KEROSİNE

Kerosene is primarily derived from refined petroleum. 
Kerosene was discovered in 1853 by Abraham Gesner, a British physician, through an extraction process of inflammable liquid from asphalt, a waxy petroleum mixture. 
Kerosene, therefore, is often called coal or fuel oil because of its asphalt origins. 
Kerosene was the first material to be chemically extracted on a large commercial scale.

CAS Number: 8008-20-6 
3D model (JSmol): Interactive imaga 
ECHA InfoCard: 100.029.422 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number: 232-366-4
UNII: 1C89KKC04E check
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)    : DTXSID6027684 

Synonyms: KEROSINE,jp-5,KEROSENE OIL,jeta,jp-8,Kerosene(Technical),nafta,Avtur,jeta-1,coaloil

Kerosene, also known as paraffin, is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. 
Kerosene is widely used as a fuel in aviation as well as households. 
Its name derives from the Greek κηρός (kērós) meaning "wax"; it was registered as a trademark by Nova Scotia geologist and inventor Abraham Gesner in 1854 before evolving into a generic trademark. 
Kerosene is sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage.

Kerosene is widely used to power jet engines of aircraft (jet fuel), as well as some rocket engines in a highly refined form called RP-1. 
Kerosene is also commonly used as a cooking and lighting fuel, and for fire toys such as poi. 
In parts of Asia, kerosene is sometimes used as fuel for small outboard motors or even motorcycles.
World total kerosene consumption for all purposes is equivalent to about 5,500,000 barrels per day as of July 2023.

The term "kerosene" is common in much of Argentina, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, and the United States,while the term paraffin (or a closely related variant) is used in Chile, East Africa, South Africa, Norway, and the United Kingdom.
The term "lamp oil", or the equivalent in the local languages, is common in the majority of Asia and the Southeastern United States, although in Appalachia, Kerosene is also commonly referred to as "coal oil".

The name "paraffin" is also used to refer to a number of distinct petroleum byproducts other than kerosene. 
For instance, liquid paraffin (called mineral oil in the US) is a more viscous and highly refined product which is used as a laxative. 
Paraffin wax is a waxy solid extracted from petroleum.

To prevent confusion between kerosene and the much more flammable and volatile gasoline (petrol), some jurisdictions regulate markings or colourings for containers used to store or dispense kerosene. 
For example, in the United States, Pennsylvania requires that portable containers used at retail service stations for kerosene be colored blue, as opposed to red (for gasoline) or yellow (for diesel).

The World Health Organization considers kerosene to be a polluting fuel, as kerosene smoke contains high levels of harmful particulate matter.

Properties
Density    : ~0.80 g/cm³ (approx)[1]
Melting point: 20 °C (68 °F)[1]
Boiling point: 175–325 °C (347–617 °F)
vapor density: 4.5 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.23 mm Hg (20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.436
Flash point: 179 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
form: Liquid
color: Light Yellow
Odor: Characteristic; like fuel oil.
explosive limit: 5%
Thermal Conductivity: 0.13 W/(m·K)
Merck: 14,5294
Dielectric constant: 1.8（21℃）
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Chemical Properties
Kerosene is a white to pale yellow, mobile flammable, and combustible liquid. 
Kerosene (hydrodesulfurized) is a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained from a petroleum stock by treating with hydrogen to convert organic sulfur to hydrogen sulfide, which is removed. 
Kerosene generally consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 150–290℃ （302–554°F).

Chemical Properties
yellow liquid

Uses
Usually used to store alkali metals and prevent air re-dissolution.
Kerosene, originally used for lighting and heating, is also used as a diesel fuel, as a component in blending aviation fuels, as a solvent and carrier for a wide range of products (including cleaning compositions and pesticides), and as a mold-release agent in the ceramic and pottery industry.
In kerosene lamps, flares, and stoves; as degreaser and cleaner; Deobase formerly used as a solvent in cosmetics and in fly spray.

Production Methods
Kerosene is produced by direct fractionation of the “middle distillate fraction”. 
Individual kerosene composition varies widely, but consists mainly of linear and branched aliphatics, olefins, cycloparaffins, and aromatics in the C10–C16 range. 
For indoor heating fuels Kerosene is desirable to remove the olefins, aromatics, and sulfur compounds, because they promote the evolution of soot and sulfur oxides. 
For some purposes, highly refined or “deodorized” kerosene is manufactured by treatment with activated charcoal or by clay filtration and is generally less toxic than untreated kerosene.

Definition
Straight Run, Kerosene (petroleum). A complex combination of hydrocarbons produced by the distillation of crude oil. 
Kerosene consists of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly in the range of C9 through C16 and boiling in the range of approximately 180.degree.C to 300.degree.C (356.degree.F to 572.degree.F).

General Description
A clear colorless to light amber liquid with a petroleum odor. 
Flash point 100°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water.
Vapors are heavier than air.

Air & Water Reactions
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile
Saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, contained in Kerosene, may be incompatible with strong oxidizing agents like nitric acid. 
Charring of the hydrocarbon may occur followed by ignition of unreacted hydrocarbon and other nearby combustibles. 
In other settings, aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons are mostly unreactive. 
They are not affected by aqueous solutions of acids, alkalis, most oxidizing agents, and most reducing agents.

Hazard
Moderate fire risk, explosive limits in air 0.7–5.0%. Toxic by inhalation. Questionable carcinogen.

Health Hazard
Vapor causes slight irritation of eyes and nose. Liquid irritates stomach; if taken into lungs, causes coughing, distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema.

Flammability and Explosibility
Flammable

Chemical Reactivity
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Synthesis
Kerosene is produced via synthesis and downstream processing considering H2 and CO2 as feedstock in a power-to-liquid concept, defining the target fraction as C8 to C16 hydrocarbons through the Fischer-Tropsch pathway or meeting Jet-A1 specifications. 
E-kerosene and sustainable aviation fuels are produced as sustainable aviation fuels using renewable or low carbon electricity and hydrogen, syngas, and/or captured CO2 as feedstock through power-to-liquid processes involving synthesis and downstream processing. 
Power-based kerosene is produced by comparing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with hydrotreatment and direct methanol synthesis with downstream dehydration, olefin formation, subsequent oligomerization into higher olefins, and downstream hydrogenation.

Potential Exposure
AgriculturalChemical; Tumorigen, Mutagen, Human Data; PrimaryIrritant; (petroleum, hydrotreated) Tumorigen. 
Kerosene isused as a fuel for lamps, stoves, jets, and rockets. 
Kerosene is alsoused for degreasing and cleaning metals and as a vehiclefor insecticides. Jet fuels JP-5 and JP-8 are used as aircraftfuels by the military. 
JP-8 is the primary jet fuel used bythe US Navy and Air Force. 
Kerosene is the primary component of both JP-5 and JP-8.

First aid
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. 
Seek medical attention immediately. 
If this chemical contacts theskin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediatelywith soap and water. 
Seek medical attention immediately. 
Ifthis chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. 
Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility. 
When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. 
Give large quantities of water and inducevomiting. 
Do not make an unconscious person vomit.

Environmental Fate
Kerosene is composed of aliphatic hydrocarbons with 10–16 carbons per molecule and benzene and naphthalene derivatives. 
Because kerosene is a complex mixture of various hydrocarbon fractions, its transport and transformation in the environment are dependent on the environment fate of the individual hydrocarbons that comprise Kerosene. 
Kerosene can enter the environment because of its uses – engine fuels, domestic heating, pesticide, and solvent. 
Environmental releases of kerosene predominantly results in portioning to air. 
The halflife reaction is calculated to be 0.27–2.2 days. 
Photodegeneration is rapid in the air phase. Kerosene is expected to have low mobility and some immobility when released to soil. 
Volatilization does occur. 
Kerosene is biodegradable in soil, although some components of the mixture adhere strongly to the soil. 
Kerosene is also biodegradable in surface water. 
However, some components of the mixture may bioconcentrate in fish and other aquatic organisms. 
Hydrolysis is insignificant because kerosene lacks the functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions.

storage
Color Code—Red: Flammability Hazard: Store ina flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet awayfrom ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials.
Prior to working with this chemical you should be trainedon its proper handling and storage. 
Before entering confinedspace where this chemical may be present, check to makesure that an explosive concentration does not exist. 
Store intightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated areaaway from oxidizers. 
Metal containers involving thetransfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded.
Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums orother storage containers to process containers. 
Drums mustbe equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuumbungs, and flame arresters. 
Use only nonsparking tools andequipment, especially when opening and closing containersof this chemical. 
Sources of ignition, such as smoking andopen flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used,handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potentialfire or explosion hazard. 
Wherever this chemical is used,handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proofelectrical equipment and fittings.

Shipping
Kerosene requires a shipping label of“POISONOUS/TOXIC MATERIALS.” 
Kerosene falls in HazardClass 3 and Packing Group III.

Purification Methods
Stir Kerosene with conc H2SO4 until a fresh portion of acid remains colourless, then wash with water, dry with solid KOH and distil it in a Claisen flask. 
For more complete drying, the kerosene can be refluxed with Na, and distilled from Na.

Toxicity evaluation
The specific mechanism of toxicity of kerosene has not been completely determined. 
The primary risk from ingestion of kerosene is aspiration during emesis, which may cause pneumonitis. 
The biochemical mechanism of lung response to large concentrations of aerosolized kerosene (resulting in bronchoconstriction and asthma-like symptoms) may involve the parasympathetic nervous system via a direct effect on the vagus nerve or by inhibition of acety1cholinesterase. 
The mechanism(s) of central nervous system (CNS) depression from kerosene exposure has not been elucidated, but undoubtedly includes disruption of the membranes of nerve cells.

Incompatibilities
Explosive mixture in air. Oxidizers maycause fire and explosion hazard. Incompatible with nitricacid. 
May accumulate static electrical charges, and maycause ignition of its vapors.

Toxics Screening Level
The acute initial threshold screening level (ITSL) for kerosene-like petroleum distillates is 2000 μg/m3, with 8-hour averaging time.

Key Features and Uses
Aviation fuel: Kerosene serves as the primary component for jet engine fuels like Jet A and Jet A-1.
Heating and lighting: Kerosene powers residential space heaters, portable stoves, and traditional kerosene lamps.
Chemical properties: Kerosene is a clear, low-viscosity liquid with a boiling point typically between 150 °C and 300 °C.
Industrial applications: Kerosene works as an effective solvent, degreaser, and component in some pest control products.