FRAGRANCE

Synonyms:
odorant; aroma; fragrance; flavor; aroma; aura; balm; bouquet; incense; perfume; redolence; scent; smell; spice; koku; aroma; Aroma compound; parfüm; odor; Acetaldehyde (ethereal) ;Hexanal (green, grassy); cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes); Furfural (burnt oats); Hexyl cinnamaldehyde; Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like; Anisic aldehyde – floral, sweet, hawthorn; chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot;  Cuminaldehyde (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green; Esters; Fructone (fruity, apple-like); Ethyl methylphenylglycidate (Strawberry); alpha-Methylbenzyl acetate (Gardenia); Ketones; Cyclopentadecanone (musk-ketone)[7]; Dihydrojasmone (fruity woody floral); Oct-1-en-3-one (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)[8]; 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (fresh bread, jasmine rice); 6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn); Lactones; gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor; gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor; delta-Octalactone creamy note; Jasmine lactone powerful fatty-fruity peach and apricot; Massoia lactone; Wine lactone sweet coconut odor; Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek); Thiols;  Thiol; Thioacetone (2-propanethione) A lightly studied organosulfur.; Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH2=CHCH2SH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath)[9]; (Methylthio)methanethiol (CH3SCH2SH), the "mouse thiol"; Ethanethiol; ethyl mercaptan (added to propane or other liquefied-petroleum gases used as fuel gases); 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol;  tert-butyl mercaptan; Butane-1-thiol; butyl mercaptan; Grapefruit mercaptan (grapefruit); Methanethiol, commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating Asparagus); Furan-2-ylmethanethiol, also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted coffee); Benzyl mercaptan (leek or garlic-like); Miscellaneous compounds; Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine ; garlic-metallic; Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait); Diacetyl (butter flavor); Acetoin (butter flavor); Nerolin (orange flowers); Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas); 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint) 

FRAGRANCE
Aroma compound

An aroma compound, also known as an odorant, aroma, fragrance or flavor, is a chemical compound that has a smell or odor. For an individual chemical or class of chemical compounds to impart a smell or fragrance, it must be sufficiently volatile for transmission via the air to the olfactory system in the upper part of the nose. As examples, various fragrant fruits have diverse aroma compounds,[1] particularly strawberries which are commercially cultivated to have appealing aromas, and contain several hundred aroma compounds.[1][2]

Generally, molecules meeting this specification have molecular weights of less than 310.[3] Flavors affect both the sense of taste and smell, whereas fragrances affect only smell. Flavors tend to be naturally occurring, and the term fragrances may also apply to synthetic compounds, such as those used in cosmetics.[4]

Aroma compounds can be found in various foods, such as fruits and their peels, wine, spices, floral scent, perfumes, fragrance oils, and essential oils. For example, many form biochemically during the ripening of fruits and other crops.[1][5] Wines have more than 100 aromas that form as byproducts of fermentation.[6] Also, many of the aroma compounds play a significant role in the production of compounds used in the food service industry to flavor, improve, and generally increase the appeal of their products.[1]

An odorizer may add a detectable odor to a dangerous odorless substance, like propane, natural gas, or hydrogen, as a safety measure.

Alcohols
Furaneol (strawberry)
1-Hexanol (herbaceous, woody)
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol (fresh cut grass)
Menthol (peppermint)
Aldehydes
High concentrations of aldehydes tend to be very pungent and overwhelming, but low concentrations can evoke a wide range of aromas.

Acetaldehyde (ethereal)
Hexanal (green, grassy)
cis-3-Hexenal (green tomatoes)
Furfural (burnt oats)
Hexyl cinnamaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde – nutty, fruity, cocoa-like
Anisic aldehyde – floral, sweet, hawthorn. It is a crucial component of chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, raspberry, apricot, and others.
Cuminaldehyde (4-propan-2-ylbenzaldehyde) – Spicy, cumin-like, green
Esters
Fructone (fruity, apple-like)
Ethyl methylphenylglycidate (Strawberry)
alpha-Methylbenzyl acetate (Gardenia)
Ketones
Cyclopentadecanone (musk-ketone)[7]
Dihydrojasmone (fruity woody floral)
Oct-1-en-3-one (blood, metallic, mushroom-like)[8]
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (fresh bread, jasmine rice)
6-Acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (fresh bread, tortillas, popcorn)
Lactones
gamma-Decalactone intense peach flavor
gamma-Nonalactone coconut odor, popular in suntan lotions
delta-Octalactone creamy note
Jasmine lactone powerful fatty-fruity peach and apricot
Massoia lactone powerful creamy coconut
Wine lactone sweet coconut odor
Sotolon (maple syrup, curry, fenugreek)
Thiols
Main article: Thiol
Thioacetone (2-propanethione) A lightly studied organosulfur. Its smell is so potent it can be detected several hundred meters downwind mere seconds after a container is opened.
Allyl thiol (2-propenethiol; allyl mercaptan; CH2=CHCH2SH) (garlic volatiles and garlic breath)[9]
(Methylthio)methanethiol (CH3SCH2SH), the "mouse thiol", found in mouse urine and functions as a semiochemical for female mice[10]
Ethanethiol, commonly called ethyl mercaptan (added to propane or other liquefied-petroleum gases used as fuel gases)
2-Methyl-2-propanethiol, commonly called tert-butyl mercaptan, is added as a blend of other components to natural gas used as fuel gas.
Butane-1-thiol, commonly called butyl mercaptan, is a chemical intermediate.
Grapefruit mercaptan (grapefruit)
Methanethiol, commonly called methyl mercaptan (after eating Asparagus)
Furan-2-ylmethanethiol, also called furfuryl mercaptan (roasted coffee)
Benzyl mercaptan (leek or garlic-like)
Miscellaneous compounds
Methylphosphine and dimethylphosphine (garlic-metallic, two of the most potent odorants known)[8]
Phosphine (zinc phosphide poisoned bait)
Diacetyl (butter flavor)
Acetoin (butter flavor)
Nerolin (orange flowers)
Tetrahydrothiophene (added to natural gas)
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
Substituted pyrazines
Aroma-compound receptors
Animals that are capable of smell detect aroma compounds with their olfactory receptors. Olfactory receptors are cell-membrane receptors on the surface of sensory neurons in the olfactory system that detect airborne aroma compounds. Aroma compounds can then be identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry, which involves a human operator sniffing the GC effluent.[11]

In mammals, olfactory receptors are expressed on the surface of the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.[5]

Safety and regulation

Patch test
In 2005–06, fragrance mix was the third-most-prevalent allergen in patch tests (11.5%).[12] 'Fragrance' was voted Allergen of the Year in 2007 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. A recent academic study in the United States has shown that "34.7 % of the population reported health problems, such as migraine headaches and respiratory difficulties, when exposed to fragranced products".[13]

The composition of fragrances is usually not disclosed in the label of the products, hiding the actual chemicals of the formula, which raises concerns among some consumers.[14] In the United States, this is because the law regulating cosmetics protects trade secrets.[15]

In the United States, fragrances are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration if present in cosmetics or drugs, by the Consumer Products Safety Commission if present in consumer products.[15] No pre-market approval is required, except for drugs. Fragrances are also generally regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 that "grandfathered" existing chemicals without further review or testing and put the burden of proof that a new substance is not safe on the EPA. The EPA, however, does not conduct independent safety testing but relies on data provided by the manufacturer.[16]

A 2019 study of the top-selling skin moisturizers found 45% of those marketed as "fragrance-free" contained fragrance.[17]

List of chemicals used as fragrances
In 2010, the International Fragrance Association published a list of 3,059 chemicals used in 2011 based on a voluntary survey of its members, identifying about 90% of the world's production volume of fragrances.[18]

See also

Flavour and Fragrance Journal
Fragrances of the World
Foodpairing
Odor
Odor detection threshold
Olfaction
Olfactory system
Olfactory receptor
Odorizer, a device for adding an odorant to gas flowing through a pipe
Pheromone
Aroma of wine
Eau de toilette

 Across multiple research studies, chemicals used to make fragrances are classified as allergens, hormone disruptors, asthma triggers, neurotoxins & carcinogens. The punchline: fragrances are highly toxic.
Fragrances commonly contain phthalates, which are chemicals that help the scents last longer. Health risks for phthalates are startling and include cancer, human reproductive and developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, birth defects & respiratory problems. These toxic villains are very hard to avoid because manufacturers are not required to list them on ingredient labels.
Fragrance chemicals, like other toxic chemicals, can pass from the skin and into the blood.
Manufacturers are not required to list their fragrance ingredients on product labels.  Often only one word, “fragrance”, is used on the label and can hide a cocktail of more than 100 toxic ingredients. This is because fragrances are considered to be “trade secrets”.
The fragrance industry regulates itself, so that safety testing does not have to be confirmed by regulators before products are sold to consumers.
So called “natural fragrances” can be just as toxic as synthetic fragrances.
Whether it’s in a cleaning product, deodorant, shampoo, or laundry detergent, fragrance chemicals aren’t actually making your product perform better – they are just giving you that perception. We’ve been trained to think that clean has a smell, when in truth that’s not the case.
Net, fragrances are linked to so many profound health risks that avoiding them is probably the #1 change you can make to reduce your family’s exposure to toxic chemicals.  To avoid fragrances, the Environmental Working Group advises that consumers read the word “fragrance” or “parfum” and translate it to mean “hidden chemicals”.  We believe the safest choice is to always choose fragrance-free products. But a couple of key tips you should keep in mind:

Don’t be fooled by products labeled with “natural fragrance,” because there is no standard criteria for what these words mean. These can be just as un-safe as fragrances not described this way, so skip these products too.
If you see the words “fragrance-free” or “unscented”, your Spidey senses should kick into action. You also have to check the ingredient list, because sometimes manufacturers use masking fragrances to cover the chemical smell of their products.

“Fragrance” or “parfum” on an ingredients list is a term used for a collection of chemicals that gives a scent.  There are over 3000 chemicals that can be used to make up fragrances.  As defined by the American FDA, fragrance is a combination of chemicals that gives each perfume or cologne (including those used in other products) it’s distinct scent.  Here’s the catch – as fragrance can be considered a proprietary blend, manufacturers are not obligated to disclose the chemicals used in that blend.  Many of these unlisted ingredients have not been tested for toxicity, either alone or in combination.  Fragrance ingredients may be derived from petroleum or natural raw materials.  In addition to the “scent” chemicals used to create a fragrance, the mixture also requires solvents, stabilizers, UV-absorbers, preservatives and dyes.

FOUND IN
sunscreen
moisturizer
shampoo
conditioner
soap and body wash
deodorant
make up
toner
serums
exfoliating scrubs
perfume
laundry detergent & softeners
cleaning products
WHAT TO LOOK FOR
Fragrance, perfume, parfum, essential oil blend, aroma

RISKS
Sensitivities: A random sampling of US residents from a 2016 study noted that over 99% of participants are exposed to fragranced products at least once a week.  Participants of this study also reported an extensive list of health concerns when exposed to fragrance, including migraines, asthma, gastrointestinal issues, and cardiovascular problems (1).

Bio Accumulation: Synthetic musks used in fragrances are of environmental concern.  Several compounds found in musk build up in the fatty tissue of aquatic animals.  Heightened levels of synthetic musk have been found in fish within the Great Lakes, and in sediment. Synthetic musks have been categorized as toxic and bio-accumulative by Environment Canada.

Unlisted Fragrance Ingredients and Their Risks:

Acetaldehyde: suspected toxicity to nervous and respiratory systems (2).
Benzophenone: endocrine disruption and organ toxicity (3); tumours (4)
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA): Endocrine distruption (5); carcinogen (6)
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): skin and eye irritation, affects growth rate and liver (7); respiratory irritant (8)
Benzyl Salicylate: allergen and potential endocrine disruptor (9)(10)
Benzyl Benzoate: skin and eye irritant (11)
Butoxyethanol: skin, eye, nose and throat irritant.  Exposure ca lead to blood in urine, vomiting, nausea, and damage to kidneys, liver, lymphoid system, nervous system, respiratory system, and blood cells (12)
Butylphenyl methylpropional: skin sensitization (13).
Chloromethane (methyl chloride): affects nervous system, liver, kidney and skin (14); developmentally toxic (15)
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride): linked to mammary gland tumours in experimental animals (16); may be human carcinogen (17)
Diethyl phthalate (DEP): irritant of eyes, skin, and respiratory tract; potential endocrine disruptor (18) (19)
Essential Oil Mixtures: Despite the ingredients being of natural origin, some essential oils are allergens (20); essential oils may contain ingredients such as pulegone or methyleugenol that may be carcinogenic and alter endocrine function (21)(22)(23)
Eugenyl methyl ether (Methyleugenol): Affects multiple endocrine systems (24); causes mammary gland tumours in experimental animals (25); possible human carcinogen (26)
Formaldehyde: known human carcinogen (27)
MEA, DEA, TEA – ethanolamines: When ethanolamines are used in the same products as certain preservatives that break down into nitrogen, the can turn into nitrosamines.  Nitrosimines is a group of chemicals which has been listed as possible and known carcinogens (28)
Methanol: Developmental toxicant (29)
Oxybenzone (BP-3): Possible endocrine disruptor (30); Oxybenzone can accumulate in the blood, kidneys and liver, and may be toxic to liver cells (31)
Propyl paraben (Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate): Possible endocrine disruptor (32).
Resorcinol: Resorcinol adversely affects cardiovascular and nervous system, while changing liver, kidney, and spleen function (33); possible endocrine disruptor (34).
Styrene: When ingested orally, styrene is toxic to red blood cells and liver, and toxic to central nervous system when inhaled (35)
Synthetic Musks (Tonalide , Galaxolide, Musk Ketone, Musk Xylene): Highly bioaccumulative and have been found in breast milk, body fat and cord blood of newborn babies (36)(37)(38)(39); endocrine disruptor (40).
Titanium dioxide (TiO2): Damages respiratory system and may be a carcinogen (41)
1,4-Dioxane: suspected to cause cancer and birth defects (42)
Ethylbenzene: Classified as possible carcinogen and cancer causing (43)
Vinyl acetate: Possible carcinogen (44); inhalation may cause eye irritation and upper respiratory tract irritation