ETHYLPARABEN

Ethylparaben is a chemical compound commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. 
Ethylparaben is a member of the paraben family, which consists of esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. 
Ethylparaben is known for its antimicrobial properties, which help to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, thereby extending the shelf life of products.

CAS Number: 120-47-8
Molecular Formula: C9H10O3
Molecular Weight: 166.17
EINECS Number: 204-399-4

Synonyms: , CHEMBL15841, ETHYLPARABEN [USP-RS], Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate (TN), ethyl 4-hydroxybenzenecarboxylate, CHEBI:31575, AMY5118, NSC8510, Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate (JP17), HMS2091E17, Parahydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester, Pharmakon1600-01400151, 4-hydroxy benzoic acid ethyl ester, HY-B0934, NSC-8510, NSC23514, Tox21_111961, Tox21_300335, BBL012166, BDBM50428380, NSC755851, s4525, STK070911, ETHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], AKOS000120512, ETHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [WHO-DD], ETHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [WHO-IP], Tox21_111961_1, CCG-213682, CS-4403, DB13628, ETHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [JAN], NSC-755851, NCGC00160654-02, NCGC00160654-03, NCGC00160654-04, NCGC00160654-06, NCGC00254462-01, AC-11586, AC-34532, AS-11988, DA-73229, NCI60_041866, SBI-0206674.P002, ETHYL ESTER OF P-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID, E0884, ETHYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN], H0211, NS00008316, EN300-16106, D01647, Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, ETHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP IMPURITY], ETHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], W18471, AB00375765_03, A804518, Q229976, SR-05000001552, SR-05000001552-1, W-108475, BRD-K02464583-001-01-4, BRD-K02464583-001-02-2, Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Z53833636, Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%, Ethylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), F0728-0009, METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Ethylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Ethylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, InChI=1/C9H10O3/c1-2-12-9(11)7-3-5-8(10)6-4-7/h3-6,10H,2H2,1H

Ethylparaben is an ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol.
It has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an antifungal agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. 
Ethylparaben is a paraben and an ethyl ester.

Ethylparaben is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Ethylparaben may be used either alone or in combination with other paraben esters or with other antimicrobial agents. 
In cosmetics it is one of the most frequently used preservatives.

The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most effective against yeasts and molds.
Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts, particularly the sodium salt, are frequently used. 
However, this may cause the pH of poorly buffered formulations to become more alkaline.

Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. 
Its formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3. 
Ethylparaben is a member of the class of compounds known as parabens.

Ethylparaben is used as an antifungal preservative. As a food additive, it has E number E214.
Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of ethylparaben, has the same uses and is given the E number E215.
Ethylparaben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries. 

Parabens mimic estrogen and can act as potential hormone (endocrine) system disruptors.
Ethylparaben is ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, a member of a family of alky esters of para-hydroxybenzoic acid differing by their chemical substituents on the benzene ring. 
Ethylparaben occurs as a white or colourless powder or crystalline, odourless, and tasteless powder.

Ethylparaben is provided as delivered and specified by the issuing Pharmacopoeia. 
All information provided in support of this product, including SDS and any product information leaflets have been developed and issued under the Authority of the issuing Pharmacopoeia.For further information and support please go to the website of the issuing Pharmacopoeia.
Ethylparaben, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and heptyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoate are denominated parabens. 

They are odorless, almost colorless crystals or white crystalline powders. 
Water solubility is inversely related to alkyl chain length. 
The pH range of antimicrobial activity is 3–8; their antimicrobial activity is mainly against bacteria and fungi. 

Combinations of two or more parabens are often used since they have synergistic effects. 
FDA sets the maximum level of application of methyl (21CFR184.1490) and propyl (21CFR184.1670) esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid at 0.1%.
Ethylparaben is an ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol.

Ethylparaben has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an antifungal agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen.
Ethylparaben is a paraben and an ethyl ester.
Ethylparaben is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. 

The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.
Ethylparaben is a natural product found in Ulva australis, Andrographis paniculata, and other organisms with data available.
Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Ethylparaben's formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3.
Ethylparaben is a member of the class of compounds known as parabens.
Ethylparaben is used as an antifungal preservative. 

Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of ethylparaben, has the same uses and is given the E number E214.
Ethyl paraben is an ethyl ester.
Ethylparaben has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an antifungal agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen.

Ethylparaben is produced naturally and found in several fruits and insects, where it acts as an antimicrobial agent.
Ethylparaben is mainly used as antiseptics in cosmetics, food and medicine (E number E214).
Ethylparaben is also can be used as feed preservatives and antiseptic for bacteria.

Ethylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.
Ethylparaben is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.
Under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), cosmetic products and ingredients, other than color additives, do not need FDA approval before they go on the market.

Broad concentration ranges reported in each product category in 1981 were < 0.1% and > 0.1% to 1%. 
Studies show the in vivo estrogenicity of MP and EP at human exposure levels, and indicate that populations exposed to large amounts of MP and EP may have a high burden of estrogenicity-related diseases.
Ethylparaben is an ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with ethanol.

Ethylparaben has a role as an antimicrobial food preservative, an antifungal agent, a plant metabolite and a phytoestrogen. 
It is a paraben and an ethyl ester.
Ethylparaben is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics,food products, and pharmaceutical formulations.

Ethylparaben may be used either alone or in combination with other paraben esters or with other antimicrobial agents. 
In cosmetics it is one of the most frequently used preservatives.
The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most effective against yeasts and molds.

Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts, particularly the sodium salt, are frequently used. 
However, this may cause the pH of poorly buffered formulations to become more alkaline.
Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an antifungal preservative and food additive. 

Ethylparaben is a standardized chemical allergen. 
The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.
A very common type of feared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason paraben. 

Ethylparaben's a cheap, effective and well-tolerated ingredient to make sure the cosmetic formula does not go wrong too soon. 
Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, used as an antifungal preservative and food additive. 
It is a standardized chemical allergen. The physiologic effect of ethylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.

These are aromatic compounds containing a benzoic acid, which is esterified with an alkyl group and para-substituted with a hydroxyl group.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Ethylparabens are a group of controversial preservatives that include butylparaben, isobutylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben. 

All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics. 
Ethylparabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative.
Ethylparabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plants own protection.

Over the past 10 years parabens have become criticised and condemned for use in cosmetics due to their alleged relation to health concerns affecting women and men. 
The research about parabens is conflicting and polarising. 
Some research indicates they are safe as used in cosmetics and are preferred over other preservatives to keep a formula stable. 

These studies also showed Ethylparaben did not have any effect when compared to natural hormones in the body.
However, other research has concluded they are indeed problematic: Some studies determined a 100% concentration of parabens caused skin samples (meaning not intact skin on a person) to break down. 
However, these studies don’t apply to the tiny amount (1% or less) of parabens typically used in cosmetics. 

In low amounts, Ethylparaben were not shown to harm skin; in fact, they offer a benefit due to their ability to thwart the growth of mold, fungi, and harmful pathogens.
Other studies casting Ethylparaben in a negative light were based on force-feeding them to rats, a practice that is not only cruel but unrelated to what happens when parabens are applied to skin. 
There are studies indicating absorption of parabens through skin associated with application of skin care products, but those studies did not take into consideration that parabens are still used as food-grade preservatives or found naturally in plants and that could have been the source not the cosmetics.

Ethylparaben is used in lotions, creams, shampoos, and makeup products to prevent microbial contamination.
Acts as a preservative in various pharmaceutical formulations, including topical creams and ointments.
Utilized in food products to inhibit the growth of mold and yeast, though its use is regulated in many countries.

Ethylparaben, like other parabens, has been scrutinized for potential health risks. 
Some studies have suggested a link between parabens and endocrine disruption, leading to regulatory review and restrictions on their concentrations in consumer products.
Regulatory agencies like the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and the European Commission have set guidelines and limits for the use of Ethylparaben in products to ensure consumer safety.

Melting point: 114-117 °C (lit.)
Boiling point:297-298 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.1708 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure: 0.00012 hPa (25 °C)
refractive index: 1.5286 (estimate)
Flash point: 297-298°C
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Very slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent) and in methanol.
form: Crystalline Powder
pka: 8.31±0.13(Predicted)
color: White
PH: 4.5-5.5 (H2O, 20°C) (saturated solution)
Odor: at 100.00?%. mild phenolic
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
Merck: 14,3837
BRN: 1101972
Stability: Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
LogP: 2.470

Ethylparaben works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. 
Ethylparaben disrupts microbial cell membrane functions, leading to the death of these organisms. 
This antimicrobial action is effective at very low concentrations, which makes Ethylparaben a cost-effective preservative.

There are concerns that parabens can mimic estrogen and potentially disrupt hormonal balance.
However, the levels used in consumer products are generally considered safe by regulatory authorities.
Some individuals may experience allergic reactions to parabens, though such cases are relatively rare.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration): In the United States, Ethylparaben is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food, drugs, and cosmetics, within specified concentration limits.
EU (European Union): The European Commission allows the use of Ethylparaben in cosmetics but has set maximum concentration limits to ensure safety. 
The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has conducted reviews and provided guidelines on safe levels of use.

Various countries have their own regulations and guidelines regarding the use of parabens, often aligning with international standards.
Ethylparaben, like other parabens, can enter the environment through wastewater. 
There is some concern about its persistence and potential effects on aquatic life. 

Research is ongoing to understand its environmental impact fully.
Due to safety concerns, some manufacturers are moving towards paraben-free formulations. Alternative preservatives include:
These alternatives aim to provide similar antimicrobial efficacy without the associated health risks.

Ongoing research continues to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and environmental impact of Ethylparaben.
Investigating potential links to cancer, reproductive issues, and other health concerns.
Exploring natural preservatives and novel antimicrobial technologies.

Ethylparaben is a paraben and preservative found in many skin care products, ranging from skin cream to body lotion to deodorant. 
Ethylparaben can be found in essential oils used to treat dry skin and in primrose oil serving as an anti-septic. 
Although parabens are generally considered safe when used in low percentages (.04% - .08%), a study claimed to have found a link between parabens and breast cancer.

According to the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel, however, "the available acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity tests, using a range of exposure routes, demonstrate a low order of parabens' toxicity at concentrations that would be used in cosmetics" (source). 
After testing different levels of exposure to parabens in women, men, and children, the CIR Expert Panel found that these "determinations are conservative and likely represent an overestimate of the possibility of an adverse effect (e.g., use concentrations may be lower, penetration may be less) and support the safety of cosmetic products in which parabens preservatives are used."

Parabens are a group of controversial preservatives that include butylparaben, isobutylparaben, propylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben. 
All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics. Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative. 

Ethylparaben are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plants own protection.
Over the past 10 years parabens have become criticized and condemned for use in cosmetics due to their alleged relation to health concerns affecting women and men. 
The research about parabens is conflicting and polarizing. 

Some research indicates they are safe as used in cosmetics and are preferred over other preservatives to keep a formula stable. 
These studies also showed parabens did not have any effect when compared to natural hormones in the body.
However, other research has concluded they are indeed problematic: Some studies determined a 100% concentration of parabens caused skin samples (meaning not intact skin on a person) to break down. 

However, these studies don’t apply to the tiny amount (1% or less) of parabens typically used in cosmetics. 
In low amounts, parabens were not shown to harm skin; in fact, they offer a benefit due to their ability to thwart the growth of mold, fungi, and harmful pathogens.
Other studies casting Ethylparaben in a negative light were based on force-feeding them to rats, a practice that is not only cruel but unrelated to what happens when parabens are applied to skin. 

There are studies indicating absorption of parabens through skin associated with application of skincare products, but those studies did not take into consideration that Ethylparaben are still used as foodgrade preservatives or found naturally in plants and that could have been the source not the cosmetics.
The antimicrobial properties of ethylparaben are considerably reduced in the presence of nonionic surfactants as a result of micellization. 

Absorption of ethylparaben by plastics has not been reported, although it appears probable given the behavior of other parabens. 
Ethylparaben is coabsorbed on silica in the presence of ethoxylated phenols. Yellow iron oxide, ultramarine blue, and aluminum silicate extensively absorb ethylparaben in simple aqueous systems, thus reducing preservative efficacy.
Ethylparaben is discolored in the presence of iron and is subject to hydrolysis by weak alkalis and strong acids.

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral, otic, and topical preparations). 
Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. 
Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.

Ethylparaben is the ethyl ester of paraben and is used as an antifungal preservative and food additive.
The solubility of Ethylparaben increases greatly as the temperature of the water rises.
Therefore a concentrate may be made up by heating an appropriate quantity of water to 60- 100 °C prior to addition of Ethylparaben.

This concentrate may then be added to the formulation, provided that the ester concentration does not exceed its solubility in the formulation at normal ambient temperatures.
Dissolving in organic solvents Ethylparaben is readily soluble in polar organic solvents.
Where such a solvent is already part of a formulation an Ethylparaben concentrate may be made up prior to addition.

If a suitable solvent is not already part of the formulation,a highly concentrated solution may be madeup e.g. 32% in Ethanol, which would give insignificant residual levels of ethanol in the end product.
Ethylparaben is readily soluble in lipophilic ingredients and may be introduced to a formulation by adding to the oil phase with some warming before any emulsification stage.

In multiphase systems, such as emulsions, Ethylparaben is often advisable to use a combination of aqueous dissolution with either of the other methods to ensure adequate preservation.
The ester may be incorporated in the water to its maximum solubility and any further quantities may be dissolved in the oil phase, or solvent, as appropriate.

Uses Of Ethylparaben:
Ethylparaben is mainly used as antiseptics in cosmetics, food and medicine. 
It is also can be used as feed preservatives and antiseptic for bacteria.
Ethylparaben is a preservative that is used in the formulation of cosmetics and personal care products in order to extend the shelf-life by preventing microbial contamination. 

In most formulations, parabens are used at very low levels ranging from 0.01 to 0.3%.
Ethylparaben, a novel sorbent for solid-phase extraction, was used to study its retention property. 
Ethylparaben has high extraction efficiency towards the compounds tested owing to the electrostatic interaction, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding.

Ethylparaben may be used as a pharmaceutical reference standard for the determination of the analyte in pharmaceutical formulations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
These Secondary Standards are qualified as Certified Reference Materials. 
These are suitable for use in several analytical applications including but not limited to pharma release testing, pharma method development for qualitative and quantitative analyses, food and beverage quality control testing, and other calibration requirements.

Ethylparaben is widely used in cosmetic and personal care products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life. 
Some specific applications include: Skin Care Products: Lotions, creams, moisturizers, and sunscreens, Hair Care Products: Shampoos, conditioners, hair gels, and styling products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Ethylparaben serves as a preservative to ensure the stability and safety of various medications. 

Ethylparaben applications include: Topical Preparations: Creams, ointments, gels, and lotions used for treating skin conditions, Syrups, suspensions, and tablets to prevent contamination and degradation.
Ethylparaben certain parenteral formulations may include Ethylparaben to maintain sterility.
Ethylparaben is used as a food preservative to extend the shelf life of various food products by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast. Some examples include:

Beyond its use in consumer products, Ethylparaben finds applications in industrial settings:
Ethylparaben to prevent microbial growth and extend the shelf life of these products.
As a preservative in various chemical formulations used in these industries.

Ethylparaben is also used in laboratory settings for research purposes:
As a reference standard in studies investigating the effects of parabens on health.
In the development and validation of analytical methods for detecting parabens in various matrices.

Ethylparaben is used in certain veterinary products to ensure their safety and efficacy by preventing microbial contamination. Examples include:
Syrups and suspensions for veterinary use.
Ethylparaben is a key ingredient in many personal care products because it prevents microbial contamination, which can cause spoilage and pose health risks to consumers. Some specific uses include:

Ethylparaben to keep formulations free from bacteria and fungi.
Ethylparaben preserves the shelf life of products like foundations, powders, and blushes.
 Ethylparaben is used in shampoos, conditioners, and styling gels to maintain product integrity.

Included in facial and body washes to prevent microbial growth.
In pharmaceuticals, maintaining sterility and preventing contamination is crucial for patient safety. 
Ethylparaben is used in: Topical Medications: Creams and ointments applied to the skin, Oral Solutions: Syrups and liquid suspensions taken by mouth.

Ethylparaben is used in formulations that require stringent microbial control.
Ethylparaben helps extend the shelf life of various food items by preventing the growth of mold and bacteria. Applications include:
Cakes, pastries, and bread where moisture content can promote microbial growth.

Ethylparaben, have been scrutinized for their potential to disrupt hormone function by mimicking estrogen. 
This has raised concerns about possible links to breast cancer and reproductive toxicity.
Although rare, some individuals may experience skin irritation or allergic reactions to parabens.

The FDA considers Ethylparaben as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) when used in specified amounts.
The European Commission has imposed limits on the concentration of parabens in cosmetic products. 
The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) has reviewed and provided guidelines on their safe use.

Different countries have varying regulations, often aligned with those of major regulatory bodies like the FDA and EU.
Ethylparaben, like other parabens, can enter the environment through wastewater. 
Studies are ongoing to understand; Persistence: The longevity of Ethylparaben in environmental settings, Bioaccumulation: Potential for accumulation in aquatic organisms and the broader ecosystem impact.

Due to safety concerns and regulatory pressures, manufacturers are exploring alternatives to Ethylparaben. 
These include; A common alternative with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, Effective against yeast and fungi.
Ethylparaben is used in food and cosmetics to inhibit mold and yeast growth.

Investigate the chronic effects of parabens on health and the environment.
Identify and develop safer, effective preservatives.
Enhance analytical techniques for detecting parabens in various products and environmental samples.

Storage Of Ethylparaben:
Aqueous ethylparaben solutions at pH 3–6 can be sterilized by autoclaving, without decomposition. 
At pH 3–6, aqueous solutions are stable (less than 10% decomposition) for up to about 4 years at room temperature, while solutions at pH 8 or above are subject to rapid hydrolysis (10% or more after about 60 days at room temperature).
Ethylparaben should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.

Safety Profile Of Ethylparaben:
Ethylparaben and other parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics, food products, and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
Systemically, no adverse reactions to parabens have been reported, although they have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions. 

Ethylparaben, in vivo, have also been reported to exhibit estrogenic responses in fish.
The WHO has set an estimated total acceptable daily intake for methyl-, ethyl-, and propylparabens at up to 10 mg/kg body-weight.