Quick Search
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide), also known as Azodicarbonamide or azodicarbonamide in Turkish, is a chemical foaming agent used especially in the production of polymer foams. The abbreviations ADC, ADCA and AC blowing agent are used for Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide). It releases gas under suitable thermal conditions, allowing cells to form in the polymer matrix. With this feature, it is used in EVA foam, flexible PVC foam, synthetic leather, insoles, sheet foam and certain polyolefin applications.
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is a single-definition compound; CAS No 123-77-3, EC No 204-650-8, molecular formula C₂H₄N₄O₂, molecular weight approximately 116.08 g/mol. The commercial raw material is mostly fine powder ranging from light yellow to yellow. However, products offered as "ADC foamer" can be pure material, surface treated grade, activated mixture or carrier masterbatch; active ingredient ratios should not be considered the same.
The thermal decomposition range of conventional ADC grades is given as approximately 195–215 °C; there are differences depending on the manufacturer, particle size, test method, and activator. Sample commercial technical sheets show a decomposition of 200–210 °C, a gas volume of 220 mL/g or more, an assay of 97% or more, and an average particle size of 6–8 micrometers. These numbers are not mandatory specifications for all products.
Process suitability for Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is not determined solely by total gas yield. The time of decomposition, the strength of the polymer melt, the level of cross-linking, the retention of the gas in the system, the mold geometry, the pressure and the cooling profile determine the final pore structure. Early outgassing can lead to large pores or gas loss, and late outgassing can lead to inadequate foaming.
Raw material safety is critical. Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is classified as a substance that can cause respiratory sensitization; dust exposure can cause asthma-like symptoms. Pure substances or certain classes of products are also subject to hazardous material transportation. Current SDS and transport information should be checked for flammable solid, self-reacting mixture and technical product separation.
WHAT IS FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)?
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is an organic azo compound containing nitrogen-nitrogen bonds and carbonyls in its chemical structure. It is presented as a light yellow solid and functions as a chemical foaming agent by forming gas as a result of thermal decomposition. In the foaming process, the polymer itself does not produce gases; The gases released as the Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) decomposes contribute to bubble nucleation in the melted or softened polymer.
The chemical foaming approach is different from physical foaming. In physical foaming, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or another fluid is introduced externally to form a cell by solubility and pressure change. In chemical foaming, the compound in the formulation produces gas through a controlled reaction. ADC is examined among foamers with exothermic decomposition behavior.
The term Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) describes a specific pure molecule; however, commercial AC/ADC products differ in particle size, activation system, gas yield, and dispersibility. When selecting a product, one should compare its decomposition profile, DSC/TGA properties, and suitability for the polymer, rather than just the CAS number.
COMMON PRODUCT AND CHEMICAL NAMES
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide)
Azodicarbonamide
Azodicarboxamide
Azobisformamide
1,1′-Azodiformamide
AC Blowing Agent
ADC Blowing Agent
ADCA Chemical Blowing Agent
Chemical Foaming / Gas Forming Additive
CAS 123-77-3
EC 204-650-8
CAS NO, EC NO AND CHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION
Product Name: Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide)
Turkish name: Azodicarbonamide
CAS No: 123-77-3
EC No: 204-650-8
Molecular formula: C₂H₄N₄O₂
Molecular weight: Approximately 116.08 g/mol
Chemical Grade: Azo Derivative Chemical Foaming Agent
Physical form: Fine crystalline powder
Appearance: Light yellow–yellow
Main function: Producing gas by thermal decomposition
Common technical transport register: UN 3242; Class 4.1; Packing Group II (for specified pure/technical grades)
Although the formula of the pure substance is defined, the active ingredient ratio of the commercial product should be examined separately. The preparation containing activation may have separate SDS, UN classification or different packaging requirements. UN 3242 is not automatically applied to all ADC-containing masterbatch products.
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
The Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) molecule is a symmetrical compound that combines two carbonyl-amide parts through a nitrogen-nitrogen bond. Its simplified skeleton can be shown as H₂N–C(=O)–N=N–C(=O)–NH₂. As a result of multi-stage decomposition with heat input, various gases, especially nitrogen, and solid decomposition products are formed.
Decomposition should not be treated as a single-step and single-product reaction. Temperature, pressure, activator, environmental chemistry, and additives can affect the gas composition. Sources report that the gas mixture may contain nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Therefore, heat treatment ventilation and the risk of thermal degradation are important.
If the melt strength of the polymer is too low when outgassing begins, the pores may coalesce and collapse; if it is too high, expansion may be limited. The foamer concentration and the timing of the development of the network structure should be designed together. Especially in cross-linked EVA foams, outgassing and cross-linking kinetics cannot be optimized independently of each other.
Particle size affects nucleation behavior and distribution of the additive. Fine powder can provide more core points; in turn, powder exposure, agglomeration, and dosing difficulty may increase. Surface treatment and the use of masterbatches can reduce these processual problems but create dilution in gas yield.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance: Light yellow–yellow fine powder.
Chemical formula: C₂H₄N₄O₂.
Molecular weight: Approximately 116.08 g/mol.
Classical decomposition temperature: Approx. 195–215 °C.
Decomposition in producer samples: 200–210 °C.
Gas volume in commercial samples: Can be about 200–220 mL/g or above.
Commercial sample purity: Grades of 97% and above are available.
Commercial particle size: Grade dependent; sample D50 or average 6–8 μm.
Behavior with water: Low solubility in water; typical use is dry dispersion/mixture.
Main process function: Outgassing by thermal decomposition.
Safety feature: Respiratory sensitizer; dust control is important.
All of these values must be verified with the TDS/COA of the exact product to be purchased. Activated ADC preparations may show a much lower initial decomposition temperature. In the same product family, classes ranging from gas volume, for example, 170–180 mL/g to 210–220 mL/g, are reported. The test temperature and pressure of the gas volume must be specified.
HOW DOES FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?
Foam formation is the co-occurrence of three processes: the formation of gas, the nucleation and growth of gas bubbles, and the preservation of pores during solidification. ADC is only the gas source; the continuity of the cell structure is determined by the rheology of the polymer and the mold/process conditions.
When thermal decomposition begins, the gas dissolves in the polymer or collects in small cavities. The growth of bubbles continues with the difference in pressure within the melt. If the pressure drops rapidly, the surface may show implosion, irregular cells, or collapse. If the pressure is adequately controlled, a more consistent cell distribution can be achieved.
In cross-linking foams such as EVA, sufficient cross-linking can facilitate gas retention. However, if cross-linking is too early, expansion is restricted. In the PVC plastisol system, the compatibility of gelation/fusion with foamer separation is important. Therefore, any "standard temperature" should not be applied to all EVA and PVC processes.
The observed foam density is not only the linear function of the ADC percentage. Different densities can be obtained with the same percentage due to cell coalescence, gas escape, mold volume, and cooling rate. In samples, apparent density, cell diameter distribution, and closed cell ratio should be measured together.
CLASSIFICATION OF FOAMING SYSTEMS
Foaming agents can be examined in two main families physically and chemically. Physical agents provide gas by pressure/state change. Chemical agents form gas by certain reaction or decomposition. The chemical family is divided into exothermic and endothermic systems.
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is predominantly considered as an exothermic chemical foamer. Sodium bicarbonate/citric acid type systems are often endothermic alternatives. Other chemical agents such as OBSH or p-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide have separate gas yield and decomposition behavior. It is not correct to substitute them with the same weight.
Foaming masterbatch products present the active gas-forming agent in a polymer carrier or additive mixture. When calculating the dosage of such a product, the percentage of active ADC must first be determined. For example, a 2 kg masterbatch containing 50% ADC provides only 1 kg of active ADC; the remaining 1 kg of carrier is also included in the total recipe.
IN WHICH SECTORS IS FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) USED?
EVA shoe sole and midsole foams; slippers and sandals; sports mats; shock-absorbing boards; flexible PVC floor coverings; PVC foam wallpapers; synthetic leather and leather-like coatings; some polyethylene and polypropylene foams; rubber-based cellular products; technical gaskets and insulation parts are the main evaluation areas.
Usage is not carried out in the same way for every polymer. Peroxide cross-linking and compression molding can be common in EVA foams. PVC plastisol coatings require proper fusion prior to gas formation. Extrusion pressure and melt strength can be particularly critical in polyolefin foams.
While the primary goal in footwear and sports equipment is lightness and shock absorption, surface appearance, flexibility and desired relief structure may come to the fore in PVC coating. The cellular nature of the product is not in itself evidence of mechanical or fire suitability.
EVA FOAM AND SHOE SOLE APPLICATIONS
In the EVA foam system, the VA percentage of the polymer, MFI value, filler, crosslinker, ADC and auxiliary additives are evaluated together. When low density is targeted, producing more gas alone may not be sufficient; cell wall breaking strength and cross-link balance are required.
When the ADC content is increased, volumetric expansion and cell count may change. Too high dosage may cause irregular pores, coarse cells, surface cracks, discoloration or loss of mechanical strength. For this reason, compressive permanent deformation, rebound, tear strength and density should be measured as well as foam height.
In some EVA foam systems, chemical foamer decomposition is activated and adapted to the processing window. If the activation package changes, the comparison is no longer just a comparison of ADC dosage. When designing the experimental batch, the active ingredient class, activator, and thermal treatment must be kept constant.
PVC PLASTISOL, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER AND FLOOR COVERING APPLICATIONS
PVC plastisols are fluidic systems containing fine dispersion PVC resin, plasticizer, stabilizer, and auxiliary additives. In certain PVC foam coatings, ADC improves thickness and pore structure by forming bubbles in a controlled heat process. However, proper commercial active system selection is important as the pure ADC decomposition temperature may remain high for some PVC processes.
If gas is released before sufficient gel/fusion has developed prior to foaming, the pores may coalesce or escape. If gas is released long after fusion is complete, expansion may be insufficient. Therefore, the process window supported by the thermal profile device should be taken as a basis.
In faux leather coverings, cell structure affects tactile feel, coverage, and embossing behavior. For floor coverings, crush strength, dimensional stability, and thickness uniformity can be critical. The same ADC type may require different optimal concentrations in these two applications.
POLYOLEFIN, RUBBER AND TECHNICAL FOAM APPLICATIONS
Polyethylene and polypropylene-based systems may use extrusion, compression molding, or other processing techniques. Polymer viscosity and temperature resistance determine the amount of gas that can be retained during ADC decomposition. In grades of polypropylene with different melt strength, the same amount of foamer may yield different results.
In rubber-based porous products, vulcanization progress and gas formation should be evaluated simultaneously. The maintenance of the cell network has an impact on the final compression set and fatigue behavior.
Mechanical requirements vary by application. Lower density can increase energy absorption capacity in some cases and reduce compressive and tensile strength in others. Therefore, the goal is not just "maximum swelling".
IMPORTANCE OF GAS YIELD, SEPARATION TEMPERATURE AND PARTICLE SIZE
Gas yield is usually described in mL/g and in the specific temperature-pressure reference. It should not be assumed that only the product that offers the highest gas yield will give the best results. In the process, not all gas is expected to be converted into foam volume; dissolution, leaching and reaction residues are at play.
The decomposition temperature can be described in the manufacturer's documentation by start, peak, interval or test method. For example, "200 °C" should not be read as a single precise threshold. In the case of activation, the thermal profile is changed and the new material is considered as a separate grade within the same group.
Particle distribution can promote the homogenization of cells. However, fine powders can increase inhalable exposure. Closed dosing systems, dust-free masterbatch or granule form, and occupational hygiene are important. A single D50 value does not represent the entire particle distribution; D10 and D90 can also be examined.
IS FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) USED IN FOOD, COSMETICS AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS?
The polymer foaming application of Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) and its history as a food additive must be strictly distinguished. The US FDA has published a fact sheet that discusses Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) within the framework of past and current regulations for certain food applications. This does not mean that the industrial ADC grade can be directly added to food.
In the European Union, the use of ADCs in some food contact gasket applications and exposure to the degradation product semicarbazide (SEM) have been evaluated and this use is prohibited. If the use of ADCs in food packaging is targeted, not only the general polymer foam literature, but also special legislation and migration documents should be consulted.
In cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations, ADC should not be offered as a standard excipient or preservative. Such use cannot be recommended without separate toxicological and regulatory compliance for the target product category.
PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
The main parameters are: active ADC concentration, decomposition start/peak temperature, gas yield, particle size distribution, polymer type, MFI/viscosity, cross-linking level, mold pressure, temperature-time profile, filler percentage, and additive compatibility.
The target properties to be measured in the foam are: apparent density, expansion rate, average cell diameter, cell distribution, open/closed pore ratio, surface integrity, hardness, compressive behavior, elongation at break, rebound and thermal aging.
In comparative samples, mass, thickness, sample geometry, dwell time, and conditioning conditions should be standardized. Samples produced in different process windows should not be directly described only by the difference in ADC concentration.
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) HELP SOLVE?
Product too heavy or dense: Under appropriate process conditions, the use of ADCs can reduce the apparent density by creating cellular structure.
Foam expansion is insufficient: In addition to the effective ADC level, the decomposition temperature, activation status and polymer melt strength should be checked.
Pores too coarse: Particle distribution, mixing uniformity, pressure drop, gas output rate and mold conditions must be compared.
Foam collapsing: Polymer strength or cross-linking timing may be insufficient. Merely increasing the amount of ADCs can magnify the problem.
Surface burns or yellowing: Extreme temperature, long dwell time, weathering products, and stabilizer compatibility should be examined.
Foam stiffness or rebound is not desired: The polymer grade, filler and foam density must be alternated together. It is not enough to optimize the foamer alone.
High dust in production: Suitable closed transfer equipment, dust control or masterbatch with known active rate can be evaluated.
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN USING FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is a powder raw material with a risk of respiratory sensitization. Local suction, appropriate particle filtration, closed dosage and personal protective equipment selected according to current SDS are important in handling. Exposure of sensitive workers may require special consideration.
Process ventilation must be ensured as gas and decomposition products may be released at the foaming temperature. Uncontrolled heating and outgassing in closed containers can create a risk of pressure increase. Heating the pure chemical in a laboratory or pilot plant requires a thermal safety assessment.
The segregation profile may change when the activator or commercial grade is changed while the amount of ADC is constant. The temperature resistance and compatibility of all materials in the recipe should be verified. Powder release to the environment during processing and cross-contamination with other raw materials should be prevented.
Foam does not mean that the product is fireproof, flame retardant, suitable for food contact or biocompatible. These require separate testing and certification.
FOAM DENSITY, CELL MORPHOLOGY AND TESTING APPROACHES
Foam density is the primary performance indicator in most applications; however, it is not sufficient on its own. The nominal expansion rate can be evaluated by comparing the density of the material before foam with the apparent density after foam. Variables such as the material's volumetric porosity, closed pore ratio, and solid phase density should be interpreted together. Two foams produced with the same density may exhibit completely different compression or energy absorption performance if the cell diameter and cell wall thickness are different.
Cell morphology can be compared with an optical microscope or electron microscope. In the image evaluation, average cell size, distribution width, overgrown spaces, open cells to the surface and fused cells are recorded separately. Not only a representative beautiful image should be selected, but more than one area should be sampled under the same conditions.
For foam boards and bases, properties such as hardness, dynamic compression, rebound, permanent deformation, and water uptake can be examined based on usage. Surface appearance, relief stability, and adhesion may be more important in artificial leather. PVC flooring also requires dimensional variation, abrasion, and interlayer adhesion tests.
The conclusion that the system using ADC has the targeted fire performance can only be given through the final product standard. Chemical foaming and fire response performance are different concepts. Increased porosity may reduce thermal conductivity in some systems; however, flame spread and smoke behavior may also be affected.
CONTROL VARIABLES IN PROCESS DESIGN
Scanning only the ADC ratio in the experimental plan may be useful for initial material comparisons. However, if the melt strength and segregation kinetics of the polymer do not change, the benefit of increasing the ADC level after a point may be limited. Therefore, in the second stage, variables such as polymer class or cross-linking status are added to the experimental design in a controlled manner.
Scale change is important in transferring laboratory results to production. Rapid heating and cooling in a small sample may not represent the temperature gradients in a thick industrial part. Since ADC decomposition can be exothermic, thermal behavior in large masses should also be evaluated within the scope of process engineering.
Process monitoring methods include torque variation, pressure logging, sample temperature, and dimensional expansion tracking. A good trial record documents the batch of raw material, mix mass, dwell time, laboratory humidity, sample geometry, and measurement date.
In the reproducibility evaluation, the control sample should be included in each trial series. When comparing different manufacturer ADC grades, it may be more meaningful to normalize based on the actual active content and gas potential, not just the nominal percentage.
RAW MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY AND FORMULATION LIMITS
The share of filler, stabilizer, plasticizer and polymer carrier used with the foamer in the total composition affects the effective results of the outgassing. When the mineral filler increases, the volume per gas in the polymer phase may change at the same ADC percentage. For this reason, it is preferred that the filler and binder ratios remain constant in density comparisons.
The properties of the commercial polymer used in the sample recipes for EVA and PVC are of particular importance. Vinyl acetate ratio and melt flow index in EVA; If the paste resin particle structure, plastisol viscosity and fusion behavior with plasticizer are not suitable in PVC, it becomes difficult to separate the actual effect of ADC change.
Activators can significantly alter the onset of degradation in some ADC systems. Therefore, it is misleading to present an additive different from the active substance as the natural property of the ADC. In the preparation with activation, the composition, temperature range, gas yield and incompatibility information given by the manufacturer should be examined together.
The color of the added foamer may have a visual effect on the final product. For white or light-colored foams using yellow powder, pigment, thermal stability and weathering products should be taken into account. Final odor and volatile component limits should be evaluated separately, especially for indoor use.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY ASSESSMENT
The environmental profile of the final product containing Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) cannot be deduced solely from the raw material CAS number. The amount decomposed during the process, the residual reactive content, the by-products formed, and the polymer itself must be examined together. SVHC notifications and regional chemical regulatory controls in the supply chain may vary depending on the product category of the business.
One of the main control points for workplace health is the inhalation of fine dust before heating. For this reason, bag opening, weighing, transfer and dry mixing operations require a priority risk assessment. In thermal processing, gas emission and process safety constitute a different set of risks.
If special packaging, children's products, toys or food contact materials are targeted, a generic foam TDS certificate is not sufficient. The standard and substance restrictions applicable to the final part should be investigated separately. Even just adding the product as a processing aid does not eliminate the need for a regional compliance assessment.
When choosing an alternative chemical foamer, it is also not enough to switch to another substance just for the purpose of avoiding ADC. The new product's own decomposition gases, impurities, worker exposure and product performance should be re-examined.
INITIAL FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
The following eight examples are conceptual laboratory initial recipes for comparing different amounts of active substances in systems containing ADCs. These are not a guarantee of validated commercial production, a specific foam density, or process temperature. Each percentage of material is a percentage by weight of the final mix, and recipes are complete to 100.00%.
This section does not intentionally instruct specific thermal decomposition or compression molding. Heat treatment trials of ADC, a respiratory sensitizer, should only be conducted with competent personnel, proper ventilation, and risk assessment. If the commercial ADC used is a masterbatch, the active ingredient/carrier calculation should be redone.
EXAMPLE 1: ADC LEVEL SCREENING IN EVA/LLDPE FOAM COMPOUND
Purpose: To compare the relationship of ADC level with density, cell homogeneity, and mechanical behavior in the EVA/LLDPE matrix. Crosslinker-free notation is used; the actual process also requires compatibility and safety verification.
Starting ingredients (wt%, final mixture):
CONTROL A
EVA copolymer: 70.00%
LLDPE: 15.00%
Calcium carbonate: 12.00%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 0.00%
Harmonizer / process aid: 1.00%
Antioxidant packet: 0.50%
Crosslinker-free inert fill correction: 1.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE B
EVA copolymer: 69.50%
LLDPE: 15.00%
Calcium carbonate: 12.00%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 0.50%
Harmonizer / process aid: 1.00%
Antioxidant packet: 0.50%
Crosslinker-free inert fill correction: 1.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE C
EVA copolymer: 69.00%
LLDPE: 15.00%
Calcium carbonate: 12.00%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 1.00%
Harmonizer / process aid: 1.00%
Antioxidant packet: 0.50%
Crosslinker-free inert fill correction: 1.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE D
EVA copolymer: 68.50%
LLDPE: 15.00%
Calcium carbonate: 12.00%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 1.50%
Harmonizer / process aid: 1.00%
Antioxidant packet: 0.50%
Crosslinker-free inert fill correction: 1.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
Application approach:
EVA and LLDPE commercial grades, filler size and additive sources are kept the same in all samples. ADC-free control is prepared. Mixture homogeneity and effective additive level are recorded. Foam samples are compared only under process conditions based on an approved risk assessment. Density, cell size, surface appearance, compression property and aging behavior are examined together.
Note: As the Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) increased in the recipes, only the EVA ratio was reduced. This makes comparison easier, but it should be noted in the result interpretation that the change in EVA ratio can also affect the mechanical properties.
EXAMPLE 2: ADC LEVEL SCREENING ON PVC PLASTISOL FOAM COATING
Objective: To evaluate the relationship of ADC ratio with gas formation, foam surface structure and physical stability in PVC plastisol system. In the examples, standard commercial carrier correction is shown as a separate component.
Initial components (wt%, wet plastisol):
CONTROL A
PVC paste resin: 40.00%
DOTP plasticizer: 42.00%
Calcium carbonate: 10.00%
Ca/Zn stabilizer package: 2.00%
Dispersing aid: 0.50%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 0.00%
Carrier correction compatible with plasticizer: 5.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE B
PVC paste resin: 40.00%
DOTP plasticizer: 42.00%
Calcium carbonate: 10.00%
Ca/Zn stabilizer package: 2.00%
Dispersing aid: 0.50%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 0.50%
Carrier correction compatible with plasticizer: 5.00%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE C
PVC paste resin: 40.00%
DOTP plasticizer: 42.00%
Calcium carbonate: 10.00%
Ca/Zn stabilizer package: 2.00%
Dispersing aid: 0.50%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 1.00%
Carrier correction compatible with plasticizer: 4.50%
TOTAL: 100.00%
EXAMPLE D
PVC paste resin: 40.00%
DOTP plasticizer: 42.00%
Calcium carbonate: 10.00%
Ca/Zn stabilizer package: 2.00%
Dispersing aid: 0.50%
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (active ADC): 1.50%
Carrier correction compatible with plasticizer: 4.00%
TOTAL: 100.00%
Application approach:
The same package of PVC paste resin, plasticizer and stabilizer is used. The control sample does not contain ADCs. Viscosity, dispersion uniformity, storage stability and foam cell morphology are compared under appropriate safety conditions. The same evaluation geometry and recording system are used in all samples. Fusion and decomposition temperatures are selected only based on manufacturer TDS/SDS and process risk analysis.
Note: Pure ADC percentage is assumed rather than commercial activated ADC preparations. If the active ingredient content is different, the percentage calculation and product selection must be redone.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) ALTERNATIVES AND COMPARISON
In alternative selection, not only price and total gas volume; degradation temperature, exothermic/endothermic behavior, toxicological profile, cell quality, equipment suitability and final product legislation should be evaluated. Direct replacement of chemical alternatives at the same weight may not maintain the expected foam structure.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) AND SODIUM BICARBONATE/CITRIC ACID SYSTEMS
Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid based systems are chemical foaming families that produce controlled gas and often exhibit endothermic behavior. They may show different decomposition timing and gas volume than ADC.
Endothermic foamers can offer more precise cell control in some extrusion or injection foams. However, the same expansion at the same dosage as the ADC should not be expected due to low gas yield or different residue structure. The temperature window of the target polymer and the process economy should be evaluated together.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) AND OBSH
OBSH is a different chemical foaming agent in the structure of 4,4′-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide). In the literature, there are classes evaluated at lower decomposition temperatures than ADC. Therefore, it can be investigated as an alternative in some flexible polymer systems.
OBSH differs in terms of gas composition, gas yield, decomposition residues and cost. It should not be considered better in every PVC or EVA application just because of its low decomposition temperature.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) AND TSS / TSSC
p-Toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide (TSS/TSSC) is a different organic foamer. Certain grades may be suitable for other polymer temperature windows due to its high-temperature decomposition behavior.
Gas yield, decomposition peak, cell quality, and safety profile are different from ADC. In formulation modification, the thermal and mechanical requirements of the target part must be revalidated.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) AND PHYSICAL GAS FOAMING
In physical foaming techniques, where carbon dioxide or nitrogen is used under pressure, foaming does not rely on thermal ADC decomposition. These require different equipment, pressure management, and cell nucleation approach.
Physical gas systems may have advantages such as not containing chemical decomposition residues; however, machine investment and process control are different. For this reason, investment cost and total material cost should be evaluated together.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) AND EXPANDING MICROSPHERES
Expansive microspheres carrying a volatile hydrocarbon within the thermoplastic shell produce an increase in volume at a specific heat expansion temperature. These do not have the same chemical mechanism as a Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide).
When targeting low density, surface smoothness, or delicate foam cells, microspheres can be an alternative. However, pore morphology, thermal stability of the microsphere shell, and cost must be considered.
QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
Product name and active ingredient ratio; CAS 123-77-3 and EC 204-650-8; manufacturer and commercial grade; pure/activated/masterbatch format; appearance; color; active ingredient assay; decomposition onset and peak temperature; decomposition curve; gas yield; measurement conditions of gas yield; D10/D50/D90 particle distribution; moisture; ash; storage stability; suitable packaging; SDS; TDS; COA; REACH and SVHC notifications, if any, should be requested prior to purchase.
DSC/TGA analysis, constant temperature gas formation testing, microscopic cell evaluation and physical tests on the final polymer are performed as required. It should not be assumed that the temperature value indicated on the manufacturer's sheet will actually occur in the same way in the polymer used.
Just because two ADC products are equally priced doesn't mean they provide equal economic value. Active ingredient, ease of dispensing, cell homogeneity, safe transfer system, and scrap rate all affect the total cost.
STORAGE AND HANDLING OF FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) should be stored in suitable packaging that is cool, dry, well-ventilated and in the conditions recommended by the manufacturer. It should be protected from uncontrolled heat sources, inappropriate contamination and dust spread. Heat and reaction safety should be evaluated not only in terms of normal tank temperature, but also in terms of possible failure conditions.
The German Federal Materials Research and Testing Agency BAM records contain UN 3242, hazard class 4.1 and packaging group II information for Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide). The same source indicates that the classification may vary in special preparations. For this reason, the transport document must be prepared according to the relevant commercial grade SDS.
The classification of pure ADC or certain mixtures may not be the same as the classification of inert masterbatch with a small amount of ADC. Material labels, shipping information, and storage compliance should be verified from up-to-date SDS. Dust generation should be minimized during spillage and bag opening operations.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) SAFETY INFORMATION
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is included in the European CLP data as a respiratory sensitizer. H334 indicates that if inhaled, it may cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties. This makes the management of repeated dust exposure particularly important.
Local suction, confined handling/dosing, dry sweeping and appropriate filtration measures are evaluated in the facility. Gloves, eye protection and, if necessary, respiratory protection are selected based on the current SDS and workplace risk assessment. Staff training and exposure management should not be reduced to the use of PPE alone.
Uncontrolled heating in a closed volume is not appropriate because gases and debris can form during thermal decomposition. The ventilation, temperature, and pressure controls of the heat treatment equipment must be verified. The percentages shown in the prescriptions do not in themselves constitute a safe processing condition.
There are regulatory records under REACH that Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is on the SVHC candidate list. Therefore, notification and compliance obligations in the supply chain should be verified against the purchased product and use case. Being open to general technical use does not mean that there are unlimited permits in all product categories.
WHAT TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)?
The purchase request should include the full product name, CAS No, target polymer, current process method, desired foam density, required gas yield, and temperature window. It should be asked clearly whether the product is pure, activated or carrier masterbatch.
Specific active ADC percentage, particle distribution, thermal decomposition profile, water/moisture content, ash and safety classification should be requested. Hazardous material requirements, shipment quantity and packaging type should also be evaluated in transportation.
If a new supplier product is to be used instead of the existing ADC, it is not correct to rely on the same percentage of use. Commercial sample comparison should be carried out on an equal active ingredient basis or on a defined performance target. Process and product quality should be checked separately.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE) SUPPLY FROM ATAMAN KIMYA
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) is a chemical foaming raw material used in EVA foam, PVC plastisol foam, shoe soles, synthetic leather, sheet foam and various technical polymer applications. Businesses considering procurement from Ataman Kimya can request product suitability and offer information by informing the usage area, polymer type, desired active ingredient ratio, particle properties and technical document requirements.
Current stock, manufacturer, origin, whether the product is pure or activated grade, gas yield, decomposition temperature, packaging, SDS and transportation conditions should be confirmed from the company before purchasing. For special applications, the trial results and final regulatory compliance of the commercial grade should be verified separately.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)
What is Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide)?
It is a chemical foaming agent that creates gas in polymer foams with the effect of heat.
What is its Turkish name?
Azodicarbonamide.
What is a CAS number?
123-77-3.
What is an EC number?
204-650-8.
What is its molecular formula?
C₂H₄N₄O₂.
What is molecular weight?
About 116.08 g/mol.
Is ADC and ADCA the same?
They are abbreviations used for the same active chemical; commercial preparation compositions may vary.
How does it form foam?
Gas comes out by thermal decomposition; gas forms cells in the polymer.
What gases can be released?
Gases that may contain nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and ammonia can be formed.
What is the typical decomposition interval?
It is often reported as about 195–215 °C; grade-dependent.
What is gas yield?
Depending on the commercial grade, values of approximately 200–220 mL/g or above can be seen.
Is EVA used in foam?
Yes, it can be used in suitable systems.
Is PVC used in foam?
Yes, but fusion and dissociation fit need to be verified.
Why is particle size important?
Dispersion and foam affect cell nucleation.
Does the density necessarily decrease if the ADC is increased?
No; gas escape, pore collapse, and polymer rheology can alter the outcome.
What is an activated ADC?
The decomposition behavior is adjusted commercial preparation with auxiliary additives.
Is masterbatch the same as pure ADC?
No; masterbatch contains carrier polymer, the active ingredient ratio should be calculated.
Is ADCA flammable?
Certain pure/technical classes are included in the scope of Class 4.1 for the transport of dangerous goods.
What is a UN number?
There is a UN 3242 record for the relevant technical pure classes.
Is there a respiratory hazard?
Yes, there is a risk of respiratory sensitization under H334.
Can it be used in food?
Food regulation is regionally different; industrial grade is not directly food ingredient.
Is it free to use in food contact in Europe?
There is an EU ban on the use of certain food contact seals; legislation should be checked on a per-application basis.
Is it the same as OBSH?
No; it has different chemical, decomposition and gas yield properties.
How is it different from sodium bicarbonate?
It has different decomposition mechanism, thermal profile and gas yield.
How to check foam cell quality?
With density, cell size distribution, surface and mechanical measurements.
Which documents are important in purchasing?
TDS, SDS, COA and related legislation/transport records.
Do all ADCA grades decompose at the same temperature?
No; activation can vary with purity and particle size.
Is ADC a flame retardant?
Nope; its main function is to produce gas to create foam.
What is the main risk in storage?
Heat, improper contamination and dust exposure should be controlled.
Why do final product testing be required?
Foam properties are determined by polymer and process conditions, not just ADC percentage.
FOAMING/BLOWING AGENT (AZODICARBONAMIDE)) – TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Foaming/Blowing Agent (Azodicarbonamide) (ADC/ADCA) is a chemical foaming agent with the formula C₂H₄N₄O₂ defined by CAS 123-77-3 and EC 204-650-8. It can be used in the production of porous structures in EVA, PVC plastisol, polyolefin, and certain rubber systems by forming gas as a result of thermal decomposition. Commercial products differ in purity, decomposition profile, particle size, gas yield, and activation.
Although the typical decomposition of the ADC is described at levels of about 195–215 °C, this range is not a precise and universal process temperature. Classes with activation may behave differently. The actual density, cell diameter, and mechanical performance of the foam are determined in conjunction with polymer rheology, cross-linking, pressure, process temperature, and cooling.
Due to the respiratory sensitizer classification, dust control, engineering precautions and occupational safety in accordance with current SDS are essential. For commercial pure grades, UN 3242 and Class 4.1 transport information may be available. REACH, food contact and final product requirements must be verified on an application-by-application basis.
Reporting CAS number, active ingredient percentage, target polymer, decomposition curve, gas yield, particle distribution, manufacturer, grade, packaging and TDS/SDS/COA documents in the supply request from Ataman Kimya will facilitate appropriate product evaluation.
