ISCOVER

ISCOVER is the bisulfate salt form of clopidogrel, a potent oral antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in individuals with cardiovascular disease.
ISCOVER works by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y₁₂ subtype of ADP receptors on platelets, thereby preventing platelet aggregation and clot formation.
ISCOVER is commonly used in dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin, especially in patients undergoing stent placement or being treated for acute coronary syndrome.

CAS Number: 120202-66-6
EC Number: 686-767-8
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₁₆ClNO₂S·H₂SO₄
Molecular Weight: ~419.9 g/mol

Synonyms: Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate, Clopidogrel sulfate, CLOPIDOGREL SULFATE, CLOPIDOGREL HYDROGEN SULPHATE, Plavix, Stroka, opidog, Iscover, Myogrel, SR‑25990C, Clopidogrel bisulfate, Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate, Clopidogrel sulfate, Clopidogrel hydrogen sulphate, CLOPIDOGREL BISULPHATE, CLOPIDOGREL SULFATE, Plavix, Stroka, opidog, Iscover, Myogrel, SR‑25990C, Thieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetic acid,alpha-(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-,methyl ester,(alphaS)-,sulfate, (S)-Methyl (2-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)acetate hydrogensulfate, CLP, (S)-Methyl (2-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl)acetate hydrogensulfate, CLOPIDOGREL BISULPHATE, Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate, PLAVIX, CLOPIDOGREL SULFATE, CLOPIDOGREL HYDROGEN SULPHATE, Stroka, opidog, Myogrel, Iscover, SR-25990C

ISCOVER is the bisulfate salt form of clopidogrel, a potent oral antiplatelet medication used to reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke in individuals with cardiovascular disease.
Structurally, ISCOVER is a thienopyridine-class inhibitor that selectively and irreversibly blocks the P2Y₁₂ subtype of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors on platelet cell membranes.

By inhibiting ADP-induced platelet aggregation, ISCOVER prevents the formation of harmful blood clots, making it particularly effective in treating conditions such as acute coronary syndrome (ACS), recent myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease.
ISCOVER is commonly used in dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) alongside aspirin, especially after stent implantation or coronary interventions.

Clopidogrel is a prodrug, meaning it requires hepatic biotransformation via cytochrome P450 enzymes (notably CYP2C19) to convert into its active thiol metabolite.
Due to this, genetic polymorphisms in ISCOVER may affect the drug’s efficacy in some individuals.

Clinically, ISCOVER is well-tolerated but may pose a risk of bleeding, especially in patients with a history of gastrointestinal ulcers or coagulation disorders.
ISCOVER is typically administered once daily and is available in tablet form, with 75 mg being the most common dosage.

The bisulphate salt improves the stability and bioavailability of the active ingredient, ensuring consistent therapeutic effects.
Overall, ISCOVER plays a crucial role in modern cardiology and vascular medicine, offering a balance of efficacy and safety in long-term thromboprophylaxis.

ISCOVER is an antiplatelet agent.
Specifically, ISCOVER inhibits the binding of ADP to its receptors on the membranes of platelet cells, and blocks ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex.

ISCOVER is provided as delivered and specified by the issuing Pharmacopoeia.
All information provided in support of ISCOVER, including SDS and any product information leaflets, has been developed and issued under the Authority of the issuing Pharmacopoeia.

ISCOVER is a thienopyridine-class antiplatelet pharmaceutical agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by selectively and irreversibly binding to the P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor on platelets.
ISCOVER and Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate are the same but in different synonym supplier traded names for the same chemical compound, which is a salt form of the antiplatelet drug clopidogrel.

The name "bisulfate" is a less formal way of saying hydrogen sulfate.
ISCOVER is Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPI).
ISCOVER is a thienopyridine class of drug that inhibits platelet aggregation and thus inhibits aspects of blood clotting used to treat patients with acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), peripheral vascular disease and some stroke (ischemic type) patients.

ISCOVER  is available in generic form.
ISCOVER is an inhibitor of ADP-induced platelet aggregation acting by direct inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) binding to its receptor and of the subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the glycoprotein GPIIb/IIIa complex.

Chemically ISCOVER is methyl (+)-(S)-α­(2-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-5(4H)-acetate sulfate (1:1).
The empirical formula of ISCOVER is C16H16ClNO2S•H2SO4 and its molecular weight is 419.9.
ISCOVER is a white to off-white powder.

ISCOVER is practically insoluble in water at neutral pH but freely soluble at pH 1.
ISCOVER also dissolves freely in methanol, dissolves sparingly in methylene chloride, and is practically insoluble in ethyl ether.

ISCOVER has a specific optical rotation of about +56°.
ISCOVER for oral administration is provided as either pink, round, biconvex, debossed, film-coated tablets containing 97.875 mg of ISCOVER which is the molar equivalent of 75 mg of clopidogrel base or pink, oblong, debossed film-coated tablets containing 391.5 mg of ISCOVER which is the molar equivalent of 300 mg of clopidogrel base.

ISCOVER is the functional enantiomer of clopidogrel and a prodrug whose thiol metabolite antagonizes purine binding to the platelet purinergic receptor P2Y12 (Ki = 316 nM in human platelets).
Formulations containing ISCOVER have been used in combination with aspirin to prevent vascular ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

ISCOVER is an antiplatelet drug, which belongs to the thienopyridine class of drug.
ISCOVER is off-White Solid.

Uses of ISCOVER:
ISCOVER is widely used as an oral antiplatelet agent to prevent serious cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes.
ISCOVER is commonly prescribed to patients with a history of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or peripheral arterial disease, as well as those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement.

In these settings, ISCOVER is often used in combination with aspirin as part of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis and other clot-related complications.
ISCOVER is particularly effective in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

By irreversibly inhibiting the ADP receptor on platelets, ISCOVER prevents platelet aggregation and clot formation, thus maintaining proper blood flow.
ISCOVER's use is considered essential in the long-term management of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and is a cornerstone in modern preventive cardiology.

ISCOVER can be used for research of heart disease and stroke.
Known by Clopidogrel hemisulfate by manufacturers, ISCOVER commonly used to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in patients with a history of cardiovascular events.

ISCOVER is used as an antithrombotic.
ISCOVER is used an irreversible inhibitor of P2Y12.

ISCOVER is an oral, thienopyridine class antiplatelet agent used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease.
ISCOVER is primarily used for its antiplatelet (blood-thinning) effects to prevent blood clots in people at high risk for cardiovascular events.

Its key clinical uses include:
Prevention of heart attack and stroke in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease.
Treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), including unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), usually in combination with aspirin as part of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT).

Post-stent implantation care, where it helps prevent stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Secondary prevention of thrombotic events in patients with atherosclerotic disease or who have undergone revascularization procedures.

In certain cases, it may be used as an alternative to aspirin in patients who are intolerant or allergic to it.
By inhibiting platelet aggregation, ISCOVER reduces the risk of life-threatening events such as heart attacks, strokes, and arterial blockages.

Veterinary Drugs and Treatments uses:
ISCOVER, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, may be useful for preventing thrombi in susceptible cats.
ISCOVER may also improve pelvic limb circulation in cats after a cardiogenic embolic event via a vasomodulating effect secondary to inhibition of serotonin release from platelets.

Uses and Mechanism of ISCOVER:
ISCOVER is used prevention of arterial thromboembolism
ISCOVER is used secondary prevention in myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral arterial disease

ISCOVER is often used with aspirin or for patients intolerant to aspirin
ISCOVER is recommended in clinical guidelines for acute coronary syndromes and stenting

Biochem/Physiol Actions of ISCOVER:
ISCOVER is an antithrombotic antiplatelet agent.
ISCOVER specifically and irreversibly inhibits the Purinoceptor P2Y12 subtype which inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
ISCOVER is the active isomer.

Benefits and Characteristics of ISCOVER:
Effective antiplatelet agent for reducing risks of heart attack and stroke, particularly in high-risk patients
Long-lasting platelet inhibition (one dose covers ~5 days)
Widely recommended in cardiovascular treatment guidelines
Available in fixed-dose combinations (e.g., with aspirin)
Alternative for patients intolerant to aspirin

Clinical Pharmacology of ISCOVER:
Mechanism of Action and Pharmacodynamic Properties
ISCOVER is a prodrug, one of whose metabolites is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation.

A variety of drugs that inhibit platelet function have been shown to decrease morbid events in people with established cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease as evidenced by stroke or transient ischemic attacks, myocardial infarction, unstable angina or the need for vascular bypass or angioplasty.
This indicates that platelets participate in the initiation and/or evolution of these events and that inhibiting platelet function can reduce the event rate.

Manufacturing Process of ISCOVER:
Levo-rotatory ammonium camphor-10-sulfonate is dissolved in a minimum of water and applied to the column of Amberlite IRN-77 resin.
Elution is carried out with water.

The eluted fractions containing the levo-rotatory camphor-10-sulfonic acid are lyophilized, melting point 198°C.
32 g (0.0994 mole) of racemic methyl-α-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno(3,2-c)pyridyl)(2-chlorophenyl)-acetate are dissolved in 150 ml of acetone.
9.95 g (0.0397 mole) of levo-rotatory camphor-10-sulfonic acid monohydrate are added.

The clear solution is left to stand at room temperature.
After 48 hours the reaction mixture is concentrated to 50 ml and left to stand at room temperature for 24 hours.

The obtained camphor-10-sulfonic acid salt of methyl-α-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno(3,2-c)pyridyl)(2-chlorophenyl)-acetate (SR 25990) are filtered off, washed with acetone and dried (yield: 55% on the basis of the starting racemate), melting point 165°C, [α]D20=+24.67 (c=1.58 g/100 ml; methanol).

The crystals obtained above are redissolved in the minimum of boiling acetone (50 ml).
The crystals obtained after cooling are filtered off, washed with acetone and dried (yield: 88%), m.p. 165°C, [α]D20=+24.75 (c=1.68 g/100 ml; methanol).

12 g (0.022 mole) of the pure camphor-10-sulfonic acid salt of methyl-α-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno(3,2-c)pyridyl)(2-chlorophenyl)-acetate are dissolved in a minimum of water.
After cooling to 5°C, the aqueous solution obtained is made alkaline with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

The alkaline aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane.
The organic extracts are dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.

On evaporation of the solvent a colorless oil of dextro-rotatory methyl-α-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno(3,2-c)pyridyl)(2-chlorophenyl)-acetate is obtained (quantitative yield).

Oil, [α]D20=+51.52 (c=1.61 g/100 ml; methanol).
800 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate are added to a suspension of 200 g of SR 25990 in 800 ml of dichloromethane.

After vigorous shaking, the organic phase is separated, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed under reduced pressure.
The residue is dissolved in 500 ml of ice-cold acetone and 20.7 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid (93.64%) are added drop-wise.

The precipitate formed is isolated by filtration and washed with 1 L of acetone, then dried in a vacuum oven at 50°C.
139 g of pure white crystals of hydrogen sulfate of dextro-rotatory methyl-α-5-(4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-thieno(3,2-c)pyridyl)(2-chlorophenyl)-acetate (SR 25990 C) are thus obtained, m.p. 184°C, [α]D20=+55.10 (c=1.891 g/100 ml; methanol).

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of ISCOVER:
Prodrug metabolized in liver (via CYP2C19) into an active thiol metabolite
Onset: ~2 hours
Duration: ~5 days (due to irreversible binding to platelets)
Bioavailability: >50%, protein bound ~94–98%
Elimination half‑life (inactive metabolite): 7–8 hours; excreted ~50% kidney, 46% bile

Handling and Storage of ISCOVER:

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:

Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

Stability and Reactivity of ISCOVER:

Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).

Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available

First Aid Measures of ISCOVER:

General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.

If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.

In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.

In case of eye contact:

After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.

If swallowed:

After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.

Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

Fire Fighting Measures of ISCOVER:

Extinguishing media:

Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder

Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.

Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

Accidental Release Measures of ISCOVER:

Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.

Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 

Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 

Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of ISCOVER:

Personal protective equipment:

Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses

Body Protection:
protective clothing

Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 

Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

Identifiers of ISCOVER:
IUPAC Name: (S)-methyl2-(2‑chlorophenyl)-2-(6,7‑dihydro‑4H‑thieno[3,2‑c]pyridin‑5‑yl)acetate hydrogen sulfate 
CAS Number: 120202‑66‑6 
EC Number: 686‑767‑8 
PubChem CID: 115366 (for bisulfate salt)
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₁₆ClNO₂S·H₂SO₄
Molecular Weight: ~419.9 g/mol 
Appearance: Off‑white to white solid 
Melting point: ~174–176 °C (some sources report 184 °C) 
Solubility:
Very poorly soluble in neutral water (~50 mg/L)
Soluble in acidic aqueous solutions (pH~1), methanol, DMSO (~26 mg/mL) 

Optical Activity: [α]D +54 to +70° (methanol, c = 0.5)
CAS Number: 120202-66-6
EC Number: 686-767-8 (or 601-679-1)
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₁₆ClNO₂S·H₂SO₄
Molecular Weight: ~419.9 g/mol
Appearance: White/off-white solid
Melting Point: ~174–176 °C
Solubility: Very low in neutral water; soluble in acidic media, methanol, DMSO (~26 mg/mL)
Form: Solid
Color: White

IUPAC Name: (S)-methyl 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)acetate hydrogen sulfate
CAS Number: 120202-66-6
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₁₆ClNO₂S·H₂SO₄
Molecular Weight: 419.9 g/mol (free base: ~321.82 g/mol; with bisulfate: ~419.9 g/mol)
PubChem CID: 60747
DrugBank ID: DB00758
UNII: A74586H38C
ChEMBL ID: CHEMBL121
KEGG Drug ID: D07727

SMILES: COC(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1Cl)C2CCN3CCC=C3S2.OS(=O)(=O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C16H16ClNO2S.H2O4S/c1-20-16(19)15(12-5-3-2-4-11(12)17)13-6-8-18-9-7-14(13)21-18;1-5(2,3)4/h2-5,15H,6-10H2,1H3; (H2,1,2,3,4)
InChIKey: YAWBJEWJICGCIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CAS Registry Numbers:
Clopidogrel base: 113665-84-2
ISCOVER (active salt form): 120202-66-6
ATC Code: B01AC04
PubChem Substance ID: 46507155
ECHA InfoCard: 100.115.556

Properties of ISCOVER:
BCS Class: 2
InChI: InChI=1/C16H16ClNO2S.H2O4S/c1-20-16(19)15(12-4-2-3-5-13(12)17)18-8-6-14-11(10-18)7-9-21-14;1-5(2,3)4/h2-5,7,9,15H,6,8,10H2,1H3;(H2,1,2,3,4)/t15-;/s3
InChIKey: FDEODCTUSIWGLK-RSAXXLAASA-N
SMILES: S(O)(O)(=O)=O.C@@H(N1CCC2SC=CC=2C1)C(=O)OC |&1:5,r|
FDA UNII: 08I79HTP27
NCI Drug Dictionary: Clopidogrel bisulfate
UNSPSC Code: 41116107

NACRES: NA.24
PubChem Substance ID: 329822595
Beilstein Number: 9967887
Physical State: Solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point: 184 °C

CAS number: 120202-66-6
Empirical Formula: C16H16ClNO2S·H2SO4
Molecular weight: 419.9 g/mol
PubChem Substance ID: 24892408
Storage temperature: 2–8 °C
Physical appearance: White powder
Purity (HPLC area % normalized): ≥98%
Boiling Point: 423.7 °C at 760 mmHg

Melting Point: 184 °C
Molecular Formula: C16H18ClNO6S2
Molecular Weight: 419.900 g/mol
Flash Point: 210 °C
Exact Mass: 419.026398
PSA: 140.76000
LogP: 4.03980
Vapour Pressure: 8.71E-09 mmHg at 25 °C
Storage condition: 2–8 °C