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LACTIC ACID


CAS NO:50-21-5
EC NO:200-018-0

Lactic acid is an organic acid. 
Lactic acid has a molecular formula CH3CH(OH)COOH. 
Lactic acid is white in the solid state and it is miscible with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. 
Lactic acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) due to the presence of a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group. 
Lactic acid is used as a synthetic intermediate in many organic synthesis industries and in various biochemical industries. The conjugate base of lactic acid is called lactate.

In solution, it can ionize by loss of a proton to produce the lactate ion CH
3CH(OH)CO−
2. Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group.

Lactic acid is chiral, consisting of two enantiomers. One is known as l-lactic acid, (S)-lactic acid, or (+)-lactic acid, and the other, its mirror image, is d-lactic acid, (R)-lactic acid, or (−)-lactic acid. A mixture of the two in equal amounts is called dl-lactic acid, or racemic lactic acid. 
Lactic acid is hygroscopic. dl-Lactic acid is miscible with water and with ethanol above its melting point, which is about 16 to 18 °C. d-Lactic acid and l-lactic acid have a higher melting point. 
Lactic acid produced by fermentation of milk is often racemic, although certain species of bacteria produce solely d-lactic acid. On the other hand, lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in animal muscles has the (l) enantiomer and is sometimes called "sarcolactic" acid, from the Greek "sarx" for flesh.

In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the mouth; the acid they produce is responsible for the tooth decay known as caries.In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water, generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood. 
Lactic acid is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or burns.

Properties
Chemical formula    C3H6O3
Molar mass    90.078 g·mol−1
Melting point    18 °C (64 °F; 291 K)
Boiling point    122 °C (252 °F; 395 K) at 15 mmHg
Solubility in water    Miscible
Acidity (pKa)    3.86, 15.1

Production
Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates, or by chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde. In 2009, lactic acid was produced predominantly (70–90%)[20] by fermentation. Production of racemic lactic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of d and l stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9% l-lactic acid, is possible by microbial fermentation. Industrial scale production of d-lactic acid by fermentation is possible, but much more challenging.

Chemical production
Racemic lactic acid is synthesized industrially by reacting acetaldehyde with hydrogen cyanide and hydrolysing the resultant lactonitrile. When hydrolysis is performed by hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride forms as a by-product; the Japanese company Musashino is one of the last big manufacturers of lactic acid by this route. Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure lactic acids is also possible from other starting materials (vinyl acetate, glycerol, etc.) by application of catalytic procedures.

Lactic acid is found primarily in sour milk products, such as kumis, laban, yogurt, kefir, and some cottage cheeses. The casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic acid. 
Lactic acid is also responsible for the sour flavor of sourdough bread.

Lactic acid is also employed in pharmaceutical technology to produce water-soluble lactates from otherwise-insoluble active ingredients. 
Lactic acid finds further use in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and for its disinfectant and keratolytic properties.

Cleaning products
Lactic acid is used in some liquid cleaners as a descaling agent for removing hard water deposits such as calcium carbonate, forming the lactate, calcium lactate. Owing to its high acidity, such deposits are eliminated very quickly, especially where boiling water is used, as in kettles. 
Lactic acid also is gaining popularity in antibacterial dish detergents and hand soaps replacing Triclosan.

Lactic Acid, DL- is the racemic isomer of lactic acid, the biologically active isoform in humans. 
Lactic acid or lactate is produced during fermentation from pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase. This reaction, in addition to producing lactic acid, also produces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that is then used in glycolysis to produce energy source adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Lactic acid appears as a colorless to yellow odorless syrupy liquid. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Used to make cultured dairy products, as a food preservative, and to make chemicals.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed) Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, and has a mild saline taste. 
Lactic acid is produced by fermentation of a sugar source, such as corn or beets, and then, by neutralizing the resulting lactic acid to create a compound having the formula NaC3H5O3. 
Lactic acid was one of active ingredients in Phexxi, a non-hormonal contraceptive agent that was approved by the FDA on May 2020.

Industry Uses:    
-Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
-Fuels and fuel additives
-Intermediates
-Plating agents and surface treating agents
-Processing aids, specific to petroleum production

Consumer Uses:    
-Agricultural products (non-pesticidal)
-Electrical and electronic products
-Food Production
-Fuels and related products
-Metal products not covered elsewhere
-Plastic and rubber products not covered elsewhere
-Polylactic acid for biodegradeable plastic and fibers.
-Used as a raw material in making lactide which, in turn, is a monomer for PLA -polymer.
-oil wells
-used in products which are used as paint strippers for painted automotive parts

Industry Processing Sectors:
-All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
-All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
-Electrical equipment, appliance, and component manufacturing
-Miscellaneous manufacturing
-Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
-Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing
-Plastic material and resin manufacturing
-resale of chemicals

Lactic acid forms yellow to colorless crystals or syrupy 50% liquid. 
Lactic acid has multiple uses in dyeing baths, as mordant in printing woolen goods, solvent for water-insoluble dyes. 
Lactic acid is also used for reducing chromates in mordanting wool, in manufacture of cheese, confectionery. 
Lactic acid is a component of babies' milk formulas; acidulant in beverages; also used for acidulating worts in brewing. 
Lactic acid is used in prepn of sodium lactate injections, and as ingredient of cosmetics, component of spermatocidal jellies. 

Other uses: for removing Clostridium butyricum in manufacture of yeast; dehairing, plumping, and decalcifying hides, solvent for cellulose formate, flux for soft solder. 
Lactic acid is used to manufacture lactates which are used in food products, in medicine, and as solvents. 
Lactic acid is also a plasticizer, catalyst in the casting of phenolaldehyde resins. 

Lactic acid, also called α-hydroxypropionic acid, or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, an organic compound belonging to the family of carboxylic acids, present in certain plant juices, in the blood and muscles of animals, and in the soil. 
Lactic acid is the commonest acidic constituent of fermented milk products such as sour milk, cheese, and buttermilk.

Formula: C3H6O3 / CH3CHOHCOOH
Molecular mass: 90.1
Melting point: 17°C
Relative density (water = 1): 1.2
Solubility in water: miscible
Flash point: 110°C c.c.
Octanol/water partition coefficient as log Pow: -0.6  

Lactic acid is a hygroscopic organic acid C3H6O3 present normally especially in muscle tissue as a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, produced in carbohydrate matter usually by bacterial fermentation, and used especially in food and medicine and in industry.

Lactic acid is a by-product of glycolysis, one of the metabolic processes the body uses to produce energy during intense exercise. 
Lactic acid is the collective term used to describe the lactate and hydrogen ions that are by-products of this process.

Lactic acid is a hydrating alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) commonly derived from milk, but there are alternative vegan sources, like fermented corn starch, beets, and other sugar-rich foods. 

Lactic acid brightens dullness, smooths, and evens skin, while also making it look firmer. 
Lactic acid helps reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and dark spots.

Lactic acid is a colorless water-soluble liquid that freezes (or solidifies) at 64.4°F(18°C)—just slightly below normal room temperature. 
Lactic acid is scientifically known as alpha-hydroxypropanoic acid and has the chemical formula C3H6O3.

Lactic acid is found throughout nature—from fruits to molasses, although most people’s experience with lactic acid is in sour milk. 
Lactic acid in milk is the product of the fermentation of lactose (milk sugar) by the bacteria.

Lactic acid is one of the most widely distributed acids in nature. 
Lactic acid is a natural, weak,  organic acid associated with milk. 
Lactic acid is odorless and has a mild taste which does not compromise or mask other flavors. In fact, it enhances them. 
Lactic acid is the natural sourdough bread acid and is found in a variety of foods including pickles, beer, buttermilk and cheese.

Properties of the acid:
Chemical formula: CH3CH(OH)CO2H
Molecular Weight: 90.08
I.U.P.A.C. name: 2 Hydroxypropionic acid
Colorless, syrupy liquid or white to light yellow solid or powder
Commonly available as 50-90% solution or recently as a powder (containing lactic acid and calcium lactate)
Water soluble

Lactic Acid is an organic acid with chemical formula C3H6O3. 
Lactic Acid is also known as milk acid. When milk sugar (lactose) undergoes fermentation, the product obtained is lactic acid. 
Lactic Acid is found in cottage cheese, leban, sour milk, yogurt, and Koumiss. Levo and Dextro are two forms of optical isomers of lactic acid. In the year 1780, Carl Wilhelm Scheele a Swedish chemist isolated lactic acid from sour milk for the first time. This compound is water-soluble and white in its solid state whereas it is colourless in its liquid state. The soluble salt of lactic acid like calcium lactate can be used as a source of calcium. 

C3H6O3 Uses (Lactic Acid):
Lactic Acid is used in food and pharmaceuticals
Lactic Acid is used in making plastics
Lactic Acid helps in the coagulation of protein in milk
Lactic Acid is used in textile dyeing and leather tanning
Lactate plays an important role in the healing of traumatic brain injuries
The release of norepinephrine in brain is signalled by lactate

Lactic acid is part of a class of chemical compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids (AHA). 
Lactic acid is a white, water-soluble solid or clear liquid that can be produced naturally or chemically synthesized. The natural production method features bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (sugars, starches). 
Lactic acid is made from beet sugar, cane sugar, corn and tapioca. Lactic acid is frequently used as an exfoliant and in anti-wrinkle products, and in our body wash, it functions as a natural preservative.

Lactic acid is also a substance the human body produces. When a person exercises, their body uses oxygen to break down glucose for energy. During intense exercise, if there isn’t enough oxygen available to complete the process, lactic acid is made. The body then converts lactic acid to energy without using oxygen.

Lactic acid is also one of the acids that can be produced in the mouth and is responsible for causing caries.

Lactic acid’s the second most researched AHA after glycolic acid
Lactic acid gently lifts off dead skin cells to reveal newer, fresher, smoother skin
Lactic acid also has amazing skin hydrating properties
In higher concentration (10% and up) it improves skin firmness, thickness and wrinkles.

Lactic acid (2-hydroxypropionic acid, CH3-CHOH-COOH) is the most widely occurring organic acid in nature. Due to its chiral a-carbon atom, lactic acid (LA) has two enantiomeric forms. Of these, L-(+)-lactic acid is more important in food and pharmaceutical industries because humans have only L-lactate dehydrogenase. The chemical behavior of lactic acid is mostly determined by the two functional groups. Besides the acidic character in aqueous medium, the bifunctionality (a terminal carboxylic acid and a hydroxyl group) allows lactic acid molecules to form ‘‘interesters’’ such as the cyclic dimers, the trimers, or longer lactic acid oligomers.

Lactic acid consists of a mixture of 2-hydroxypropionic acid, its condensation products, such as lactoyllactic acid and other polylactic acids, and water. 
Lactic acid is usually in the form of the racemate, (RS)-lactic acid, but in some cases the (S)-(+)-isomer is predominant.
Lactic acid is a practically odorless, colorless or slightly yellowcolored, viscous, hygroscopic, nonvolatile liquid.

Chemical Properties    
Lactic acid, CH3CHOHCOOH, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a hygroscopic liquid that exists in three isometric forms. 
I-lactic acid is found in blood and animal tissue as a product of glucose and glycogen metabolism. 
d-Iactic acid is obtained by fermentation of sucrose (corn refining), The racemic mixture is present in foods prepared by bacterial fermentation or prepared synthetically. 
Lactic acid is soluble in water,alcohol,and ether. 
Lactic acid is used as a solvent, in manufacturing confectionery, and in medicine.

Chemical Properties    
A colorless or yellowish, nearly odorless, syrupy liquid consisting of a mixture of lactic acid (C3H6O3) and lactic acid lactate (C6H10O5). 
Lactic acid is obtained by the lactic fermentation of sugars or is prepared synthetically. The commercial product is the racemic form. 
Lactic acid is usually available in solutions containing the equivalent of from 50% to 90% lactic acid. 
Lactic acid is hygroscopic, and when concentrated by boiling, the acid condenses to form lactic acid lactate, 2-(lactoyloxy)propanoic acid, which on dilution and heat ing hydrolyzes to lactic acid. 
Lactic acid is miscible with water and with alcohol.

Chemical Properties    
Lactic acid is odorless. 
Lactic acid consists of a mixture of lactic acid (C3H6O3) and lactic acid lactate (C6H10O5). The commercial product is the racemic form. 
Lactic acid is usually available in solutions containing 50 to 90% lactic acid.

Lactic acid (sodium lactate) is a multi-purpose ingredient used as a preservative, exfoliant, moisturizer, and to provide acidity to a formulation. In the body, lactic acid is found in the blood and muscle tissue as a product of the metabolism of glucose and glycogen. 
Lactic acid is also a component of the skin’s natural moisturizing factor. 
Lactic acid has better water intake than glycerin.  Researchers report that continuous use of preparations formulated with lactic acid in concentrations ranging between 5 and 12 percent provided a mild to moderate improvement in fine wrinkling and promote softer, smoother skin. 
Lactic acids exfoliating properties can help in the process of removing excess pigment from the surface of the skin, as well as improving skin texture and feel. 
Lactic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid occurring in sour milk and other lesser-known sources, such as beer, pickles, and foods made through a process of bacterial fermentation. 
Lactic acid is caustic when applied to the skin in highly concentrated solutions.

Lactic Acid is an acidulant that is a natural organic acid present in milk, meat, and beer, but is normally associated with milk. 
Lactic Acid is a syrupy liquid available as 50 and 88% aqueous solutions, and is mis- cible in water and alcohol. 
Lactic Acid is heat stable, nonvolatile, and has a smooth, milk acid taste. 
Lactic Acid functions as a flavor agent, preservative, and acidity adjuster in foods. 
Lactic Acid is used in spanish olives to prevent spoilage and provide flavor, in dry egg powder to improve disper- sion and whipping properties, in cheese spreads, and in salad dress- ing mixes.

Lactic acid is prepared by the fermentation of carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, and lactose, with Bacillus acidi lacti or related microorganisms. On a commercial scale, whey, corn starch, potatoes, or molasses are used as a source of carbohydrate.
Lactic acid may also be prepared synthetically by the reaction between acetaldehyde and carbon monoxide at 130–200°C under high pressure, or by the hydrolysis of hexoses with sodium hydroxide.
Lactic acid prepared by the fermentation of sugars is levorotatory; lactic acid prepared synthetically is racemic. However, lactic acid prepared by fermentation becomes dextrorotatory on dilution with water owing to the hydrolysis of (R)-lactic acid lactate to (S)- lactic acid.

Lactic acid showed good depressing effect on hornblende, pyroxene and biotite during flotation of hematite and ilmenite minerals.

DL-Lactic acid is used to produce serial products or widely used in food, vintage, beverage, drugs, polymerization, textile, leather, tobacco, feed, plastic chemicals, pesticide, polymer solution and other industry. Lactic acid is also used as an acidifying agent.

Lactic acid is an alpha hydroxy acid. 
Lactic acid is found in muscle tissue and blood and is an intermediate in the metabolism of carbohydrates. 
Lactic acid is also used as an acidifying agent.

About Lactic acid
Helpful information
Lactic acid is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.

Lactic acid is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Biocidal Uses
Lactic acid is approved in the EEA and/or Switzerland for use in biocidal products more favourable for the environment, human or animal health. It is an authorised food additive.

Consumer Uses
Lactic acid is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, anti-freeze products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, non-metal-surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Lactic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use and indoor use as processing aid.

Article service life
Release to the environment of Lactic acid can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal), industrial abrasion processing with high release rate (e.g. sanding operations or paint stripping by shot-blasting) and of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release.
Other release to the environment of Lactic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)), indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Lactic acid can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles.
Lactic acid can be found in products with material based on: metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), stone, plaster, cement, glass and ceramic used for large surface area articles (e.g. construction and building materials for floor coverings, isolation articles) and stone, plaster, cement, glass or ceramic.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Lactic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, adhesives and sealants, anti-freeze products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, non-metal-surface treatment products, lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes and laboratory chemicals.
Lactic acid is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing, health services and printing and recorded media reproduction.
Lactic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products, textile, leather or fur, wood and wood products, pulp, paper and paper products, rubber products, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and furniture.
Other release to the environment of Lactic acid is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. Release to the environment of Lactic acid can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites
Lactic acid is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products, laboratory chemicals, coating products, non-metal-surface treatment products, washing & cleaning products, water treatment chemicals, adhesives and sealants and lubricants and greases.
Lactic acid is used in the following areas: mining and building & construction work.
Lactic acid is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, food products and plastic products.
Release to the environment of Lactic acid can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid, for thermoplastic manufacture, as processing aid and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Lactic acid can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


IUPAC names
2- Hydroxy propanoic acid
2-HYDROXY-PROPANOIC ACID
2-hydroxy-propanoic acid
2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
2-hydroxypropanoic acid
2-Hydroxypropionic acid
2-hydroxypropionic acid
DL-Lactic Acid
dl-lactic acid
LACTIC ACID
Lactic Acid
Lactic acid
lactic acid
Lactic acid
Milchsäure
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-
Tejsav

SYNONYMS:
D-(−)-Lactic acid
(-)-lactic acid
(2R)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(2R)-2-Hydroxypropansäure [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
(D)-(-)-Lactic acid
(R)-(-)-lactic acid
(R)-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
(R)-2-Hydroxypropionic acid
(R)-a-Hydroxypropionic acid
10326-41-7 [RN]
1720252 [Beilstein]
233-713-2 [EINECS]
Acide (2R)-2-hydroxypropanoïque [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
d-(-)-Lactic acid
D-(−)-Lactic acid
D(-)-Lactic Acid
d-LACTIC ACID
D-Milchsaure [German]
Lactic acid [JAN] [Wiki]
Lactic acid, D-
MFCD00068311 [MDL number]
Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (2R)- [ACD/Index Name]
R-lactic acid
δ-Lactic acid
Propel
Tisulac
δ-(-)-Lactic acid
δ-2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
δ-2-Hydroxypropionic acid


 

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