GLYCERINE

GLYCERINE
CAS NO: 56-81-5
EC NUMBER: 200-289-5
Glycerine (/ˈɡlɪsərɒl/; also called Glycerol or glycerin) is a simple polyol compound. It is a colourless, odourless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The Glycerine backbone is found in those lipids known as glycerides. Due to having antimicrobial and antiviral properties, it is widely used in FDA approved wound and burn treatments. It can be used as an effective marker to measure liver disease. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations. Owing to the presence of three hydroxyl groups, Glycerine is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.
Glycerin is an organic compound more formally known as glycerol. Common sources are animal fat and vegetable oil. Glycerin is a clear, odorless liquid at room temperature and has a sweet taste. It is commonly used in soaps and is a common ingredient in many pharmaceutical fields.

The molecular formula of glycerin is C3H5 (OH) 3. It consists of a chain of three carbon atoms in which each carbon atom is attached to a hydrogen atom (H+) and a hydroxyl group (OH-). Each of the two terminal carbon atoms has an additional hydrogen atom so that all three carbon atoms form a total of four bonds. Carbon has a value of four, so it tends to form four bonds.

SYNONYMS
Emery 912; Glyceol;Glycerin USP; glycerin(mist); Glycerin, anhydrous; Glycerin, synthetic; glycerin,anhydrous; glycerin,synthetic; C3H5(OH)3; Clycerol;Glycerin, Exceeds A.C.S. Specifications, SpectroSolv (TM); Glycerol, 20% (Sterile solution); Glycerol ACS reagent, >=99.5%; Glycerol puriss. p.a; ACS reagent, anhydrous, dist., >=99.5% (GC); 1,2,3-Propanetriol, Additive Screening Solution 46/Fluka kit no 78374, Glycerol solution; Giycerine; GLYCEROL FOR FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GLYCEROL ABOUT 85% FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE; GLYCEROL FOR ANALYSIS EMSURE; GLYCERIN(RG); GLYCERIN, MEETS USP TESTING SPECIFIC; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS, FOR MOLECULAR BI; GLYCEROL BIOXTRA; Glycerol for analysis EMSURE ACS,Reag. Ph Eur; GLYCEROL, >=99.5%; GLYCEROL, BIOREAGENT, SUITABLE FOR C;GlycerolUSP, 99-101(Assay); Glycerol, Extra Pure;1,2,3-Propeatriol; 1,2,3-Trihydroxyopropane; 90 Technical glycerin; 90 Technical glycerine; 90technicalglycerine; Bulbold,GLYCEROL, 99+%; GLYCEROL APPROX. 87 %, EXTRA PURE, DAB, PH. EUR; B. P., PH. FRANC; GLYCEROL, 99.5+%, SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC GRA DE; GLYCEROL SIGMAULTRA; GLYCEROL, 99.5+%, ACS;GLYCEROL 99 %, EXTRA PURE, DAB, PH. EUR; ANTIMONY SMALL LUMPS PURE; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS, MATRIX SUBSTANCE FOR MALDI-MS; GLYCEROL DIST. ANHYDROUS, 1 L; GLYCEROL 87%; GLYCEROL 86-88 %, R. G; REAG. ISO, REAG; PH. EUR; GLYCEROL SIGMA GRADE; GLYCEROL, 99.5+%, A.C.S. REAGENT; GLYCERIN, SYNTHETIC, EP, BP, USP, JP; GLYCEROL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REAGENT; GLYCEROL 85%, PH EUR; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS, PH EUR; GLYCEROL 87%, 1 L; GLYCEROL INSECT CELL CULTURE TESTED; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS, ACS, DIST.; GLYCEROL 87%, 5 L; GLYCEROL ANHYDROUS, FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOG Y; GLYCEROL 99+% FCC; glycerol; glycerin; 56-81-5; Glycerine; 1,2,3-Propanetriol; PROPANE-1,2,3-TRIOL; Glycyl alcohol; Trihydroxypropane; Glyceritol; Propanetriol; Osmoglyn; 1,2,3-trihydroxypropane; Grocolene; Glysanin; Glyrol; Glycerin, synthetic; Polyglycerol; Dagralax; Ophthalgan; Vitrosupos; Glycerin, anhydrous; Synthetic glycerin; Polyglycerine; Synthetic glycerine; Optim; Moon; Star; Glycerin mist; Incorporation factor; Glycerin (mist); Glycerinum; 90 Technical glycerine; Glycerine mist; Citifluor AF 2; Glycerolum; Bulbold; Cristal; Glicerina [DCIT]; Caswell No. 469; Propanetriol (VAN); Glycerin base; FEMA No. 2525; Glicerol [INN-Spanish]; Glycerolum [INN-Latin]; Clyzerin, wasserfrei; Pricerine 9091; 25618-55-7; Clyzerin, wasserfrei [German]; Emery 916; CCRIS 2295;HSDB 492; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063507; UNII-PDC6A3C0OX; Collyrium Fresh-Eye Drops; Glycerol solution; AI3-00091; NSC 9230; MFCD00004722; BRN 0635685; IFP; Monoctanoin Component D; PDC6A3C0OX; 1,2,3-trihydroxypropanol; Pentrioxido sulfurico glycerincol; CHEBI:17754; Glycerin anhydrous; NSC9230; Glycerol polymer; Glycerol (INN); Glycerol [INN]; NSC-9230;8043-29-6; NCGC00090950-03; Polyglycerin; DSSTox_CID_662; DSSTox_RID_75717; DSSTox_GSID_20663; Glycerin [JAN]; Glycerol, 99+%, extra pure; Unigly G 2; Unigly G 6; Glycerol; Propane-1,2,3-Triol; Glycerol, 99.6%, ACS reagent; Glicerina; Glicerol; Glycerol, 99+%, pure, synthetic; 1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL, HOMOPOLYMER; Glycerol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; Glyceol Opthalgan; Glycerol, 99.5+%, for spectroscopy; Glycerin - mist; Glycerin, natural; Tegin M; CAS-56-81-5; Glycerol, polymers; GOL; Mackstat H 66; WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[h2h]/1/; PGL 300; PGL 500; PGL 700; Glycerin [USP:JAN]; HL 80; Glycerol, pure, 83.5-88.5 wt% aqueous solution;RG-z; EINECS 200-289-5; Glycerol, for analysis, 86-88% wt% aqueous solution; UNII-F92TF92VBF; alditol; Glycerin - mist, Respirable; Neutracett; Glyceol; Glyzerin; Oelsuess; glycerine usp; glycerol group; Artifical tears; UNII-522DM106CR; C3H8O3; D-glycerol; L-glycerol; Tryhydroxypropane; Organic Glycerin; Organic Glycerine; Glycerin,anhydrous; Glycerine (crude); Polyhydric alcohols; 1,3-Propanetriol; Glycerol, ultrapure; Glycerin USP grade; Glycerine 96%; Glycerol 85%; Glycerin 99.5%; Glycerine 96% USP; 1,3-Trihydroxypropane; 90 Technical glycerin; Emery 912; rac-Glycerol-1-13C; ACMC-20akt3; E 422; Glycerin (JP17/USP); Glycerin 99.5% USP; Glycerine 99.7% USP
Prodution Description of Glycerin 
Glycerin known as glucerine, pure glycerol is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste. Boiling point of 290 ℃, melting point 17.9 ℃, relative density of 1.2613. Infinitely miscible with water, dried over anhydrous glucerine has a strong water absorption.
Application of Glycerin 
Usage:is useful in a variety of applications, glycerol is used as a solvent, plasticizer and humectant. In polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, glycerol is used in sample preparation and gel formation. At a concentration of 5-10%, glycerol is used to increase the density of a sample so that it will layer at the bottom of a sample well. Additional uses include as an aid in casting gradient gels, a protein stabilizer and storage buffer component.
Glycerine (glycerin, glycerol, or 1,2,3-propanetriol) is the simplest trihedric alcohol. Pure glycerine, with a specific gravity of 1.26, is a colorless, odorless, sweet, viscous liquid melting at 17.8 C boiling at 290 C. It decomposes  at boiling point and produce corrosive fumes of acrolein. It is miscible in water and forms a solution in any proportion. It is also soluble alcohol but only partially soluble in common organic solvents such as ether and ethyl acetate. It resists freezing.  It is hygroscopic, which favors as a humectant to retain moisture in cosmetics. It reacts violently with acetic anhydrides in the presence of a catalyst. It is obtained as a byproduct when fats and oils are hydrolyzed to yield fatty acids or soaps. Glycerol is also commercially synthesized from propylene (Dow Chemical).  Glycerol can also be obtained based on a proprietary fermentation processing. Glycerol is widely used; as a solvent, food additive, sweetening agent and  emollient and emulcent with magnesium sulphate used in the treatment of septic wounds and boils; in the manufacture of alkyd resin, cellophane, ester gums, plasticizer, dynamite, nitroglycerine, cosmetics, liquid soap, perfume and toothpaste (good solubility and taste give glycerine an edge on sorbitol in toothpastes, which are estimated to make up almost one-third of glycerine's market in personal care products); as a component of antifreeze mixtures; to keep fabrics pliable, to preserve printing on cotton, to keep frost from windshields; as a source of nutrients for fermentation cultures in the production of antibiotics; as a preservative in some pharmaceutical and biological preparations and in non-alcoholic extracts and tinctures. It has many other applications.

Usage areas

It is used as a humectant, solvent and sweetener in food and beverages and helps preserve food.
It fixes the structure in ice cream.
It is used as a thickener in low-fat foods and as a thickener in liqueurs.
It is used instead of sugar. Its sweetness corresponds to 60% of sucrose, its calorie is equivalent to that of table sugar, but it does not raise the level of sugar in the blood.
It is used in cough syrups.
It is found in ointments applied externally to the skin in diabetes.
It is used as suppository in constipation.
It is used as a solvent and lubricant in personal care products. Most toothpastes, mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving creams, hair care products contain glycerin.
It is used as a second ingredient in soap making.
It is used in candle making.
It is used as a humectant in hookah tobacco.
Because of its glucogenic effect, glycerin is an effective treatment tool in the ketosis of cattle. In ketosis, it is given orally at a dose of 225 g twice a day, then 115 g once a day.
Glycerin, which is a suitable vehicle for most pharmaceutical forms in animals, creates a drag effect by increasing intestinal contractions when used rectally as an enema or suppository. For this purpose, 25-30 g of glycerin is mixed with 250-500 ml of water and used as an enema.
Glycerin is used to prevent difficult stains such as ink from drying out and to remove the stain.
It is used in making dynamite. It can be combined with triniglycerin and nitric acid to make dynamite. Only when combined with nitric acid, it is used to make nitro glycerin, which is very strong.
It has anti-freeze properties.
About this substance
This substance is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
This substance is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Consumer Uses
This substance is used in the following products: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, coating products, finger paints, anti-freeze products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and lubricants and greases. Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Article service life
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
This substance can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys).
Widespread uses by professional workers
This substance is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, laboratory chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
This substance is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).
Formulation or re-packing
This substance is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, pH regulators and water treatment products, polymers, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, photo-chemicals and extraction agents.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
This substance is used in the following products: non-metal-surface treatment products, pharmaceuticals, polymers, textile treatment products and dyes, inks and toners and laboratory chemicals.
This substance is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid, as processing aid, in the production of articles and formulation in materials.
Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Production
Glycerine is generally obtained from plant and animal sources where it occurs in triglycerides, esters of glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis, saponification, or transesterification of these triglycerides produces Glycerine as well as the fatty acid derivative.
Triglycerides can be saponified with sodium hydroxide to give Glycerine and fatty sodium salt or soap.
Typical plant sources include soybeans or palm. Animal-derived tallow is another source. Approximately 950,000 tons per year are produced in the United States and Europe; 350,000 tons of Glycerine were produced per year in the United States alone from 2000 to 2004. The EU directive 2003/30/EC set a requirement that 5.75% of petroleum fuels are to be replaced with biofuel sources across all member states by 2010. It was projected in 2006 that by the year 2020, production would be six times more than demand, creating an excess of Glycerine.
Glycerine from triglycerides is produced on a large scale, but the crude product is of variable quality, with a low selling price of as low as 2-5 U.S. cents per kilogram in 2011. It can be purified, but the process is expensive. Some Glycerine is burned for energy, but its heat value is low.
Crude Glycerine from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can be purified by treatment with activated carbon to remove organic impurities, alkali to remove unreacted Glycerine esters, and ion exchange to remove salts. High purity Glycerine (> 99.5%) is obtained by multi-step distillation; a vacuum chamber is necessary due to its high boiling point (290 °C).
Synthetic Glycerine
Although usually not cost-effective, Glycerine can be produced by various routes from propene. The epichlorohydrin process is the most important: it involves the chlorination of propylene to give allyl chloride, which is oxidized with hypochlorite to dichlorohydrins, which reacts with a strong base to give epichlorohydrin. This epichlorohydrin is then hydrolyzed to give Glycerine. Chlorine-free processes from propylene include the synthesis of Glycerine from acrolein and propylene oxide.
Because of the large-scale production of biodiesel from fats, where Glycerine is a waste product, the market for Glycerine is depressed. Thus, synthetic processes are not economical. Owing to oversupply, efforts are being made to convert Glycerine to synthetic precursors, such as acrolein and epichlorohydrin.
APPLICATION AREAS
Food industry
In food and beverages, Glycerine serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies), and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. Glycerine and water are used to preserve certain types of plant leaves. As a sugar substitute, it has approximately 27 kilocalories per teaspoon (sugar has 20) and is 60% as sweet as sucrose. It does not feed the bacteria that form plaques and cause dental cavities.[citation needed] As a food additive, Glycerine is labelled as E number E422. It is added to icing (frosting) to prevent it from setting too hard.
As used in foods, Glycerine is categorized by the U.S. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics as a carbohydrate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein and fat. Glycerine has a caloric density similar to table sugar, but a lower glycemic index and different metabolic pathway within the body, so some dietary advocates accept Glycerine as a sweetener compatible with low-carbohydrate diets.
It is also recommended as an additive when using polyol sweeteners such as erythritol and xylitol which have a cooling effect, due to its heating effect in the mouth, if the cooling effect is not wanted.
Medical, pharmaceutical and personal care applications
Glycerin is mildly antimicrobial and antiviral and is an FDA approved treatment for wounds. The Red Cross reports that an 85% solution of glycerin shows bactericidal and antiviral effects, and wounds treated with glycerin show reduced inflammation after roughly 2 hours. Due to this, it is used widely in wound care products, including glycerin-based hydrogel sheets for burns and other wound care. It is approved for all types of wound care except third-degree burns and is used to package donor skin used in skin grafts. There is no topical treatment approved for third-degree burns, and so this limitation is not exclusive to glycerin.
Glycerine is used in medical, pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, often as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication, and as a humectant.
Ichthyosis and xerosis have been relieved by the topical use of glycerin. It is found in allergen immunotherapies, cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes, skincare products, shaving cream, hair care products, soaps, and water-based personal lubricants. In solid dosage forms like tablets, Glycerine is used as a tablet holding agent. For human consumption, Glycerine is classified by the U.S. FDA among the sugar alcohols as a caloric macronutrient. Glycerine is also used in blood banking to preserve red blood cells prior to freezing.
Glycerine is a component of glycerin soap. Essential oils are added for fragrance. This kind of soap is used by people with sensitive, easily irritated skin because it prevents skin dryness with its moisturizing properties. It draws moisture up through skin layers and slows or prevents excessive drying and evaporation.
Taken rectally, Glycerine functions as a laxative by irritating the anal mucosa and inducing a hyperosmotic effect, expanding the colon by drawing water into it to induce peristalsis resulting in evacuation. It may be administered undiluted either as a suppository or as a small-volume (2–10 ml) enema. Alternatively, it may be administered in a dilute solution, e.g., 5%, as a high volume enema.
Taken orally (often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste), Glycerine can cause a rapid, temporary decrease in the internal pressure of the eye. This can be useful for the initial emergency treatment of severely elevated eye pressure.
Glycerine has also been incorporated as a component of bio-ink formulations in the field of bioprinting. The Glycerine content acts to add viscosity to the bio-ink without adding large protein, carbohydrate, or glycoprotein molecules.
Botanical extracts
When utilized in "tincture" method extractions, specifically as a 10% solution, Glycerine prevents tannins from precipitating in ethanol extracts of plants (tinctures). It is also used as an "alcohol-free" alternative to ethanol as a solvent in preparing herbal extractions. It is less extractive when utilized in a standard tincture methodology. Alcohol-based tinctures can also have the alcohol removed and replaced with Glycerine for its preserving properties. Such products are not "alcohol-free" in a scientific or FDA regulatory sense, as Glycerine contains three hydroxyl groups. Fluid extract manufacturers often extract herbs in hot water before adding Glycerine to make glycerites.
When used as a primary "true" alcohol-free botanical extraction solvent in non-tincture based methodologies, Glycerine has been shown to possess a high degree of extractive versatility for botanicals including removal of numerous constituents and complex compounds, with an extractive power that can rival that of alcohol and water-alcohol solutions. That Glycerine possesses such high extractive power assumes it is utilized with dynamic (i.e. critical) methodologies as opposed to standard passive "tincturing" methodologies that are better suited to alcohol. Glycerine possesses the intrinsic property of not denaturing or rendering a botanical's constituents inert like alcohols (i.e. ethyl (grain) alcohol, methyl (wood) alcohol, etc.) do. Glycerine is a stable preserving agent for botanical extracts that, when utilized in proper concentrations in an extraction solvent base, does not allow inverting or mitigates reduction-oxidation (REDOX) of a finished extract's constituents, even over several years. Both Glycerine and ethanol are viable preserving agents. Glycerine is bacteriostatic in its action, and ethanol is bactericidal in its action.

Electronic cigarette liquid
Glycerin, along with propylene glycol, is a common component of e-liquid, a solution used with electronic vaporizers (electronic cigarettes). This Glycerine is heated with an atomizer (a heating coil often made of Kanthal wire), producing the aerosol that delivers nicotine to the user.
Antifreeze
Main article: Antifreeze
Like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, Glycerine is a non-ionic kosmotrope that forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, competing with water-water hydrogen bonds. This interaction disrupts the formation of ice. The minimum freezing point temperature is about −36 °F (−38 °C) corresponding to 70% Glycerine in water.
Glycerine was historically used as an anti-freeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point. While the minimum freezing point of a Glycerine-water mixture is higher than an ethylene glycol-water mixture, Glycerine is not toxic and is being re-examined for use in automotive applications.
In the laboratory, Glycerine is a common component of solvents for enzymatic reagents stored at temperatures below 0 °C due to the depression of the freezing temperature. It is also used as a cryoprotectant where the Glycerine is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals to laboratory organisms that are stored in frozen solutions, such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and mammalian embryos.
Chemical intermediate
Glycerine is used to produce nitroglycerin, which is an essential ingredient of various explosives such as dynamite, gelignite, and propellants like cordite. Reliance on soap-making to supply co-product Glycerine made it difficult to increase production to meet wartime demand. Hence, synthetic Glycerine processes were national defence priorities in the days leading up to World War II. Nitroglycerin, also known as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris, taken in the form of sublingual tablets, or as an aerosol spray.
Oxidation of Glycerine affords mesoxalic acid. Dehydrating Glycerine affords hydroxyacetone.
Vibration damping
Glycerine is used as a fill for pressure gauges to damp vibration. External vibrations, from compressors, engines, pumps, etc., produce harmonic vibrations within Bourdon gauges that can cause the needle to move excessively, giving inaccurate readings. The excessive swinging of the needle can also damage internal gears or other components, causing premature wear. Glycerine, when poured into a gauge to replace the air space, reduces the harmonic vibrations that are transmitted to the needle, increasing the lifetime and reliability of the gauge.
Niche uses
Film industry
Glycerine is used by the film industry when filming scenes involving water to stop areas from drying out too quickly.
Glycerine is used combined with water (around in a 1:99 proportion) to create a smooth smoky environment. The solution is vaporized and pushed into the room with a ventilator.
Ultrasonic couplant
Glycerine can be sometimes used as a replacement for water in ultrasonic testing, as it has a favourably higher acoustic impedance (2.42MRayl vs 1.483MRayl for water) while being relatively safe, non-toxic, non-corrosive and relatively low cost.
Internal combustion fuel
Glycerine is also used to power diesel generators supplying electricity for the FIA Formula E series of electric race cars.
Research on uses
Research has been conducted to produce value-added products from Glycerine obtained from biodiesel production. Examples (aside from combustion of waste Glycerine):
Hydrogen gas production
Glycerine acetate is a potential fuel additive.
Glycerine is one of the most used additive for starch thermoplastic.
Conversion to propylene glycol
Conversion to acrolein
Conversion to ethanol
Conversion to epichlorohydrin, a raw material for epoxy resins
Metabolism
Glycerine is a precursor for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and of phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissue. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, Glycerine and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream.
Glycerine is mainly metabolized in the liver. Glycerine injections can be used as a simple test for liver damage, as its rate of absorption by the liver is considered an accurate measure of liver health. Glycerine metabolism is reduced in both cirrhosis and fatty liver disease.
Blood Glycerine levels are highly elevated during diabetes, and is believed to be the cause of reduced fertility in patients who suffer from diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Blood Glycerine levels in diabetic patients average three times higher than healthy controls. Direct Glycerine treatment of testes has been found to cause significant long-term reduction in sperm count. Further testing on this subject was abandoned due to the unexpected results, as this was not the goal of the experiment.
Circulating Glycerine does not glycate proteins as do glucose or fructose, and does not lead to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In some organisms, the Glycerine component can enter the glycolysis pathway directly and, thus, provide energy for cellular metabolism (or, potentially, be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis).
Before Glycerine can enter the pathway of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis (depending on physiological conditions), it must be converted to their intermediate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the following steps:
The enzyme Glycerine kinase is present mainly in the liver and kidneys, but also in other body tissues, including muscle and brain. In adipose tissue, glycerol 3-phosphate is obtained from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) with the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Physical and chemical properties
Pure Glycerine appears as colourless, odourless and sweet viscous liquid. Boiling point: 290 ° C, melting point: 17.9 ° C, the relative density: 1.2613. It can be miscible with water infinitely. It can be dissolved in 11 times ethyl acetate, about 500 times ether. It is insoluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether and oil. Anhydrous Glycerine has a strong water absorption property.
Glycerine is weakly acidic, being able to react with alkaline hydroxide. For example, it reacts with copper hydroxide can produce bright blue cupric glycerinate (can be used to identify polyols). Glycerine can react with nitric acid to generate glyceryl trinitrate, also known as nitroglycerin, being a strong explosive.
Because Glycerine has water absorption property, it is often used as the moisturizing agent of cosmetics, leather, tobacco, food and textile. Glycerine also has an effect on lubricating the intestine, being able to be used for enema or suppository treatment of constipation. Nitroglycerides have the effect of dilating coronary arteries and can be used to treat angina. Nitroglycerin can be used as an explosive and propellant. Glycerine can react with binary acid to generate alkyd resin, widely being used in paints and coatings.
In nature, Glycerine is widely presented in the form of esters. For example, a variety of animal and vegetable oils are Glycerine carboxylate with hydrolyzing grease being capable to generate fatty acids and Glycerine. At present, one of the major sources of Glycerine is the byproduct of the soap industry (grease is hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions). The other major source is petroleum pyrolysis gas, propylene.
Pharmacological effects
This product can lubricate and stimulate the intestinal wall, soften the stool, making it easy to discharge. It also has dehydration effect. When formulated together with the sodium ascorbate as a compound injection for intravenous administration, it can reduce the intraocular pressure. Its topical administration has moisture absorption property, and can soften the local tissue. It can dissolve borax, boric acid, phenol, nucleic acid, salicylic acid and so on. It is mainly used for the treatment of constipation of children, the elderly and the weak, the rescue of general brain edema, treatment of glaucoma, chapped and stripped winter skin and so on.

Application Areas
It is a raw material for the production of nitroglycerin, acetic acid Glycerine, surfactants, flavours, alkyds and ester gums. It can be directly used in antifreeze, cosmetics, inks, etc.
It can be used as a water-retaining agent (used for bread and cake); carrier solvent (used in flavour, pigment and water-soluble preservative; thickener (used for drink and wine formulation); plasticizer (candy, desert and meat product); sweetener, gas chromatographic fixative.
EEC provides it can be used for alcoholic beverages, candy, cakes, coating glazing, meat and cheese coating, alcoholic beverages, bakery products, gelatin, gelatin and other sweets.
Glycerine is used both in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycerine (5-10%) increases the density of a sample so that the sample will layer at the bottom of a gel sample well. Glycerine is also used to aid in casting gradient gels and as a protein stabilizer and storage buffer component. Glycerine is an important basic organic raw material, being widely used in industrial, pharmaceutical and daily life. There are about 1700 kinds of applications, mainly for medicine, cosmetics, alkyd resin, tobacco, food, sour resin, explosives, textile printing and dyeing and so on. The demand of Glycerine in alkyd resin, celluloid and explosives exhibits a downward trend. But its demand in medicine, cosmetics and food will continue to grow. In previous years, the compositions of Glycerine consumption in China include: 35.7% in paint; 32.6% in toothpaste; 4.8% in cosmetics; 6% in cigarettes, 5.9% in medicine, 4.8% in polyether and 10.2% for the other. During the manufacture of drugs and cosmetics, Glycerine is widely used to prepare a variety of preparations, solvents, moisture, antifreeze and sweeteners. The cyclization of Glycerine and p-nitroaniline can generate 6-nitroquinoline. The monostearate obtained from the acidification between Glycerine and stearic acid is a kind of excipient, used as the matrix of hydrophilic ointment. Glycerine can generate acrolein by elimination reaction, and has been used to produce methionine and glutaraldehyde. The potassium Glycerine phosphate, sodium glycerophosphate, calcium glycerophosphate made from Glycerine and phosphoric acid are all used as a nutritional medicine. Chlorination of Glycerine can generate the intermediate monochloro-propylene glycol for the production of caffeine and guaiacol Glycerine ether. Glycerine can participate in the cyclization and condensation of p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and, 4, 6-trihydroxy-3, 5-dimethyl benzophenone to obtain the expectorant cough medicine Rhododendron. Glycerine can be condensed with acetone to form 1, 2-isopropylidene glyceride. This can be used for the manufacture of shark liver alcohol used for increasing the count of white blood cell. Nitration of Glycerine can generate glyceryl trinitrate, namely, vasodilator nitroglycerin. Glycerine can be reacted with 2, 5-diaminoanisole sulfate to give the intermediate 6-methoxy-4, 7-phenanthroline. Glycerine is also a raw material for the midrange marker 6-methoxy-7-nitroquinoline. Several quinoline derivatives were obtained from the reaction between Glycerine and aromatic primary amines with such reactions being called skraup reactions. Another major application of Glycerine is the preparation of alkyd resin. At present, the resin used in paint around the world includes mainly alkyd resin, acrylic resin, vinyl resin and epoxy resin, among which, alkyd resin paint ranks first in both the United States and Japan. Glycerine accounts for 42% of the polyol used in the alkyd resin. Glycerine is easy to digest and non-toxic and can be used as a solvent, hygroscopic agent and vehicle for the food industry. For the seasoning and colouring food, because the Glycerine is sticky, and can therefore contribute to food moulding. During the rapid freezing of food, Glycerine can be used as a direct medium of heat transfer for food. Glycerine is also a lubricant for food processing and packaging machinery. In addition, the application of polyGlycerine and polyglycerol esters during the manufacture of crispy and margarine products is increasing year by year. Glycerine can be used in tobacco (mainly cigars) as a humectant to keep the moisture of the tobacco, to prevent embrittlement, and to increase the sweetness of tobacco. In the case of cigar paper and filter paper, it is used as a plasticizer in the form of triacetin. Glyceryl triacetate accounts for one-third of the total consumption of Glycerine in the tobacco industry. Between 1970 and 1986, the average annual growth rate of Glycerine production in China was 5.3%, but the average annual growth rate of consumption in the same period was 7%. In 1983 – 1986, China imported a total of 52,400 tons of Glycerine with an average annual import of 1.31 million tons, accounting for 1/4 of the annual consumption. Glycerine has been recognized as a non-toxic and safe substance with no harmful effect on human or animal upon oral administration of high-dose of natural Glycerine. Intravenous injection of 5% Glycerine solution to human also causes poisoning phenomenon. 
Preparation
Glycerine industrial production methods can be divided into two categories: method using natural oil as raw material with the resulting Glycerine commonly known as natural Glycerine; method using propylene as raw material with the resulting Glycerine commonly known as synthetic Glycerine. 1. Production of natural Glycerine; before 1984, Glycerine was all recovered from the by-products of soap manufacturing from grease of animals and plants. Until now, natural grease is still the main raw material for the production of Glycerine with about 42% of the natural Glycerine being made from by-products and 58% being made from fatty acids. Saponification of Oil in the soap Industry: The products in saponification reaction products are divided into two layers: the upper layer mainly contains fatty acid sodium salt (soap) and a small amount of Glycerine, the lower layer is the waste lye, being the Glycerine dilute solution containing salt and sodium hydroxide, generally containing 9-16% Glycerine and 8-20% inorganic salt. Grease reaction: the Glycerine water obtained from the grease hydrolysis (also known as sweet water) contains higher Glycerine content than soap waste, being about 14-20% with 0-0.2% inorganic salt. In recent years, it has been widely applied of continuous high-pressure hydrolysis method. The reaction is free of catalyst and the obtained sweet water is generally free of inorganic acid, thus can be more easily purified than the waste lye. For both the soap waste liquid and the Glycerine water obtained from oil hydrolysis, the Glycerine is not high, and they contain all kinds of impurities. The production process of the natural Glycerine includes purification, concentration to obtain crude Glycerine, and refining process including crude Glycerine distillation, decolorization and deodorization. This process is described in detail in some books. 2. The production of synthetic Glycerine: those various pathways for Glycerine synthesis from propylene can be summarized into two categories, namely chlorination and oxidation. Now the industry is still using the propylene chlorination method and propylene non-periodic acetic acid oxidation method.  Propylene chlorination method: this is the most important production method of synthesizing Glycerine, including a total of four steps, namely high-temperature propylene chlorination, chlorophenol hypochlorification, dichloropropanol saponification and epichlorohydrin hydrolysis. The production process of Glycerine by epichlorohydrin hydrolysis is performed under 150 ° C and 1.37 MPa pressure of carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution of 10% hydroxide and 1% sodium carbonate. This can produce a Glycerine aqueous solution containing 5-20% Glycerine and sodium chloride, followed by concentration, desalting and distillation to obtain the Glycerine with the purity of over 98%. Method of propylene peracetic acid oxidation: propylene can interact with peracetic acid to generate propylene oxide with propylene oxide isomerization generating alkene to propanol. The latter reacts with peracetic acid to produce glycidyl alcohol (i.e. glycidyl), and finally hydrolyzed to Glycerine. The production of peracetic acid does not require catalyst, acetaldehyde and oxygen gas-phase oxidation. Under atmospheric pressure, 150-160 ℃ and the contact time of 24 s, the aldehyde has a conversion rate of 11% and the acetic acid has a selectivity of 83%. The latter two steps of the reaction can continuously proceed in a special structure of the reaction distillation column. The raw material allyl alcohol and the ethyl acetate solution containing peracetic acid are sent to the column and the column is controlled at 60-70 ° C and 13-20 kPa. The top of the column can be evaporated of ethyl acetate solvent and water. At the tower kettle, we can obtain the Glycerine aqueous solution. This method is selective and has high yield, taking peracetic acid as oxidant. It doesn’t need catalyst, and the reaction speed is high, simplifying the process. Production of 1t Glycerine consumes 1.001 t allyl alcohol and 1.184 t peracetic acid with 0.947 t of acetic acid by-product. At present, both the production of natural Glycerine and synthetic Glycerine accounts of almost 50%. The propylene chlorination process accounts for about 80% of the total Glycerine production.
Description    
Glycerine is a colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, sweet-tasting trihydric alcohol. It is also called glycerin or glycerine, with the term Glycerine being preferred as the pure chemical form and the term glycerin(e) being primarily used when the compound is used commercially in various grades.
Chemical Properties    
Glycerin is the polyhydric alcohol 1,2,3 propanetriol [HOCH2-CH(OH)CH2OH] also known as Glycerine. A clear, colourless, syrupy liquid having a sweet taste. It has not more than a slight characteristic odour, which is neither harsh nor disagreeable. It is hygroscopic and its solutions are neutral. Glycerin is miscible with water and with alcohol. It is insoluble in chloroform, in ether, and in fixed and volatile oils.
In the animal body, glycerin may be formed from ingested carbohydrates, glycogen by glycolysis, and from fats and other lipids by hydrolysis. Commercially, glycerin can be produced by a number of methods including microbial fermentation of sugars, as a by-product in the manufacture of soap, or by synthesis from propylene.
Animal and vegetable fats contain about 10% by weight of glycerin. It is present in animal tissues to the extent of about 1% of the body weight. Glycerin is not an essential nutrient, but it furnishes energy by contributing to the general pool of oxidizable organic compounds.
Glycerine is a sweet-tasting, syrupy liquid It has not more than a slight characteristic odour, which is neither harsh nor disagreeable Glycerine is trihydric alcohol It is hygroscopic and its solutions are neutral.
Chemical Properties    Glycerine, CH20HCHOHCH20H, also known as glycerin and glycyl alcohol, is a clear, colourless, viscous liquid with a sweet taste.It is the simplest trihydroxy alcohol and a valuable chemical intermediary, It is soluble in water and alcohol, but only partially soluble in ether and ethyl acetate. Glycerine is used in perfume and medicine, as antifreeze, and in manufacturing soaps and explosives.
Glycerine is a viscous colourless or pale yellow, odourless, syrupy liquid.
Glycerin is a clear, colourless, odourless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid; it has a sweet taste, approximately 0.6 times as sweet as sucrose.

Uses
•    Blasting agents, grinding materials, friction agents, general abrasives
•    General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses
•    Consumer electronic equipment of all types, including phones, computers, cameras etc. and related electronic components (motherboards, software, chargers) 
•    Relating to agriculture, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops
•    Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products
•    Related to the farming or raising of cattle    
•     Products used on crops or related to the growing of crops
•    Air cleaners and anti-odour agents, air purifiers, air conditioners, air filters, general air care products
•    Used to prevent adhesion
•    Antifreezing agents, or de-icing products
•     Additives to reduce friction
•     Spray powder used to make air gap between printed sheets of paper
•     For prevention and removal of static
•    Body paints, markers, glitters, play cosmetics, and Halloween cosmetics
•     Arts and crafts supplies such as painting, beading/jewellery making, scrapbooking, needlecrafts, clay, etc.
•    Drawing supplies
•    Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
•    Related to the manufacturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general
•    Relatives to the maintenance and repair of automobiles, products for cleaning and caring for automobiles (auto shampoo, polish/wax, undercarriage treatment, brake grease).
•    Related to food and beverage service activities
•    The modifier used when source indicates the product is powder-based
•    Binding agents, used in paint, sand, etc
•    Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known
•    Buffer or pH regulating agent
•     Related to the building or repair of ships, pleasure boats, or sporting boats
•    Bricks or related to bricklaying/masonry
•    Related to heating, such as heating systems, heating fuels, fireplaces, furnaces, radiators, boilers, etc
•    Insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity
•    Plumbing, plumbing tools (home or industrial use)
•    Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc
•    Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors
•    insulating materials to protect from noise, cold, etc (such as used in homes or buildings), insulating materials related to electricity.
•    Wall construction materials, or wall coverings
•    The wood used as a building material, wood preservatives
•    Casting agents or moulding compounds for plastics, sand, or metals
•    Catalyst, more information not known
•    The modifier used for chemical, when the chemical is used in a laboratory
•    Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children's cosmetics, etc)
•    Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco-related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products
Industry Uses
•    Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
•    Brazing Paste component for joining carbon and stainless steel components.
•    Brazing paste component for joining carbon and stainless steel components.
•    Coatings and/or defoamers
•    Dyes
•    Finishing agents
•    Fuels and fuel additives
•    Glycerine is used for various industrial purposes. The exact application is not known after being shipped from our facility.
•    Incorporated into USP grade Glycerin
•    Intermediates
•    Laboratory chemicals
•    Lubricants and lubricant additives
•    Pigments
•    Plating agents and surface treating agents
•    Processing aids, not otherwise listed
•    Sold to re-sellers for petroleum fuel and petrochemical industry
•    Solvents (for cleaning and degreasing)
•    Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
•    Surface active agents
•    Viscosity adjustors
•    animal feed
•    emulsifier, emolient, humectant, sweetener, drug excipient, cosmetics
•    formulation ingredient/stabilizer for finished product. typically goes into end-use cleaning products.
Consumer Uses
•    Adhesives and sealants
•    Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
•    Anti-freeze and de-icing products
•    Arts, crafts, and hobby materials
•    Automotive care products
•    Brazing Paste Component for joining carbon and stainless steel components.
•    Building/construction materials - wood and engineered wood products
•    Building/construction materials not covered elsewhere
•    Cleaning and furnishing care products
•    Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere
•    Food packaging
•    Fuels and related products
•    Furniture and furnishings not covered elsewhere
•    Ink, toner, and colourant products
•    Laundry and dishwashing products
•    Lubricants and greases
•    Metal products not covered elsewhere
•    Non-TSCA use
•    Paints and coatings
•    Paper products
•    Personal care products
•    Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
•    Sold to re-sellers for petroleum fuel and petrochemical industry
•    Toys, playground, and sporting equipment
•    animal feed
•    Used in enzyme preparations which can be formulated into several end-use products.
Glycerine's properties make it useful for numerous applications. The three hydroxyl groups in Glycerine allow extensive hydrogen bonding that gives Glycerine its characteristic syrupy viscous texture and hygroscopic character. Approximately 40% of Glycerine's use is for personal care products such as cosmetics, soaps, shampoos, lotions, mouthwash, and toothpaste. Glycerine's hygroscopic properties make it a good moisturizer in skin products. Another 25% of Glycerine's annual production is used in food production. In the food industry Glycerine is used as a moistening agent, as a solvent for food colouring and syrups, to prevent crystallization of sugar in candies and icings, as a preservative, and as a sweetening agent. Approximately 10% of Glycerine's use goes into tobacco processing, where it is sprayed on tobacco leaves before they are shredded to serve as a moistening agent. Glycerine has the added benefit of imparting a sweet taste to chewing tobacco. The remaining 25% of Glycerine's use is distributed among various industrial uses. It is used in cough syrups and elixir medicines. In industry, Glycerine is found in lubricants, plasticizers, adhesives, antifreeze, resins, and insulating foams. At one time it was used almost exclusively in its nitrated form as an explosive (see Nitroglycerin), which today accounts for about 3% of its use.
Glycerine has a ubiquitous use pattern and can be found in industrial, professional and consumer products. Glycerine is used as a constituent in numerous products and as an intermediate in industrial applications for the manufacture of products such as soaps/detergents and Glycerine esters. It is found in consumer products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, tobacco, food and drinks and is present in numerous other products such as paints, resins and paper. For example, it is used as a downhole lubricant in oil and gas fields and as a wetting agent in pesticide formulations. There is no single-use that dominates the use pattern.
glycerin (Glycerine; propanetriol) is a humectant used in moisturizers. It is water-binding and able to draw and absorb water from the air, thus helping the skin retain moisture. glycerin has been studied extensively for its hydrating abilities. Based on the data available, glycerin has been established as a good skin-moisturizing agent. At least part of its activity is attributed to its facilitating enzymatic reactions in the skin, thereby promoting corneocyte desquamation. glycerin also improves the spreading qualities of creams and lotions. It is a clear, syrupy liquid made by chemically combining water and fat that is usually derived from vegetable oil. Although glycerin has not been shown to cause allergies, it may be comedogenic and irritating to the mucous membranes when used in concentrated solutions.
Glycerine is used both in sample preparation and gel formation for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycerine (5-10%) increases the density of a sample so that the sample will layer at the bottom of a gel’s sample well. Glycerine is also used to aid in casting gradient gels and as a protein stabilizer and storage buffer component.
As solvent, humectant, plasticizer, emollient, sweetener, in the manufacture of nitroglycerin (dynamite), cosmetics, liquid soaps, liqueurs, confectioneries, blacking, printing and copying inks, lubricants, elastic glues, lead oxide cement; to keep fabrics pliable; to preserve printing on cotton; for printing rollers, hectographs; to keep frost from windshields; as antifreeze in automobiles, gas meters and hydraulic jacks, in shock absorber fluids. In fermentation nutrients in the production of antibiotics.
A colourless to brown coloured liquid. Combustible but may require some effort to ignite. Residual sodium hydroxide (lye) causes crude material to be corrosive to metals and/or tissue.
Glycerin is used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical formulations including oral, otic, ophthalmic, topical, and parenteral preparations.
In topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics, glycerin is used primarily for its humectant and emollient properties. Glycerin is used as a solvent or cosolvent in creams and emulsions. Glycerin is additionally used in aqueous and nonaqueous gels and also as an additive in patch applications. In parenteral formulations, glycerin is used mainly as a solvent and cosolvent.
In oral solutions, glycerin is used as a solvent, sweetening agent, antimicrobial preservative, and viscosity-increasing agent. It is also used as a plasticizer and in film coatings.
Glycerin is used as a plasticizer of gelatin in the production of soft gelatin capsules and gelatin suppositories.
Glycerin is employed as a therapeutic agent in a variety of clinical applications and is also used as a food additive.
Glycerin is a very versatile molecule that is available in both refined and crude forms. Refined USP glycerin offers moisturizing and emulsifying functionalities; these properties make it an effective additive in various personal care and home care formulations. Crude glycerin can reduce freezing point and raise viscosity in a variety of industrial formulations. Polyglycerols offer higher hydroxyl functionality than can be achieved with glycerin. This functionality can be utilized in developing novel ester derivatives or to replace higher-cost polyols. 
Glycerin is a colourless and odourless simple polyol compound. As a viscous liquid, it is considered sweet-tasting and non-toxic.
IUPAC NAMES: 
Propane-1,2,3-triol
Glycerin
Glycerin
glycerin
glycerine
GLYCEROL
Glycerol
glycerol
Glycerol
glycerol
Glycerol (glycerin, glycerine)
Glycerol [Matrix for FABMS and liquid SIMS]
propan-1,2,3-triol
Propane-1,2,3-triol
propane-1,2,3-triol