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Hypo pentahydrate is a versatile, water-soluble crystalline compound widely used in analytical chemistry, photography, medicine, and industry due to its strong reducing properties.
Medically, Hypo pentahydrate serves as a lifesaving antidote for cyanide poisoning, a topical antifungal, and has been studied for its ability to reduce pathological calcification in soft tissues and blood vessels.
Industrially, Hypo pentahydrate is employed as a dechlorinating agent in water treatment, as a photographic fixer for dissolving unreacted silver halides, and as a standard reagent in iodometric titrations.
CAS Number: 10102-17-7
EC Number: 231-867-5
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molecular Weight: 248.18 g/mol
Synonyms: Sodium thiosulfate pentahydra, SodiuM Thiosulfate, 0.100 N Aqueous Solution, USP VoluMetric SolutionAPHA, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate 99.999% trace metals basis, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate ACS reagent, >=99.5%, Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.5%, SODIUM THIOSULFATE PENTAHYDRATE, CRYSTAL LIZED, SODIUM THIOSULF. PENTAHYDRATE FOR PHOT&, SODIUM THIOSULFATE-5-HYDRATE EXTRA PURE,
Hypo pentahydrate is a crystalline inorganic compound widely used in chemistry, medicine, and industry.
Hypo pentahydrate typically appears as colorless, transparent crystals that are highly soluble in water and have a cooling, slightly salty taste.
Hypo pentahydrate acts as a strong reducing agent and is commonly used in photographic fixing solutions, where it dissolves unreacted silver halides.
In medicine, Hypo pentahydrate serves as an antidote for cyanide poisoning and is also applied in certain dermatological treatments due to its antifungal properties.
Industrially, Hypo pentahydrate is employed in water treatment processes, as a dechlorinating agent in aquariums and pools, and in analytical chemistry for iodometric titrations.
Hypo pentahydrate is stable under normal conditions but decomposes upon heating, releasing sulfur dioxide and sulfur, and should be stored in a cool, dry environment to prevent gradual oxidation.
Hypo pentahydrate is an inorganic compound that appears as a white crystalline solid.
Hypo pentahydrate is the pentahydrate form of sodium thiosulfate, meaning it contains five molecules of water for each molecule of sodium thiosulfate.
Hypo pentahydrate is highly soluble in water, forming a clear solution, and is known for its reducing properties.
Hypo pentahydrate is commonly used in various applications, including photography as a fixer, in water treatment processes to dechlorinate water, and in analytical chemistry as a titrant in iodometric titrations.
Hypo pentahydrate also plays a role in medicine, particularly in the treatment of cyanide poisoning.
Hypo pentahydrate is relatively stable under normal conditions but should be stored in a cool, dry place away from strong acids and oxidizing agents.
Hypo pentahydrate's safety profile indicates that it is generally considered low in toxicity, although appropriate handling and safety measures should always be observed.
Hypo pentahydrate is a chemical compound that is used in the treatment of hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, and other metabolic disorders.
Hypo pentahydrate has been shown to have a variety of biochemical properties, including the ability to inhibit oxidation reactions by acting as an electron donor.
Hypo pentahydrate has also been shown to be effective in vitro in reducing oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and cell death.
Histological analysis of sodium thiosulfate-treated cells showed reduced DNA damage and improved cell viability.
The phase transition temperature for anhydrous sodium thiosulfate is below 0 °C.
Hypo pentahydrate reacts with potassium dichromate to produce hydrogen fluoride gas and sodium citrate.
Redox potential measurements show that Hypo pentahydrate can act as an electron acceptor when it gains electrons from hydrogen fluoride or sodium citrate, but it can also act as an electron donor when it donates electrons to hydrogen fluoride or sodium citrate.
Hypo pentahydrate has been shown to have a redox potential.
Hypo pentahydrate is a hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.
Hypo pentahydrate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug.
Hypo pentahydrate contains a sodium thiosulfate.
Hypo pentahydrate is a hydrate consisting of sodium thiosulfate with 5 mol eq. of water.
Hypo pentahydrate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug.
Hypo pentahydrate contains a sodium thiosulfate.
Hypo pentahydrate is a water soluble salt and reducing agent that reacts with oxidizing agents.
Although Hypo pentahydrate's exact mechanism of action is unknown, thiosulfate likely provides an exogenous source of sulfur, thereby hastening the detoxification of cyanide through the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase) which converts cyanide to the relatively nontoxic, excretable thiocyanate ion.
In addition, this agent neutralizes the reactive alkylating species of nitrogen mustard, thereby decreasing skin toxicity related to nitrogen mustard extravasation.
Hypo pentahydrate occurs as odorless and colorless crystals, a crystalline powder or granules.
Hypo pentahydrate is efflorescent in dry air and deliquescent in moist air.
Hypo pentahydrate is an inorganic crystalline compound that typically appears as colorless, transparent, monoclinic crystals.
With a molecular weight of about 248.18 g/mol and a density of around 1.69 g/cm³, Hypo pentahydrate is readily soluble in water and produces a slightly alkaline, cooling, and mildly salty-tasting solution.
Hypo pentahydrate is stable under ambient conditions but decomposes upon heating, releasing sulfur dioxide and elemental sulfur.
Because of its hygroscopic nature, Hypo pentahydrate must be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated environment, as prolonged exposure to moisture or air can lead to gradual oxidation and degradation.
Chemically, Hypo pentahydrate acts as a strong reducing agent.
In analytical chemistry, Hypo pentahydrate is a standard reagent in iodometric titrations, where it quantitatively reduces iodine to iodide.
This precise reactivity makes Hypo pentahydrate an essential compound in laboratories worldwide.
In the field of photography, Hypo pentahydrate is historically known as “hypo”, serving as a photographic fixer by dissolving unreacted silver halides from film and photographic paper, thus stabilizing and preserving the image.
Hypo pentahydrate is also applied in silver recovery processes.
Medically, Hypo pentahydrate plays an important role as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, where it provides a sulfur donor that facilitates the enzymatic conversion of cyanide to the less toxic thiocyanate, which is then excreted by the body.
Hypo pentahydrate is also used in combination with sodium nitrite in clinical settings to counteract acute cyanide intoxication.
Additionally, Hypo pentahydrate has dermatological applications as a topical antifungal agent, and in some cases, it has been studied for its ability to reduce calcification in soft tissues and blood vessels.
From an industrial perspective, Hypo pentahydrate is employed in water treatment processes as a dechlorination agent, removing residual chlorine from wastewater, aquariums, and swimming pools to prevent harm to aquatic life.
In the textile industry, Hypo pentahydrate helps eliminate excess oxidizing agents during bleaching and dyeing processes, while in the paper industry it serves in bleaching sequences and recovery systems.
Hypo pentahydrate’s ability to neutralize oxidizing agents also makes it useful in various chemical manufacturing processes.
Physicochemically, Hypo pentahydrate's aqueous solutions are generally colorless, slightly alkaline, and may release free sulfur when acidified, often resulting in turbidity.
Because of this, freshly prepared solutions are preferred in laboratory and industrial use to ensure accuracy and effectiveness.
In summary, Hypo pentahydrate is a versatile, cost-effective, and scientifically valuable compound, widely used across analytical chemistry, photography, medicine, water treatment, and industry.
Hypo pentahydrate's strong reducing properties, antidotal role in toxicology, and environmental applications highlight its importance in both laboratory science and practical technology.
Market Overview of Hypo Pentahydrate:
The global market for Hypo pentahydrate is experiencing steady growth, driven by its wide applicability in diverse industries including water treatment, healthcare, textiles, and photography.
Increasing demand for effective dechlorination agents in municipal water systems, aquaculture, and wastewater management is one of the primary market drivers, especially as stricter environmental regulations push industries to adopt safer and more eco-friendly chemicals.
In the medical sector, Hypo pentahydrate's role as a cyanide antidote and in treatments related to calcification disorders supports consistent demand, particularly in regions with advanced healthcare infrastructures.
Although the traditional photography market has declined due to digital imaging, Hypo pentahydrate maintains relevance through silver recovery and specialty applications.
The textile and pulp & paper industries also contribute to consumption, where sodium thiosulfate is used to neutralize excess chlorine after bleaching processes.
Asia-Pacific, especially China and India, represents the largest production and consumption hub due to strong industrial bases and growing water treatment needs, while North America and Europe show stable demand linked to pharmaceuticals and environmental applications.
Overall, the market outlook remains positive, with environmental sustainability, water purification, and medical uses expected to drive growth over the coming years.
Uses of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Hypo pentahydrate is a highly versatile compound with wide-ranging applications across chemistry, medicine, and industry.
In analytical chemistry, Hypo pentahydrate is most prominently used as a standard reagent in iodometric titrations, where it serves as a reliable reducing agent for quantifying oxidizing substances such as iodine and chlorine.
In photography, Hypo pentahydrate is historically known as “hypo” and functions as a fixing agent by dissolving unreacted silver halides from photographic films and papers, also playing a role in silver recovery processes.
Medically, Hypo pentahydrate has lifesaving importance as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, where it enables the enzymatic conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate, a less toxic compound that can be safely excreted; it is also used in combination therapies, in dermatology for treating certain fungal infections, and in studies exploring its potential to reduce pathological tissue calcification.
Industrially, Hypo pentahydrate is employed in water treatment as a dechlorination agent for wastewater, aquariums, and swimming pools, protecting aquatic organisms from chlorine toxicity.
Beyond that, Hypo pentahydrate finds use in the textile and paper industries to neutralize residual oxidants after bleaching and dyeing processes, and in gold extraction as an alternative to cyanide leaching.
These diverse applications highlight Hypo pentahydrate's value as an accessible, multifunctional, and environmentally significant chemical.
Hypo pentahydrate is used as an analytical reagent in laboratories.
Hypo pentahydrate is used in photographic processing and in gold extraction.
Hypo pentahydrate's alkylated derivatives, S-alkylthiosulfonates, are known as Bunte salts.
Hypo pentahydrate is involved in the preparation of thioglycolic acid.
Furthermore, Hypo pentahydrate is used to dechlorinate tap water, for removing free bromine from solutions and to check the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators.
Other uses include tanning of leather; as an active component in hand warmers and chemical heating pads and as an anionic surfactant to aid in the dispersion of pharmaceutical preparations.
Hypo pentahydrate is used as a dechlorination agent for bleached pulp and cotton fabrics, as a chelating agent and antioxidant in the food industry, as a detergent and disinfectant in the pharmaceutical industry.
Hypo pentahydrate is used for dehydrochlorination of natural gas, naphtha, syngas, hydrogen and nitrogen to protect downstream catalyst from toxicity.
If there is organic chlorine in the gas, Hypo pentahydrate should be converted to hydrogen chloride by cobalt-molybdenum hydrogenation catalyst, and then absorbed with dechlorinating agent.
Hypo pentahydrate is used as analytical reagent, mordant and fixative.
Hypo pentahydrate is suitable for removing chlorine from hydrogen, nitrogen, syngas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and naphtha.
Photosensitive industry is used as photographic fixative.
Paper industry is used as chlorine removal agent after pulp bleaching.
The printing and dyeing industry is used as a dechlorination agent for cotton fabrics after bleaching.
Reagent for chroma analysis and volumetric analysis of analytical chemistry.
Pharmaceuticals are used as detergents and disinfectants.
The food industry is used as chelating agents, antioxidants and so on.
Hypo pentahydrate is used in photography, film, textile, chemical fiber, paper making, leather making and pesticide industry.
Hypo pentahydrate is used as complexing agent for silver plating of thiosulfate.
The silver plating layer has fine crystal structure and good covering ability.
The general dosage is 200~250 g/L.
Hypo pentahydrate is used as brightener in cyanide silver plating.
The dosage is 0.5 to 1.09 g/L.
Silver can be crystallized in order to obtain bright and semi bright silver plating.
Applications of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Hypo pentahydrate has a broad spectrum of applications spanning analytical chemistry, healthcare, environmental protection, and industry.
In laboratories, Hypo pentahydrate is widely applied as a standard reagent in iodometric titrations, owing to its precise reducing capability.
In the photographic sector, Hypo pentahydrate is traditionally known as “hypo”, where it acts as a fixer to dissolve unreacted silver halides and is also utilized in silver recovery systems.
Hypo pentahydrate's medical applications are highly significant, with the compound being used as a cyanide antidote, in combination therapies for poisoning, as well as in dermatology for treating fungal infections and in studies addressing vascular and tissue calcification.
Environmental and industrial uses are equally important: Hypo pentahydrate functions as a dechlorination agent in municipal water treatment, swimming pools, aquariums, and wastewater management, ensuring protection of aquatic life from chlorine toxicity.
In addition, Hypo pentahydrate is employed in the textile industry to neutralize residual chlorine after bleaching, in the pulp and paper industry during bleaching processes, and in mineral processing, particularly in gold extraction as a safer alternative to cyanide leaching.
These wide-ranging applications emphasize Hypo pentahydrate's role as a versatile and indispensable chemical in both scientific and industrial practices.
Pharmaceutical Applications:
Hypo pentahydrate is used as an antioxidant in pharmaceuticals (ophthalmic, intravenous, and oral preparations).
Hypo pentahydrate has also been used for its antifungal properties and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.
Benefits of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Hypo pentahydrate offers numerous benefits due to its versatility, safety, and effectiveness across different fields.
In healthcare, Hypo pentahydrate's greatest advantage lies in its role as a life-saving antidote for cyanide poisoning, where it enables rapid detoxification by converting cyanide into the less harmful thiocyanate.
Hypo pentahydrate also provides therapeutic benefits in dermatology, where its antifungal properties make it useful in treating skin infections, and in clinical studies it shows promise in reducing pathological calcification in tissues and blood vessels.
In environmental applications, one of Hypo pentahydrate's key benefits is its ability to neutralize chlorine and hypochlorite efficiently, making it a valuable agent for protecting aquatic ecosystems in aquariums, wastewater treatment, and swimming pools.
Hypo pentahydrate is also non-volatile, relatively stable, and cost-effective, which enhances its practicality in industrial processes.
Hypo pentahydrate's use in analytical chemistry ensures precise and reliable results in iodometric titrations, while in photography it provides the crucial benefit of stabilizing images by dissolving unreacted silver halides.
Additionally, in industries such as textiles and pulp & paper, Hypo pentahydrate improves product safety and quality by eliminating residual oxidants.
Overall, the benefits of Hypo pentahydrate lie in its wide applicability, environmental safety, affordability, and essential medical importance, making it a trusted and indispensable chemical.
Production of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Hypo pentahydrate is typically produced on an industrial scale through reactions involving sulfur and sodium-based compounds under controlled conditions.
One common method is the reaction of sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) with elemental sulfur (S) in aqueous solution, which directly yields sodium thiosulfate.
Another important route involves the treatment of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) with sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and elemental sulfur, generating sodium thiosulfate as the main product.
In some industrial processes, Hypo pentahydrate is also obtained as a by-product from the manufacture of dyes and other sulfur-containing chemicals, as well as from certain photographic or gold-extraction operations.
After synthesis, Hypo pentahydrate is purified and crystallized, usually in its pentahydrate form, which is the most stable and commercially important.
Large-scale production is concentrated in regions with strong chemical manufacturing industries, such as China, India, and parts of Europe, where Hypo pentahydrate is produced in significant quantities to meet demand for water treatment, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and other applications.
The production process is generally considered cost-effective and environmentally manageable, as most of the raw materials—sulfur, sodium carbonate, or sodium sulfite—are abundant and inexpensive.
Production Methods:
On an industrial scale, Hypo pentahydrate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.
Small-scale synthesis is done by boiling an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur.
Synthesis of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Sodium thiosulfate can be synthesized through several chemical routes, most of which involve reactions between sulfur, sulfite, and alkaline solutions.
The most common laboratory and industrial method is the reaction of sodium sulfite (Na₂SO₃) with elemental sulfur (S):
Na2SO3+S⟶Na2S2O3
This reaction is carried out in aqueous solution, usually with gentle heating, and upon cooling the solution, Hypo pentahydrate crystals precipitate.
Another widely used synthesis route involves the absorption of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) in a solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) in the presence of elemental sulfur.
The intermediate sodium sulfite formed reacts with additional sulfur to yield sodium thiosulfate:
Formation of sodium sulfite:
SO2+2NaOH⟶Na2SO3+H2O
Conversion to sodium thiosulfate:
Na2SO3+S⟶Na2S2O3
In industry, sodium thiosulfate may also appear as a by-product in processes such as the manufacturing of dyes, sulfur-based chemicals, or in photographic fixing baths.
Once synthesized, the solution is concentrated and cooled to crystallize Hypo pentahydrate in its pentahydrate form, which is the most stable and commercially distributed.
History of Hypo Pentahydrate:
The history of sodium thiosulfate dates back to the early 19th century, when it was first prepared and described by the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Boussingault in 1820.
Initially, Hypo pentahydrate attracted attention because of its strong reducing properties and its ability to form stable complexes with silver halides.
This property led to one of Hypo pentahydrate's most historically important applications: in photography.
In 1839, the English scientist Sir John Herschel discovered that sodium thiosulfate could effectively dissolve unreacted silver halides from photographic plates, making images permanent.
This discovery revolutionized early photography, as Herschel’s “hypo” became the first reliable photographic fixer, securing its place in scientific and artistic history.
Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, sodium thiosulfate also gained importance in analytical chemistry as a titration reagent and later in medicine as an antidote for cyanide poisoning, particularly during the 20th century when cyanide was a significant industrial and warfare risk.
With the decline of traditional photography in the digital era, Hypo pentahydrate's historical role in image development diminished, but its importance expanded in new directions, including water treatment, textiles, and medical therapies.
Thus, Hypo pentahydrate remains a compound of enduring scientific, medical, and industrial relevance, with a legacy rooted in both chemistry and the birth of photography.
Handling and Storage of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Handle with care, avoiding dust generation and direct contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Use in well-ventilated areas to prevent inhalation of dust or vapors from decomposition.
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area, away from heat, acids, and oxidizing agents.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent moisture absorption, as Hypo pentahydrate is hygroscopic.
Stability and Reactivity of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Stability:
Stable under normal ambient conditions of storage and handling.
Decomposition:
On heating, Hypo pentahydrate decomposes to release sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and sulfur.
Incompatibilities:
Strong acids (releases sulfur and sulfur dioxide), strong oxidizers (risk of violent reaction).
Hazardous Reactions:
Contact with acids may cause precipitation of elemental sulfur and release irritating gases.
First Aid Measures of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Inhalation:
Move the exposed person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, provide oxygen; seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact:
Wash thoroughly with soap and water; remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical help if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Get medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention if large amounts are swallowed.
Firefighting Measures of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.
Hazards from Combustion:
Thermal decomposition releases toxic and irritating fumes of sulfur oxides.
Protective Equipment for Firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Fire/Explosion Risk:
Not flammable itself, but may enhance the combustion of other materials if decomposed.
Accidental Release Measures of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Personal Precautions:
Avoid dust formation; wear protective equipment (gloves, goggles, mask).
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent release into sewers or natural waterways, as Hypo pentahydrate may cause oxygen depletion.
Spill Response:
Sweep or vacuum up the material without generating dust and place in a suitable container for disposal.
Wash spill area with water after material pickup.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Engineering Controls:
Ensure adequate ventilation; use local exhaust if dust is generated.
Respiratory Protection:
Use a dust mask or respirator (NIOSH-approved) when airborne concentrations exceed limits.
Skin Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile, neoprene).
Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or face shield should be worn.
Body Protection:
Lab coat or protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Identifiers of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Chemical Name: Hypo pentahydrate
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molar Mass: 248.18 g/mol
CAS Number: 10102-17-7 (pentahydrate)
Note: The anhydrous form has CAS 7772-98-7
EC Number (EINECS): 231-867-5
UN Number (for transport): Not classified as hazardous (no UN number assigned for the pentahydrate)
HS Code: 28323000 (Thiosulfates)
InChI: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O5S2.5H2O/c;;1-7(2,3,4)5;;;;;/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4,5);;;;;;/q+2;;;;;/p-2
InChI Key: LQVTUWFKMWHEHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
PubChem CID: 24477 (pentahydrate reference structure)
Chemical Name: Hypo pentahydrate
IUPAC Name: Disodium pentahydrate thiosulfate
Molecular Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molecular Weight: 248.18 g/mol
CAS Number (Pentahydrate): 10102-17-7
CAS Number (Anhydrous): 7772-98-7
EC (EINECS) Number: 231-867-5
RTECS Number: WS5450000
PubChem CID: 24477
ChemSpider ID: 22830
UN Number (Transport): Not regulated / not assigned
HS Code: 2832.30 (Thiosulfates of sodium)
InChI: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O5S2.5H2O/c;;1-7(2,3,4)5;;;;;/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4,5);;;;;;/q+2;;;;;/p-2
InChI Key: LQVTUWFKMWHEHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES: O=S(=O)([S-])[S-].[Na+].[Na+].O.O.O.O.O
Properties of Hypo Pentahydrate:
Melting point: 48.5 °C
Boiling point: 100 C
Density: 1.01 g/mL at 25 °C
Bulk density: 1000kg/m3
Refractive index: 1.489
Storage temp.: Store at +5°C to +30°C.
Solubility H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Solid
Color: White tranparent
Specific Gravity: 1.729
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 6 - 8.5
PH: 6.0-7.5 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Water Solubility: 680 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,8694
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, iodine, mercury.
InChIKey: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L
LogP: -0.428 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference: 10102-17-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System: Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), disodium salt, pentahydrate (10102-17-7)
Chemical Formula: Na₂S₂O₃·5H₂O
Molar Mass: 248.18 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless, transparent, monoclinic crystals
Odor: Odorless
Taste: Slightly salty, cooling
Density: ~1.69 g/cm³ (solid, at 20 °C)
Melting Point: ~48 °C (loses crystal water)
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling
Solubility in Water:
70 g/100 mL at 20 °C
Solubility in Other Solvents: Practically insoluble in alcohol, acetone
pH (10% solution): ~6–8 (slightly alkaline)
Hygroscopicity: Hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from air
