasonably foreseeable.
Use protective clothing and closed chemical-resistant footwear.
Provide accessible eyewash and emergency-shower equipment near major handling locations.
Use suitable particulate respiratory protection during operations capable of generating airborne dust.
Use combination respiratory protection where aerosol, decomposition fumes, or additional hazardous ingredients may be present.
Ground and bond conductive equipment where the process risk assessment identifies electrostatic or combustible-dust concerns.
Inspect containers, seals, valves, pumps, hoses, transfer devices, ventilation systems, and dust collectors before use.
Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents and highly reactive reducing materials.
Do not subject Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride to uncontrolled heating because toxic and corrosive fumes can form.
Review the current technical specification, Safety Data Sheet, certificate of analysis, occupational requirements, food or feed regulations, and transport rules before production, formulation, storage, cleaning, or disposal.
