LACTIC ACID

Lactic Acid, known as Laktik Acit in Turkish and also referred to as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Lactate, is an organic hydroxy acid containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups; it is used as a pH regulator, acidifying agent, chelating agent and functional raw material in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, detergent, cleaning, agriculture and industrial sectors.
Chemically also identified as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid or 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Lactic Acid is a multifunctional raw material used for pH control, limescale removal, preservation support and cosmetic exfoliation applications due to its high water solubility and biodegradability.

Lactic Acid, also identified by the names 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid and Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid, is a functional raw material used in formulations to control acidity levels and create the targeted chemical environment, and can be adapted to the technical requirements of different product systems.
Also referred to as Milk Acid and Lactic Acid Solution, Lactic Acid is a versatile ingredient evaluated particularly in cosmetic and personal care formulations to support the renewal process of the skin surface, contribute to a smoother skin feel and improve product performance characteristics.

Lactic Acid is an organic hydroxy acid containing hydroxyl (-OH) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups in its molecular structure, also known as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, and contributes to regulating the acidity level of formulations through its ionization properties in aqueous systems.
Defined as an Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Lactic Acid is a functional AHA ingredient that, due to its molecular structure containing an alpha-hydroxy group, supports superficial exfoliation particularly in cosmetic formulations and contributes to a smoother-looking skin surface.

Lactic Acid is a multifunctional organic acid used to help manage formulation problems such as uncontrolled pH changes, insufficient acidification, mineral deposits and limescale buildup, with the purpose of creating an acidic environment and maintaining the desired pH range in different applications.
Used in food, personal care and cleaning systems, Lactic Acid, also known as Lactate, is a functional raw material evaluated to address issues such as undesirable alkaline character, mineral residues formed on surfaces and the lack of an acidic environment required in certain formulations, and can be used at different concentrations depending on application requirements.

Lactic Acid is a functional Lactate raw material that helps establish the targeted acidity level in formulations and is evaluated for managing the solubility, stability and application performance of active ingredients according to the intended use of the product.
Used in cosmetic and personal care formulations, Lactic Acid is an Alpha-Hydroxy Acid (AHA) ingredient that, under appropriate concentration and pH conditions, can contribute to a smoother and softer skin feel, support the removal of superficial dead skin cells and promote a more balanced-looking skin appearance.

Lactic Acid, also referred to in chemical literature as 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Propanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-, is a multifunctional organic acid offering a broad range of applications due to its high water solubility, biodegradability and effective pH control, compared with alternatives such as Citric Acid and Acetic Acid.
Lactic Acid, also known as DL-Lactic Acid and Racemic Lactic Acid, is a raw material that provides low odor, controlled acidification, good formulation compatibility and multifunctional performance, particularly in cosmetic, personal care, cleaning and food applications, making it a useful option among alternative organic acids.

Lactic Acid is a multifunctional organic acid used in water treatment applications for pH reduction, alkalinity control and mineral deposit management; it enables formulators to adjust the chemical balance of process water and supports operators in carrying out a more controlled treatment process.

Also known as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, Lactic Acid is a biodegradable raw material evaluated as a pH regulator and auxiliary component in Agriculture and Crop Protection formulations; it supports formulators in managing spray solution stability and application conditions while helping operators achieve more homogeneous and controlled application.

LACTIC ACID WHAT IS IT?

Lactic Acid, known as Lactic Acid in Turkish, is a versatile organic acid belonging to the alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid class and containing both a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid group. Chemically known as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, Lactic Acid is an important chemical raw material that can be used as a pH regulator, acidifying agent, processing aid, AHA and, depending on the application, antimicrobial system support ingredient. Depending on its grade, Lactic Acid can be evaluated in food, cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, detergent, cleaning, textile, leather, chemical manufacturing and various industrial applications.

Lactic Acid, Lactic Acid, 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Milk Acid and Acidum Lacticum are names that may be encountered in technical, commercial, academic and regulatory sources. In food applications, Lactic Acid may also be searched for under the terms E270 or INS 270. FDA records list alternative names such as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid together with CAS No. 50-21-5 for Lactic Acid.

However, not all Lactic Acid products available on the market have the same quality or concentration. Commercial Lactic Acid products may be supplied with different active ingredient concentrations, different optical isomer distributions and according to different application standards. Therefore, the suitability of a product for food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical or technical applications should not be assumed solely from the product name “Lactic Acid”.

The primary chemical characteristic of Lactic Acid is that it contains a hydroxyl group and a carboxylic acid group within the same molecular structure. This structure gives Lactic Acid its acidic properties and enables it to function as a reactive intermediate in various chemical reactions. The molecular formula of Lactic Acid is C3H6O3, while its molecular weight is approximately 90.08 g/mol.

Lactic Acid is one of the organic acids considered by formulators particularly for pH reduction and pH adjustment. When added to aqueous systems, it can increase the acidity of the medium and help achieve the target pH value. However, the amount of Lactic Acid to be used should be determined not only according to the target pH, but also by considering the buffer capacity of the formulation, total acid load, other ingredients and final product requirements.

The performance of Lactic Acid does not depend solely on its concentration. The active ingredient content, isomeric composition, water content, pH, temperature, buffer capacity of the formulation and compatibility with other raw materials can affect the result. Particularly for commercial products specified as Lactic Acid 80% or Lactic Acid 88%, the actual usage level should be calculated according to the active Lactic Acid content of the product.

Lactic Acid can be used as an AHA in cosmetics, for acidity and pH control in food applications, and for process control and various chemical operations in industrial applications. FDA records list technical effects for Lactic Acid including antimicrobial agent, curing or pickling agent, flavor enhancer, flavoring agent/adjuvant, pH control agent and solvent/vehicle.

Common product and chemical names:

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid 80%

Lactic Acid 88%

Lactic Acid 90%

Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid 80%

Lactic Acid 88%

2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid

2-Hydroxypropionic Acid

Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid

DL-Lactic Acid

L-Lactic Acid

D-Lactic Acid

Milk Acid

Acidum Lacticum

Lacticum Acidum

E270

E-270

INS 270

INS-270

Racemic Lactic Acid

Lactic Acid USP

Lactic Acid FCC

Lactic Acid Food Grade

Lactic Acid Cosmetic Grade

Lactic Acid Pharmaceutical Grade

Some of these names refer to chemical identification, some to stereochemical structure, some to quality or application area, and others to terminology used in the context of food and technical regulations. For example, 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid is used as the IUPAC name of Lactic Acid, while 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid are alternative chemical names. Milk Acid and Acidum Lacticum are other names that may be encountered in different sources.

E270 and INS 270 are designations commonly encountered when searching for Lactic Acid in food applications. FDA records also list E270 and INS 270 among the synonyms associated with DL-Lactic Acid. However, the presence of these designations does not mean that every purchased Lactic Acid product can automatically be used in every food application. For food applications, the current product specification, quality standard and applicable regulatory requirements should be separately verified.

CAS NO, EC / EINECS NO AND INCI NAME

Product name: Lactic Acid

Common Turkish name: Lactic Acid

Chemical name: 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid

Common alternative chemical name: 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid

CAS No: 50-21-5

EC / EINECS No: 200-018-0

INCI Name: LACTIC ACID

Molecular formula: C3H6O3

Molecular weight: 90.08 g/mol

Chemical class: Alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid / organic acid

Primary functions: pH regulator, acidifying agent, AHA, processing aid and, depending on the application, antimicrobial system support ingredient

The CAS number of Lactic Acid is 50-21-5. PubChem lists the molecular formula of Lactic Acid as C3H6O3, its molecular weight as 90.08 g/mol and its IUPAC name as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. Its EINECS number is listed as 200-018-0.

The INCI name used for cosmetic ingredient nomenclature is LACTIC ACID. In cosmetic formulations, Lactic Acid can be evaluated particularly as an ingredient in the AHA category for pH regulation and exfoliation purposes.

Lactic Acid does not necessarily consist of a single stereochemical form. Different products associated with L(+), D(-) and DL/racemic forms of the molecule may be available. Therefore, particularly in biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food and sensitive cosmetic applications, the stereochemical characteristics of the product and the manufacturer's specification should be separately reviewed.

Lactic Acid and lactate are not the same concept. Lactate refers to the conjugate base form of Lactic Acid after loss of a proton. Therefore, although the term “lactate” is related to Lactic Acid, it should not be used as a direct synonym for Lactic Acid in every context.

Lactic Acid can be produced on an industrial scale through fermentation or synthetic methods. The production method, optical purity, concentration and impurity profile of the commercial product may become important depending on the final application.

LACTIC ACID CHEMICAL STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES

Lactic Acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid containing a carboxylic acid group and a hydroxyl group in its molecular structure. Structurally, it may be referred to as 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid or 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid because a hydroxyl group is located on the second carbon of the propanoic acid chain. Its molecular formula is C3H6O3.

The carboxylic acid group gives Lactic Acid its acidic character, while the hydroxyl group enables it to participate in various chemical interactions and reactions. This dual-functional structure is one of the main reasons why Lactic Acid can be used not only as a pH regulator but also as an intermediate and process component in various chemical syntheses.

Lactic Acid can donate a proton in aqueous systems, increasing the hydrogen ion concentration and thereby lowering the pH value. This property enables its use for pH adjustment in food, cosmetic, personal care and industrial formulations.

The acidic behavior of Lactic Acid is also affected by the buffer system of the formulation. The same amount of Lactic Acid can produce different pH changes in two formulations with different buffer capacities. Therefore, Lactic Acid dosage should be determined not only through theoretical pH calculations but also through titration and pH measurements performed on the actual formulation.

The stereochemistry of Lactic Acid is also technically important. Because the Lactic Acid molecule contains a chiral center, different enantiomeric forms may occur. Commercial products may be identified as L-Lactic Acid, D-Lactic Acid or DL-Lactic Acid. FDA records list various synonyms for DL-Lactic Acid, including E270, INS 270 and Racemic Lactic Acid.

Therefore, checking only the CAS number may not be sufficient when purchasing Lactic Acid for certain applications. Concentration, optical activity, water content, color, acidity and other quality parameters should be evaluated according to the intended use.

LACTIC ACID PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Lactic Acid can be described as a colorless to yellowish, viscous or syrupy liquid depending on its concentration and temperature. PubChem describes Lactic Acid as an odorless, syrupy liquid ranging from colorless to yellow.

General technical properties:

Physical appearance: Colorless to yellowish, viscous or syrupy liquid

Chemical character: Alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid

Molecular formula: C3H6O3

Molecular weight: 90.08 g/mol

CAS No: 50-21-5

EC / EINECS No: 200-018-0

INCI Name: LACTIC ACID

Water solubility: Highly compatible with water

Acidic character: Organic acid

pKa: Approximately 3.86

Density: Depends on concentration and temperature

Viscosity: Depends on concentration and temperature

Optical structure: May vary according to the L-, D- or DL-form

The physical values given for Lactic Acid may vary depending on product concentration and temperature. Particularly for commercial solutions such as Lactic Acid 80% and Lactic Acid 88%, density, viscosity, color and assay values should be obtained directly from the manufacturer's TDS document.

Lactic Acid can be used in aqueous systems for pH regulation and acidification due to its high compatibility with water. However, safe handling procedures should be followed when diluting concentrated Lactic Acid products.

Active ingredient concentration is an important parameter in the technical evaluation of Lactic Acid. For example, if Lactic Acid 80% and Lactic Acid 88% are used in the same amount, the actual amount of Lactic Acid introduced into the formulation will not be the same. Therefore, dosage calculations should be based on the commercial concentration of the product.

Color can also be important, particularly in cosmetic, food and pharmaceutical applications. For products requiring low color, the manufacturer's color specification and relevant analytical method should be checked before purchase.

These values are provided for general technical information and should not be used as the binding specification of the product to be purchased. In particular, Lactic Acid concentration, color, density, acidity, water content, optical purity and other quality parameters should be verified through the supplier's current TDS and COA documents.

HOW DOES LACTIC ACID WORK AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL?

One of the primary effects of Lactic Acid in formulations is lowering the pH of the medium through its carboxylic acid group. When Lactic Acid is added to an aqueous system, the acid-base balance changes and, when used at an appropriate level, it can help achieve the target pH value.

The pH regulation mechanism is associated with the partial ionization of Lactic Acid in water. The carboxylic acid group can donate a proton, creating an equilibrium between Lactic Acid and lactate. Therefore, when used together with buffer systems, Lactic Acid can alter the pH behavior of a formulation.

The molecular-level functions of Lactic Acid may vary depending on the application:

Help lower the pH value

Create an acidic environment

Form the acidic component of a buffer system

Interact with metal ions

Support exfoliation as an AHA in cosmetic applications

Regulate acidity in food systems

Help create an acidic environment that can limit the growth of certain microorganisms

Serve as an intermediate in chemical synthesis

The AHA property of Lactic Acid is particularly important in cosmetic applications. It can help reduce the accumulation of dead cells on the skin surface and, in controlled formulations, support a smoother-looking skin surface. However, in cosmetic applications, efficacy and safety should be evaluated together with concentration, pH, contact time and method of use.

In food applications, the effect of Lactic Acid is not limited to lowering pH. FDA sources list technical effects for Lactic Acid including antimicrobial agent, curing or pickling agent, flavor enhancer, flavoring agent/adjuvant and pH control agent.

The antimicrobial effect of Lactic Acid is in many cases associated with increasing the acidity of the environment and creating conditions that do not support the growth of microorganisms. However, the presence of Lactic Acid alone does not guarantee the microbiological safety of any product. The preservation system, process, water activity, packaging and regulatory requirements should be evaluated together.

Lactic Acid can also be used as a starting material in the production of various lactate salts. Compounds such as Sodium Lactate and Calcium Lactate are directly related to Lactic Acid chemistry.

Therefore, formulators looking to purchase Lactic Acid should evaluate not only the need for an “acidity regulator” but also all chemical and technical requirements of the intended final product.

IN WHICH SECTORS IS LACTIC ACID USED?

Lactic Acid is one of the multifunctional organic acids used across numerous industries due to its diverse chemical properties. The intended use may vary depending on the product concentration, quality grade, stereochemical structure and regulatory requirements of the final product.

Main application areas:

Food and beverage products

Cosmetics and personal care products

Skin care and peeling products

Pharmaceutical formulations

Biotechnology and laboratory applications

Detergent and cleaning products

Water-based industrial systems

Textile applications

Leather processing

Metal surface treatment

Chemical manufacturing

Biodegradable polymer and PLA production

Agriculture and certain plant applications

Lactate production

Lactic Acid may be searched for as E270 or INS 270 in the food industry. FDA data lists technical effects for Lactic Acid including antimicrobial agent, curing/pickling agent, flavor enhancer, flavoring agent/adjuvant and pH control agent.

In the cosmetics industry, Lactic Acid can be evaluated particularly for AHA and pH regulator applications. In pharmaceutical applications, quality, purity, manufacturing standards and pharmacopoeial requirements become more critical.

In industrial applications, Lactic Acid can be used for pH regulation, chemical reactions, surface treatment and the production of various chemical intermediates.

Each industry has different performance expectations from Lactic Acid. Therefore, even when the product is identified simply as “Lactic Acid”, food-grade, cosmetic-grade, pharmaceutical-quality and technical-grade products should not be evaluated in the same way.

LACTIC ACID IN COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE

In cosmetic formulations, Lactic Acid can be evaluated particularly as an alpha hydroxy acid, or AHA, as well as a pH regulator and active ingredient that helps improve the appearance of the skin surface. Lactic Acid can also be used as a technical pH regulator to bring a formulation to its target pH value.

Potential functions of Lactic Acid in cosmetic products include:

Adjust formulation pH

Support exfoliation as an AHA

Help remove dead skin cells from the skin surface

Support a smoother-looking skin appearance

Support moisturizing properties in certain formulations

Help create systems requiring an acidic pH

Contribute to reaching the optimum pH range of certain cosmetic raw materials

Concentration and pH should be evaluated together in cosmetic products containing Lactic Acid. The same Lactic Acid concentration may produce different cosmetic performance at different pH values. The amount of free acid, buffer system and contact time of the product are also important.

Lactic Acid may be encountered particularly in serums, peels, toners, facial care products, body care products, hair care products and various professional care formulations.

When selecting Lactic Acid for cosmetic formulators, the INCI name, active ingredient concentration, optical form, color, purity, heavy metal or other impurity requirements and manufacturer's specification should be reviewed.

Concentrated Lactic Acid products are not suitable for direct application to the skin. In cosmetic formulations, the usage level, pH and product safety should be determined in accordance with applicable regulations and safety assessments.

LACTIC ACID IN FOOD APPLICATIONS

Lactic Acid can be evaluated in the food and beverage industry as an acidity regulator, pH control agent, flavoring agent/adjuvant and, in certain processes, as an antimicrobial or curing/pickling agent. In food applications, Lactic Acid is frequently searched for under the designations E270 or INS 270. FDA records list these technical functions and relevant regulatory information.

Potential functions of Lactic Acid in food applications may include:

Acidity regulation

pH control

Contribution to flavor profile adjustment

Support of antimicrobial systems in certain products

Contribution to pickling and curing applications

Acidification in food processes

Auxiliary function in certain flavor systems

When purchasing Lactic Acid for food production, the following points should be checked:

Food-grade status of the product

FCC or relevant quality standard

Current technical specification

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Active Lactic Acid concentration

Origin and batch information

Regulatory compliance

Allergen, impurity and conformity documents where required

A Lactic Acid product that is not food grade should not be assumed to be suitable for food production merely because its CAS number is 50-21-5.

LACTIC ACID IN PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS

Lactic Acid can be evaluated in certain pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications for pH regulation, process control, buffer systems or the production of lactate derivatives.

Selecting Lactic Acid for pharmaceutical applications requires a more comprehensive evaluation than standard industrial use. The product's purity profile, manufacturing method, microbiological characteristics, heavy metal limits, relevant pharmacopoeial standard and traceability are important.

Users searching for Lactic Acid USP should verify through current manufacturer documentation that the product actually complies with the relevant USP standard. The presence of the term “USP” in a product name alone should not be considered sufficient evidence of current compliance.

In biotechnology applications, Lactic Acid and lactate systems may be associated with pH control, bioprocess media and various biochemical processes. In such applications, the impurity profile of the product and its effects on biological materials are particularly important.

Since different stereochemical forms of Lactic Acid are available, distinguishing between D-, L- and DL-Lactic Acid may be necessary in biotechnological or biological systems.

The amount and method of application of Lactic Acid used in these fields should be determined according to validated processes and relevant product requirements.

LACTIC ACID INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Lactic Acid can be used in various industrial applications due to its organic acid properties and versatile chemical reactivity.

The following functions may be prominent in industrial Lactic Acid applications:

pH regulation

Acidification

Chemical process control

Surface treatment

Metal and mineral systems

Textile processes

Leather processing

Chemical intermediate

Lactate production

Polymer production

Processing aid

Certain cleaning and maintenance products

Lactic Acid is also associated with the production of lactide and related intermediates used in the production of polylactic acid, or PLA.

The following factors should be evaluated when using Lactic Acid in industrial systems:

Lactic Acid concentration used

Target pH

Compatibility with other acids and bases

Interaction with metal surfaces

Temperature

Process time

Material compatibility

Storage conditions

Final product quality requirements

In processes using concentrated Lactic Acid, the chemical compatibility of equipment and packaging materials should also be evaluated.

WHAT PROBLEMS CAN LACTIC ACID HELP SOLVE?

Lactic Acid can help address pH, acidity and chemical balance issues encountered in formulations and processes. However, the effect of Lactic Acid depends on the concentration used, buffer capacity of the product, temperature and other ingredients.

High formulation pH

Lactic Acid can help lower the pH value of an alkaline or neutral formulation. It can be used to reach the desired pH range particularly in cosmetic, personal care, cleaning and various water-based systems.

However, the amount of Lactic Acid required for pH adjustment is not a single fixed value. The same Lactic Acid dosage can produce different pH results in different formulations.

Insufficient acidity in a food product

In food applications, Lactic Acid of the appropriate quality grade can help regulate the acidity profile of the product. FDA records list Lactic Acid with various technical effects, including pH control agent and antimicrobial agent.

Difficulty reaching the target pH range of a cosmetic product

Lactic Acid can be used to achieve the target pH range in skin and hair care products. However, when adjusting pH in cosmetic formulations, the pH sensitivity of active ingredients and the preservation system should also be evaluated.

Development of AHA-containing products

Lactic Acid is an important organic acid used in AHA-based cosmetic products. Under controlled concentration and appropriate pH conditions, it can help remove dead cells from the skin surface.

Control of microbial growth

The acidic environment created by Lactic Acid can help limit the growth of certain microorganisms. However, Lactic Acid alone should not be considered a sufficient preservation system for every formulation.

Need for an acidic process on metal or mineral surfaces

In certain industrial surface treatment processes, Lactic Acid can be evaluated as an acidic process component. However, the metal type, concentration, temperature and contact time should be considered together.

Need for a chemical intermediate

Lactic Acid can be used as a starting material or intermediate in the production of lactate derivatives and various chemical products.

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING LACTIC ACID

One of the most common mistakes when using Lactic Acid is determining the dosage without taking the product concentration into account. For example, Lactic Acid 80% and Lactic Acid 88% should not be treated as the same commercial product, and calculations should be based on the active acid content.

The following points should be considered when using Lactic Acid:

Select the appropriate quality grade for the intended use.

Check the Lactic Acid concentration.

Review the manufacturer's TDS and SDS documents.

Verify batch-specific analytical results through the COA.

Determine the target pH through laboratory trials.

Evaluate the buffer capacity of the formulation.

Check compatibility with other acids and bases.

Apply a safe process when diluting concentrated products.

Evaluate packaging and equipment material compatibility.

Check applicable regulations for food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications.

Concentrated forms of Lactic Acid may cause irritation or more serious damage upon contact with skin and eyes. For industrial use, appropriate personal protective equipment and safe working procedures should be determined according to the current SDS.

INITIAL FORMULATION APPROACHES FOR LACTIC ACID

The following examples are initial approaches prepared to demonstrate how Lactic Acid may be evaluated during formulation development. They are not validated commercial recipes, manufacturing instructions or regulatory-compliant final formulations.

The ratios provided are example starting levels for preliminary laboratory trials. The active acid content should be calculated separately according to the concentration of the Lactic Acid product used. Laboratory trials, stability evaluation, safety assessment and applicable regulatory checks should be performed for every application.

EXAMPLE 1: PRELIMINARY TRIAL FOR PH ADJUSTMENT IN A WATER-BASED SYSTEM

Purpose: To examine the controlled reduction of the pH of a water-based formulation using Lactic Acid.

Initial approach:

Water or main carrier phase: 94.5%

Lactic Acid solution: 0.5%

Other formulation ingredients: 5.0%

A fixed Lactic Acid ratio should not be assumed to be suitable for all formulations in this example. For a more accurate laboratory screening, the amount of Lactic Acid can be varied in small increments and pH can be measured at each point.

Application approach:

The formulation is first brought to the desired starting pH.

Lactic Acid is appropriately diluted and added in a controlled manner.

Sufficient mixing time is allowed after each addition.

The pH is measured.

If necessary, small additional amounts are added to approach the target pH.

The final pH is checked again after stabilization.

The Lactic Acid dosage may differ from the initial calculation due to the buffer capacity of the formulation.

EXAMPLE 2: PRELIMINARY EVALUATION FOR A COSMETIC AHA SYSTEM

Purpose: To evaluate the performance of Lactic Acid in a controlled cosmetic AHA system.

Initial components:

Water phase: 90–95%

Lactic Acid solution: according to laboratory screening

Humectant or suitable auxiliary ingredients: according to the formulation

Preservation system: according to the formulation and applicable regulations

pH regulator: if required

In this type of study, the amount of Lactic Acid should not be determined solely as a percentage. The concentration of the commercial Lactic Acid product used and the pH of the final formulation should be evaluated together.

Application approach:

The water phase and other water-soluble ingredients are prepared.

Lactic Acid is added in a controlled manner.

The formulation is mixed.

The pH is measured.

If necessary, the pH is adjusted using small amounts of Lactic Acid or a suitable base.

Viscosity, appearance and stability are monitored.

In AHA products, Lactic Acid concentration, pH and usage instructions should be considered together with the safety assessment.

EXAMPLE 3: PH REDUCTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

Purpose: To reduce the pH of a water-based technical system in a controlled manner.

Initial approach:

Water or process phase: 95%

Lactic Acid solution: 1%

Other process components: 4%

This ratio is only an example starting approach for laboratory screening. The actual dosage should be determined through titration after establishing the target pH and the alkalinity or buffer capacity of the system.

Lactic Acid should be added in a controlled manner and the pH should be measured after each addition. Particularly in systems containing alkaline ingredients, a neutralization reaction may occur with Lactic Acid, so localized excessive acidity should be prevented.

The concentration of Lactic Acid, total acid requirement of the system and process temperature should be considered when optimizing the process.

SIMILAR PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES TO LACTIC ACID

Selecting an alternative to Lactic Acid is not simply a matter of choosing another organic acid. When determining an alternative, the intended function, pH range, buffer system, product type, quality requirements, sensory characteristics, regulations, process temperature and final product performance should be evaluated together.

LACTIC ACID AND CITRIC ACID

Lactic Acid and Citric Acid are organic acids used for pH regulation and acidification. However, their chemical structures are different.

Lactic Acid is an alpha-hydroxy acid containing one carboxylic acid group and one hydroxyl group, whereas Citric Acid is a different organic acid containing multiple carboxylic acid functionalities.

These structural differences can affect the behavior of the two raw materials in buffer systems, their complexing properties and their formulation performance.

Therefore, when replacing Lactic Acid with Citric Acid, direct one-to-one substitution should not be made; target pH, acidity, stability and final product characteristics should be reevaluated.

LACTIC ACID AND GLYCOLIC ACID

Glycolic Acid is also an AHA and may have a similar application area to Lactic Acid in cosmetic exfoliation applications.

However, the molecular structures of Glycolic Acid and Lactic Acid are different. Lactic Acid has a molecular structure containing a hydroxyl group and a methyl group, whereas Glycolic Acid is a smaller alpha-hydroxy acid.

These structural differences can result in differences in skin penetration, sensory properties and formulation behavior. Therefore, replacing Lactic Acid with Glycolic Acid requires a new evaluation of the product's pH, concentration and safety.

LACTIC ACID AND MALIC ACID

Malic Acid is a different organic acid with a hydroxy dicarboxylic acid structure. It can be evaluated for pH and acidity regulation in food and cosmetic formulations.

Since the acidity profiles and formulation behavior of Lactic Acid and Malic Acid are different, they should not be directly substituted one-for-one.

New formulation trials should be performed particularly when the flavor profile, buffering behavior or cosmetic application purpose is expected to change.

LACTIC ACID AND PHOSPHORIC ACID

Phosphoric Acid is an inorganic acid with chemical properties different from those of Lactic Acid. Although it can be used for pH regulation in food and industrial applications, its buffering, sensory and process behavior differs from Lactic Acid.

If the reason for selecting Lactic Acid is not limited to pH reduction, Phosphoric Acid should not be considered a direct alternative.

LACTIC ACID AND ACETIC ACID

Acetic Acid is an organic acid widely used particularly in food and cleaning applications. Although it can be used similarly to Lactic Acid for pH reduction, it differs in volatility, odor, sensory profile and chemical behavior.

Therefore, replacing Lactic Acid with Acetic Acid may change the odor, flavor, pH and process characteristics of the product.

LACTIC ACID AND SODIUM LACTATE

Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of Lactic Acid and is therefore a different chemical compound. Sodium Lactate is not a direct synonym or one-to-one chemical equivalent of Lactic Acid.

Although Sodium Lactate and Lactic Acid are related through lactate chemistry, they may differ in ionic structure, pH behavior and intended use. FDA records list Sodium Lactate separately under CAS No. 72-17-3.

Therefore, when replacing Lactic Acid with Sodium Lactate, the intended technical function and formulation behavior should be reevaluated.

LACTIC ACID AND CALCIUM LACTATE

Calcium Lactate is a lactate salt related to Lactic Acid but is not Lactic Acid itself. It may also be identified as Calcium 2-Hydroxypropanoate and Lactic Acid Calcium Salt.

The fundamental difference between these two products is that Lactic Acid is a free organic acid, whereas Calcium Lactate is present in the form of a calcium salt.

Therefore, Calcium Lactate should not be considered a direct one-to-one alternative in a formulation where Lactic Acid is used for pH reduction. FDA records list Calcium Lactate as a separate food substance.

LACTIC ACID AND GLUCONIC ACID

Gluconic Acid is a different organic acid that can be evaluated as an acidity regulator or complexing agent in certain food, cleaning, water treatment and industrial applications.

The chemical structures and interactions with metal ions of Lactic Acid and Gluconic Acid are different. Therefore, particularly in formulations where metal ion control is important, the performance of the two products should not be considered identical.

The intended technical function and final product requirements should be considered when selecting an alternative.

QUALITY CONTROL AND PURCHASING CRITERIA FOR LACTIC ACID

When purchasing Lactic Acid, making a decision based only on the product name and price is not sufficient. Different designations such as Lactic Acid 80%, Lactic Acid 88%, Lactic Acid USP, Lactic Acid FCC or Lactic Acid Cosmetic Grade may correspond to different product specifications.

Information recommended for review before purchase:

Product name and manufacturer

CAS number

Lactic Acid concentration

L-, D- or DL-form information

Quality grade and intended use

Technical Data Sheet (TDS)

Safety Data Sheet (SDS)

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

Appearance and color

Density and viscosity

Acidity or assay value

Water content

Relevant optical purity analysis where required

Manufacturing and batch information

Packaging type and net quantity

Storage conditions

Shelf life or retest information

Regulatory and conformity documents for applicable sectors

A COA shows the analytical results of a specific Lactic Acid batch. A TDS describes the general technical specifications of the product. An SDS contains information regarding safe use, handling, storage and emergency procedures.

These documents are not interchangeable and should be evaluated together.

LACTIC ACID STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

Lactic Acid should be stored under the conditions recommended by the manufacturer in its properly sealed original packaging. Storage temperature, packaging compatibility, shelf life and physical stability of the product should be verified according to the manufacturer's documentation.

Storage conditions for Lactic Acid products may vary according to concentration. Particularly for high-concentration products, temperature fluctuations may affect viscosity and physical appearance.

The product should not be exposed to high temperatures, direct sunlight or unsuitable storage conditions.

After opening the package, protecting the product from contamination is important. Clean equipment should be used during handling and the container should be properly resealed.

Storage of Lactic Acid in the same area with other chemicals should be planned according to the current SDS and chemical compatibility assessments.

Products stored for extended periods or showing changes in appearance should be evaluated according to the manufacturer's specifications.

LACTIC ACID SAFETY INFORMATION

Safe use of Lactic Acid depends on the concentration of the supplied product and its current SDS documentation. Diluted Lactic Acid solutions and high-concentration Lactic Acid products should not be evaluated according to the same safety profile.

Concentrated Lactic Acid may cause irritation or more serious damage upon contact with skin and eyes. Therefore, for industrial use, appropriate gloves, eye protection, protective clothing and adequate ventilation should be determined according to the SDS.

Controlled addition and appropriate process equipment should be used when diluting Lactic Acid. Heat generation that may occur during dilution should be taken into consideration.

In food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical or biotechnological applications, not only chemical safety but also the suitability of the raw material for the relevant product category should be verified.

The safety information of Lactic Acid products from different concentrations or manufacturers should not be assumed to be identical.

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED WHEN PURCHASING LACTIC ACID?

The first step in sourcing Lactic Acid is to clearly define the intended use of the product. The quality criteria required for food acidification, cosmetic AHA applications, pH regulation, pharmaceutical production or industrial processes may not be the same.

Therefore, instead of specifying only “Lactic Acid” in a purchasing request, stating the intended application, concentration and required quality standard enables a more accurate product evaluation.

The following information should be clarified before purchase:

Application sector and final use

Required Lactic Acid concentration

L- or DL-Lactic Acid requirement

Required quality standard

Manufacturer and origin requirements

Required packaging type and quantity

TDS, SDS and COA requirements

Required regulatory or conformity documents

Technical specifications of the existing product if a replacement is intended

The price of Lactic Acid may vary depending on concentration, manufacturer, quality grade, origin, order quantity, packaging, supply conditions and current market conditions. Therefore, the current Lactic Acid price should be evaluated together with product specifications and delivery conditions through a quotation.

LACTIC ACID SUPPLY FROM ATAMAN KİMYA

Lactic Acid is an important chemical raw material evaluated as a pH regulator, acidifying agent, AHA, processing aid and, depending on the application, for various technological functions. Manufacturers planning to purchase the product should clarify the appropriate concentration, quality grade, technical specifications and required documentation for their application before placing an order.

Companies seeking information about Lactic Acid supply from Ataman Kimya can share their application areas and technical requirements to obtain information about product suitability, current supply availability, packaging options and quotation.

The current stock status, origin, concentration, packaging and specifications of the product should be confirmed with Ataman Kimya before ordering.

Sharing the following information in a quotation request can facilitate the evaluation of the correct Lactic Acid product:

Application sector and final use

Requested Lactic Acid concentration

Required quality standard

Estimated order quantity

Required packaging type

Requested technical documents

TDS or COA information of the existing product, if available

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT LACTIC ACID

What is Lactic Acid?

Lactic Acid, known as Lactic Acid in Turkish, is an organic acid containing hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups within the same molecule. It can be used as a pH regulator, acidifying agent, AHA and chemical raw material in various industrial processes.

What is the CAS number of Lactic Acid?

The CAS number of Lactic Acid is 50-21-5.

What is the EC / EINECS number of Lactic Acid?

The EC / EINECS number listed for Lactic Acid is 200-018-0.

What is the INCI name of Lactic Acid?

The INCI name used for cosmetic ingredient nomenclature is LACTIC ACID.

What is the chemical name of Lactic Acid?

The systematic chemical name of Lactic Acid is 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid. 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid and Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid are also alternative chemical names.

Are Lactic Acid and Lactic Acid the same product?

Yes. Lactic Acid is the English equivalent of the term Lactic Acid. However, the concentration, quality grade and stereochemical characteristics of the purchased product should also be checked.

Are Lactic Acid and 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid the same substance?

Yes. 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid is the systematic chemical name used for Lactic Acid.

Are Lactic Acid and 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid the same substance?

2-Hydroxypropionic Acid is one of the alternative chemical names used for Lactic Acid.

What is Lactic Acid E270?

E270 is a food additive numbering designation associated with Lactic Acid. FDA sources list E270 and E-270 among the synonyms of Lactic Acid.

What is Lactic Acid INS 270?

INS 270 is one of the food additive numbering designations used for Lactic Acid. FDA records list INS NO.270 and INS-270 among the synonyms of Lactic Acid.

Is Lactic Acid nonionic?

No. Lactic Acid is not a surfactant; it is an organic carboxylic acid.

Is Lactic Acid soluble in water?

Lactic Acid has high compatibility with water and can be readily used in aqueous systems. The concentration and physical properties of the commercial product should be verified from the manufacturer's TDS.

What is Lactic Acid used for?

Lactic Acid is mainly used for pH regulation, acidification, AHA applications, food technology, process control, lactate production and various chemical industrial applications. FDA records also list technical effects such as antimicrobial agent, curing/pickling agent and pH control agent.

Is Lactic Acid used in cosmetic products?

Yes. With the appropriate quality and formulation conditions, Lactic Acid can be used in cosmetic products as a pH regulator and AHA.

Is Lactic Acid an AHA?

Yes. Lactic Acid belongs to the alpha hydroxy acid, or AHA, class and is one of the hydroxy acids used in cosmetic exfoliation applications.

Is Lactic Acid used in peeling products?

Yes. Lactic Acid can be used in cosmetic products for exfoliation at appropriate concentrations and pH conditions. The safety of the final product should be evaluated according to concentration, pH, contact time and method of use.

Is Lactic Acid used in food?

Yes. Subject to the appropriate quality grade and applicable regulations, Lactic Acid can be used in food applications. FDA sources list technical effects for Lactic Acid including antimicrobial agent, curing/pickling agent, flavor enhancer and pH control agent.

What is food-grade Lactic Acid?

Food-grade Lactic Acid is a product that meets the relevant quality and regulatory requirements for use in food production. Food-grade suitability should be verified through manufacturer documentation and applicable regulations.

What is Lactic Acid FCC?

Lactic Acid FCC is a designation used to indicate compliance of the product with the Food Chemicals Codex quality standard. Current compliance should be verified through the manufacturer's specifications and certificates.

What is Lactic Acid USP?

Lactic Acid USP is a quality designation indicating compliance with the United States Pharmacopeia standard. Actual compliance should be verified through current manufacturer documentation.

What is Lactic Acid 80%?

Lactic Acid 80% refers to a commercial product containing approximately 80% Lactic Acid. The exact composition should be checked through the manufacturer's TDS and COA.

What is Lactic Acid 88%?

Lactic Acid 88% refers to a commercial concentrated product containing approximately 88% Lactic Acid. The active Lactic Acid amount should be taken into account when performing usage calculations.

What determines the price of Lactic Acid?

The price of Lactic Acid may vary according to concentration, manufacturer, quality standard, origin, order quantity, packaging, logistics and current market conditions.

Are there alternatives to Lactic Acid?

Citric Acid, Glycolic Acid, Malic Acid, Acetic Acid, Phosphoric Acid and, in certain applications, different lactate derivatives can be evaluated as alternatives to Lactic Acid. However, the chemical behavior and intended use of each alternative are different, so direct one-to-one substitution should not be made.

What is the difference between Lactic Acid and Citric Acid?

Lactic Acid is an alpha-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, whereas Citric Acid is a multifunctional organic acid with different functional groups. Therefore, their pH, buffering and formulation behavior differ.

What is the difference between Lactic Acid and Glycolic Acid?

Both are AHAs; however, their molecular structures are different. These structural differences can result in differences in formulation behavior and cosmetic performance.

Are Lactic Acid and Lactate the same?

No. Lactate refers to the conjugate base form of Lactic Acid after loss of a proton. Although Lactic Acid and lactate salts such as Sodium Lactate are chemically related, they are not the same substance.

What is the difference between Lactic Acid and Sodium Lactate?

Lactic Acid is the free organic acid form, whereas Sodium Lactate is the sodium salt of Lactic Acid. Therefore, their pH behavior and intended uses may differ. FDA records list Sodium Lactate as a separate chemical substance under CAS No. 72-17-3.

What is the difference between Lactic Acid and Calcium Lactate?

Calcium Lactate is the calcium salt of Lactic Acid and is not Lactic Acid itself. Calcium Lactate should be evaluated as a separate chemical substance.

Is Lactic Acid natural?

Lactic Acid can occur naturally in biological systems and can also be produced industrially through fermentation. However, whether a product can be marketed as “natural” should be evaluated according to the production method and applicable certification criteria.

Is Lactic Acid produced by fermentation?

Yes. Lactic Acid can be produced industrially through fermentation, and different synthetic production methods are also available.

Which industries use Lactic Acid?

Lactic Acid can be used in food, beverage, cosmetics, personal care, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, detergent, cleaning, textile, leather, chemical manufacturing and various industrial processes.

Does Lactic Acid lower pH?

Yes. Lactic Acid exhibits acidic characteristics in aqueous systems and, when used at an appropriate level, can help lower the pH value.

Is Lactic Acid a preservative?

Lactic Acid should not be considered a standalone preservative for every formulation. It can help limit the growth of certain microorganisms by creating an acidic environment; however, the final preservation system should be validated for the complete product.

Is Lactic Acid antimicrobial?

Lactic Acid can be associated with the creation of an acidic environment and with an antimicrobial technical function in certain food applications. The FDA database lists Lactic Acid as an “antimicrobial agent”.

What is the usage level of Lactic Acid?

There is no single universal usage level. Dosage should be determined through laboratory studies according to product concentration, target pH, buffer capacity, application sector and final product requirements.

What documents should be requested when purchasing Lactic Acid?

Depending on the application, TDS, SDS and COA are the primary documents. Additional conformity or quality documents may be required for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

What is the physical appearance of Lactic Acid?

Lactic Acid is generally available as a colorless to yellowish, viscous or syrupy liquid. Its appearance may vary depending on concentration and manufacturer specifications.

What is the molecular formula of Lactic Acid?

The molecular formula of Lactic Acid is C3H6O3.

What is the molecular weight of Lactic Acid?

The molecular weight of Lactic Acid is approximately 90.08 g/mol.

LACTIC ACID – TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Lactic Acid, known as Lactic Acid in Turkish, is an alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acid with CAS No. 50-21-5, EC / EINECS No. 200-018-0, INCI name LACTIC ACID and molecular formula C3H6O3. Its chemical name is 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid, and it may also be encountered under various names including 2-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Alpha-Hydroxypropionic Acid, Milk Acid, Acidum Lacticum, DL-Lactic Acid, E270 and INS 270.

Lactic Acid is primarily used as a pH regulator, acidifying agent, AHA, processing aid and, depending on the application, antimicrobial system support ingredient. In food applications, it is associated under specific conditions with technical functions such as pH control agent, curing/pickling agent and flavoring-related functions, while in cosmetic applications it is particularly prominent as an AHA and pH regulator.

Commercial designations such as Lactic Acid 80%, Lactic Acid 88%, Lactic Acid USP, Lactic Acid FCC, Cosmetic Grade and Food Grade may correspond to different product specifications. Therefore, when purchasing Lactic Acid, not only the CAS number but also concentration, quality grade, stereochemical characteristics, color, purity, manufacturer specification and suitability for the intended application should be evaluated.

The performance of Lactic Acid depends on concentration, pH, buffer capacity, temperature, other raw materials and process conditions. Particularly in pH adjustment applications, dosage should be determined through laboratory titration and measurements performed on the actual formulation.

Companies planning to source Lactic Acid from Ataman Kimya are advised to share their application area, required concentration, quality standard, quantity and technical documentation requirements in order to confirm current product, stock, origin, packaging and quotation information.