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L - THREONINE is based on bio-engineering principles by using corn starch and other raw materials through submerged fermentation, refined and produced feed additives.
L - THREONINE could adjust the balance of amino acid in feed, promote growth, improve meat quality and improve ncrease the value of feed raw materials of lower amino acid digestibility and produce the low protein feed, save protein resources, reduce the cost of feed ingredients, reduce the nitrogen content of manure and urine and decrease the concentration and release rate of animal building ammonia.
L - THREONINE has used to add in piglet feed, pig feed, chicken feed, shrimp feed and eel feed widely.
CAS Number: 72-19-5
Molecular Formula: C4H9NO3
Molecular Weight: 119.12
EINECS Number: 200-774-1
Synonyms: L-2-AMINO-3-HYDROXYBUTANOIC ACID;L-2-AMINO-3-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID;L(-)-THREONINE;H-L-THR-OH;H-THR-OH;H-THR-OH-THREONINE;L-THREONINE extrapure CHR;L-Tlhreonine
L - THREONINE isolation and identification of Threonine from the fiber protein hydrolyzate by W. C. Rose in 1935, has proved that it was the last essential amino acids.
L - THREONINE is extremely important physiological role in animals, because it is the second or third limiting amino acids for livestock.
Such as promoting growth, enhance immune function, etc.
Balancing the dietary amino acids to make the ratio of close to the ideal protein, and reducing the protein content of livestock feed requirements.
Lacking of threonine, may lead to reduce feed intake, growth retardation, decrease feed efficiency, and suppress immune function and other symptoms.
In recent years, L - THREONINE, methionine synthesis product has widely used in feed, threonine become the limiting factor affected animal performance gradually.
Further study of threonine could help to the livestock and poultry production effectively.
Threonine cannot synthesize by animals, however, L - THREONINE is an essential amino acids for them to balance the composition of amino acids precisely to meet the need to animal growth, improve weight and lean meat, reduce the feed conversion. Threonine also can increase the value of feed raw materials of lower amino acid digestibility, and improve the production performance of low-energy feed.
Besides, Threonine can reduce feed crude protein levels and improve feed nitrogen utilization, and reduce feed costs. So Threonine can be used for pigs, chickens, ducks and senior aquatic breeding and farming.
L - THREONINE is an essential α-amino acid that plays a critical role in protein synthesis and normal metabolic function in humans and animals.
It contains a hydroxyl functional group in its side chain, which contributes to hydrogen bonding and structural stability in proteins.
It exists naturally in the L-configuration, which is the biologically active form incorporated into proteins.
L - THREONINE appears as a white, crystalline powder with a slightly sweet taste and high water solubility.
L - THREONINE is poorly soluble in most organic solvents and remains chemically stable under normal dry storage conditions.
L - THREONINE exhibits zwitterionic behavior in aqueous solutions depending on pH.
L - THREONINE is involved in the formation of collagen, elastin, and muscle tissue.
It supports immune function by contributing to antibody production and mucin synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract.
L - THREONINE plays an important role in fat metabolism and helps prevent fatty liver accumulation.
L - THREONINE participates in central metabolic pathways including glycine and serine biosynthesis.
L - THREONINE acts as a precursor for neurotransmitter-related molecules and supports nervous system function.
It contributes to nitrogen balance and overall protein turnover in the body.
L - THREONINE is widely used as a nutritional supplement in human health products and fortified foods.
It is extensively added to animal feed to improve growth performance and feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.
It is also applied in pharmaceutical research, biotechnology, and cell culture media formulation.
L - THREONINE is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
L - THREONINE, and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid.
L - THREONINE is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet.
L - THREONINE is synthesized from aspartate in bacteria such as E. coli.
It is encoded by all the codons starting AC (ACU, ACC, ACA, and ACG).
L - THREONINE is an essential amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
It cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in foods.
L - THREONINE is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
L - THREONINE contains an α-amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain containing a hydroxyl group, making it a polar, uncharged amino acid.
L - THREONINE is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it: it must be obtained from the diet.
L - THREONINE is synthesized from aspartate in bacteria such as E. coli.
L - THREONINE is encoded by all the codons starting AC.
Melting point: 256 °C (decomposes)
Optical rotation (alpha): −28.4° (c = 6, H₂O)
Boiling point: 222.38 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.3126 (rough estimate)
Bulk density: 370 kg/m³
Refractive index (optical rotation reference): −28° (c = 6, H₂O)
FEMA number: 4710 (L-Threonine)
Storage temperature: 2–8 °C
Solubility: 50 mg/mL in water
Form: Powder
Color: Yellow
pKa: 2.09 at 25 °C
pH: 5–6 (100 g/L in H₂O at 20 °C)
L - THREONINE is the only one that not through deamination and transamination in the body's metabolism, but directly catalysed by threonine dehydratase, threonine dehydrogenase and threonine aldolase to other amino acids, such as threonine can be converted to butyryl coenzyme A, succinyl-coenzyme a, serine, glycine, etc.
In addition, excessive of threonine can increase activity of lysine-α-keto gluconate reductase, adding the appropriate amount of threonine can be eliminated weight decreased, liver, muscle tissue protein/deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA)/DNA ratio decreased caused by excessive lysine in the diet.
Adding threonine also could reduce the suppression growth caused by of excessive tryptophan, or methionine.
According to reports, the chicken to absorb threonine mostly in the duodenum, threonine turned to be liver protein after absorbed in crop and glandular stomach and deposition in the body.
However, the detailed mechanisms of how threonine to participate synthesis protein is still unclear.
L - THREONINE as the raw material, reacted with basic copper carbonate produced to be copper glycine firstly when α-H was active, glycine copper with acetaldehyde under alkaline conditions could coour similar effects cross aldol condensation to produce DL-threonine copper (including Su body and red body), and by ion exchange, isolated copper removal from Su body DL-threonine, and finally induced crystallization method by using D-threonine and L--threonine Split.
Preparation of glycine copper in a 500L reactor, added 50kg glycine, 350L water and 40kg basic copper sulfate incubated 60 ℃ for 1h, filtered off the unreacted copper salt, collected the filtrate and cooled overnight, crystals were collected by filtration, dried in 60 ℃ to obtain blue glycine copper.
Preparation of threonine copper in the 1000L reactior, added 75kg of copper glycinate and 600L methanol, stirred to dissolve, added 120L acetaldehyde, 90L 5% KOH methanol solution, stirred 1h in 60 ℃, the insoluble matter was collected by filtration.
Dried methanol to a recovery vacuum, added 75L water and keep in 5 ℃ overnight, crystals were collected by filtration, washed, drained the mixed threonine copper.
The L - THREONINE residue is susceptible to numerous posttranslational modifications.
The hydroxyl side-chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation.
In addition, L - THREONINE residues undergo phosphorylation through the action of a threonine kinase.
In its phosphorylated form, it can be referred to as phosphothreonine.
L - THREONINE has three potential coordination sites (carboxyl, amine and phosphate group) and determination of the mode of coordination between phosphorylated ligands and metal ions occurring in an organism is important to explain the function of the phosphothreonine in biological processes.
L - THREONINE is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from dietary sources.
It is classified as a polar, uncharged amino acid due to the presence of a hydroxyl group in its side chain.
L - THREONINE plays an important structural role in proteins by participating in hydrogen bonding and maintaining protein stability.
L - THREONINE appears as a white crystalline solid with good thermal stability under dry conditions.
It has high solubility in water and forms clear aqueous solutions over a wide concentration range.
L - THREONINE shows limited solubility in alcohols and is practically insoluble in nonpolar solvents.
L - THREONINE contributes to the synthesis of glycine and serine through metabolic conversion pathways.
L - THREONINE supports energy metabolism and cellular repair mechanisms in tissues with high protein turnover.
It plays a role in maintaining intestinal health by supporting mucin production in the gut lining.
L - THREONINE supports immune system activity by contributing to antibody synthesis and cellular defense mechanisms.
It helps regulate protein balance and nitrogen utilization in the body.
L - THREONINE supports proper nervous system signaling through its involvement in amino acid metabolism.
L - THREONINE is produced industrially through microbial fermentation using genetically optimized strains.
It is purified and crystallized for use in food, feed, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.
L - THREONINE meets strict purity standards for nutritional and medical applications.
Uses:
L - THREONINE is an important nutritional supplement which could fortify cereals, pastries, dairy products, restore the body as fatigue, and promote growth and development like tryptophan.
Due to its structure contained threonine hydroxyl,which could held the water on human skin and combined with the oligosaccharide chains to protect cell membranes.
L - THREONINE plays an important role in the body, promoted phospholipid synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in the Medicine field as well.
For biochemical research, the pharmaceutical amino acids could be a nutritional medicine to cure anemia primarily.
Amino acid as medicines is mainly used in amino acid infusion, comprehensive amino acid preparations and food nutrition fortifier.
Such as the lack of L - THREONINE can cause loss of appetite, weight loss, fatty liver, testicular atrophy, anterior pituitary cells, dyeing changes and bone development.
Adverse reactions Contraindications: When an adult infusion 22.5g, can cause fever, headaches and other adverse reactions.
To meet the need of cereal protein, L-lysine is the first, another is L - THREONINE.
Even though the content of L - THREONINE is high, the binding between peptide and threonine is difficult to hydrolysis, and not easy to absorb and digest.
L - THREONINE is widely used as a dietary supplement to support protein synthesis and overall metabolic health in humans.
It helps maintain muscle mass, tissue repair, and normal growth.
L - THREONINE supports balanced amino acid intake in individuals with limited protein consumption.
L - THREONINE is extensively used in animal feed formulations to improve growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry, swine, and aquaculture.
L - THREONINE optimizes amino acid balance in feed and reduces excess nitrogen excretion.
It contributes to improved immune response and gut health in livestock.
L - THREONINE is applied in clinical nutrition products such as enteral and parenteral nutrition solutions.
It supports recovery in patients with malnutrition, trauma, or metabolic disorders.
L - THREONINE helps maintain nitrogen balance during medical treatment.
L - THREONINE is used in pharmaceutical and biochemical research as a building block for peptide synthesis and metabolic studies.
It supports enzyme activity studies and protein structure analysis.
L - THREONINE is commonly included in laboratory culture media formulations.
L - THREONINE is utilized in food fortification to enhance nutritional value in cereals, beverages, and functional foods.
L - THREONINE improves amino acid completeness in plant-based diets.
It supports balanced nutrition in specialized dietary products.
Safety Profile:
Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
L - THREONINE is generally regarded as safe when consumed within recommended dietary limits.
L - THREONINE shows low acute toxicity and minimal risk under normal handling and use conditions.
Adverse effects are uncommon in healthy individuals.
Excessive intake of L-Threonine may cause gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea, bloating, or diarrhea.
Very high doses may disturb amino acid balance and metabolic regulation.
Medical supervision is recommended for long-term high-dose supplementation.
L - THREONINE dust may cause mild irritation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract during industrial handling.
Inhalation of fine particles can lead to coughing or throat irritation.
Basic protective measures such as dust masks and safety goggles are recommended in bulk handling.
L - THREONINE is chemically stable and does not present significant fire or explosion hazards.
It should be stored in a dry environment to prevent moisture absorption and clumping.
Containers should be kept tightly closed to maintain product quality.
L - THREONINE is not considered environmentally hazardous under normal conditions of use.
