PRODUCTS

LEUCINE

CAS NO:61-90-5
EC NO:200-522-0

Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+ form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain isobutyl group, making it a non-polar aliphatic amino acid.
Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it:
Leucine must be obtained from the diet. Human dietary sources are foods that contain protein, such as meats, dairy products, soy products, and beans and other legumes.
Leucine is encoded by the codons UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA, and CUG.

Like valine and isoleucine, leucine is a branched-chain amino acid. The primary metabolic end products of leucine metabolism are acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate; consequently, it is one of the two exclusively ketogenic amino acids, with lysine being the other.
Leucine is the most important ketogenic amino acid in humans.

Leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, a minor leucine metabolite, exhibit pharmacological activity in humans and have been demonstrated to promote protein biosynthesis via the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR).

Properties:
Chemical formula:   C6H13NO2
Molar mass:   131.175 g·mol−1
Acidity (pKa):   2.36 (carboxyl), 9.60 (amino)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ):   -84.9·10−6 cm3/mol

Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) since it possesses an aliphatic side-chain that is not linear.

Chemistry
Racemic leucine had been subjected to circularly polarized synchrotron radiation to better understand the origin of biomolecular asymmetry. An enantiomeric enhancement of 2.6% had been induced, indicating a possible photochemical origin of biomolecules' homochirality.

Leucine is one of nine essential amino acids in humans (provided by food), Leucine is important for protein synthesis and many metabolic functions.
Leucine contributes to regulation of blood-sugar levels; growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue; growth hormone production; and wound healing.
Leucine also prevents breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria.
Leucine is available in many foods and deficiency is rare. (NCI04)

Leucine is the L-enantiomer of leucine.
Leucine has a role as a plant metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
Leucine is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a leucine and a L-alpha-amino acid.
Leucine is a conjugate base of a L-leucinium.
Leucine is a conjugate acid of a L-leucinate.
Leucine is an enantiomer of a D-leucine.
Leucine is a tautomer of a L-leucine zwitterion.

Uses:
-antistatic
-antistatic agent
-flavouring
-hair conditioning
-skin conditioning
-Nutrient and dietary supplement, biochemical research
-Nutrient
-BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY: Antiencephalopathic

Leucine is one of the 3 essential branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). These amino acids can be used by skeletal muscle to give energy during exercise. Eating foods that have complete protein gives enough of these amino acids. This includes foods such as meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and milk.

Leucine performs a number of functions in the body.
Leucine helps to regulate blood sugar, improves wound healing, and produces growth hormone.

Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) — just like valine and isoleucine — and is important for repairing and building muscle. In fact, getting enough leucine may prevent muscle wasting among older adults

Leucine also appears to help manage blood sugar levels.
Leucine’s speculated to do so by facilitating glucose uptake into your body’s cells and improving insulin response.

Leucine, along with isoleucine and valine, is one of the three branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). Out of all of the other amino acids, leucine is the most potent activator of protein synthesis. Cells are able to sense leucine levels, and in response turn on protein synthesis via the enzyme protein mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a master-regulator of protein synthesis.

Leucine, an amino acid obtainable by the hydrolysis of most common proteins. Among the first of the amino acids to be discovered (1819), in muscle fibre and wool, it is present in large proportions (about 15 percent) in hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells) and is one of several so-called essential amino acids for rats, fowl, and humans; i.e., they cannot synthesize it and require dietary sources. In plants and microorganisms it is synthesized from pyruvic acid (a product of the breakdown of carbohydrates).

Leucine has been used as an agonist of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) to determine whether AMPK/mTOR pathway is involved in berberine-mediated autophagy in J774A.1 cells.
Leucine has also been used for the selection of transformed cells.

•Efficient—100% label incorporation into proteins of living cells
• Flexible—different isotopes of heavy and/or light amino acids for arginine, lysine, leucine and proline enable the quantitation of peptides derived from MS-grade proteases
• Multiplex capabilities—several alternative isotopes of arginine and lysine are available that allow the analysis of multiple treatment conditions in each experiment
• High-quality supplements—heavy amino acids with >99% isotope purity

Purported Uses:
-Muscle strength
-Endurance
-Diabetes
-Sarcopenia

Leucine is an essential amino acid required for muscle growth and maintenance.

Leucine is an amino acid that is not made in the human body and is required for muscle maintenance. Therefore, it has to be obtained through dietary sources rich in protein such as dairy, fish, soy, meat, poultry, beans, and eggs. Leucine is also available as a dietary supplement and is used to improve muscle strength and endurance.

Muscle strength and endurance
Some studies show that leucine improves muscle strength and endurance, but evidence is inconsistent and various products studied also contain additional nutrients.

Diabetes
Leucine may increase insulin secretion, but did not improve blood sugar levels in a clinical study of diabetic men. Further research is needed.

Sarcopenia
Leucine may be useful in some populations to prevent or treat loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, but evidence is inconsistent and various products studied also contain additional nutrients. More studies are needed across frail, elderly, obese, and critically ill patient populations.

Leucine (Leu) or L-leucine is an alpha-amino acid. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon). Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
Leucine is one of 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the amino acids used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Leucine is found in all organisms ranging from bacteria to plants to animals.
Leucine is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH) aliphatic amino acid.
Leucine is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and it must be obtained from the diet.

Leucine is a white, crystalline, water-soluble amino acid, C6H13NO2, obtained by the decomposition of proteins and made synthetically: essential in the nutrition of humans and animals.

Leucine, or l-leucine, is an essential amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Protein helps your body to build and maintain muscle. An essential amino acid is an amino acid that must be provided in your diet because your body doesn't make it on its own.

But leucine is a special type of essential amino acid called a branched chain amino acid (BCAA). There are three branched chain amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, and valine. These BCAAs stimulate protein synthesis in the muscle. Simply put, they help the body to improve health, boost athletic performance, and combat muscle loss.

Leucine (C6H13NO2) is the L-isomer is one of the amino acids found in proteins. Leucine is an essential hydrophobic amino acid.
Leucine is used in the Leucine may be used some people as a supplement to build muscle.
Leucine is also found in fish, meat, and poultry. In the pharmaceutical industry, Leucine is used for parenteral and enteral nutrition and feeding, and is also used as a flavoring product and tablet lubricant in manufacturing.

Leucine is an essential amino acid that is an important component of protein and stimulator of muscle protein synthesis.
Leucine is known that as people get older, over the age of 60, our body goes through many changes such as increase in fat mass and decrease in lean mass such as muscle.

Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid that is sold as a supplement. The other two BCAAs are valine and isoleucine but leucine is the most popular of the three as a bodybuilding supplement.

Leucine is an essential amino acid, meaning that it cannot be produced in the body and needs to be taken in through diet.
Leucine increases energy and protein (therefore, muscle) production .

Similarly to many other amino acids, leucine is found in many foods that are high in protein. Examples include meats (such as fish, chicken, and turkey), dairy products (such as yogurt and cheese), and soybeans. Other foods like eggs, nuts, seeds, and fruit also contain leucine, but to a lesser extent.

Leucine can be classified as:
L-leucine is the natural version of the amino acid, is found in the proteins of the body and is the main form used as a supplement.
D-leucine is the mirror image of L-leucine, which is created in the laboratory and is also used as a supplement.
Despite the popularity of leucine among gym enthusiasts, the science to back up most of its uses is weak.

Leucine, an essential amino acid, is one of the three amino acid with a branched hydrocarbon side chain.
Leucine has one additional methylene group in its side chain compared with valine.

Leucine is one of the eight essential amino acids, and belonging to the aliphatic amino acids within twenty kinds of proteins.
Leucine and L-isoleucine and L-valine are called three branched chain amino acids. Leucine and D-leucine are enantiomers .
Leucine is a white shiny hexahedral crystal or white crystalline powder at room temperature , Odorless, slightly bitter . In the presence of hydrocarbons ,it is stable in the aqueous mineral acid. Per gram is dissolved in 40ml water and about 100ml acetic acid. Very slightly soluble in ethanol or ether, dissolved in formic acid, dilute hydrochloric acid, a solution of alkali hydroxides and a solution of carbonates.
Leucine can promote insulin secretion, can lower blood sugar; promote sleep, reduce sensitivity to pain, migraine headaches, anxiety and ease tension, reduce symptoms of chemical reactions disorder in the body caused by alcohol , and helps control alcoholism; it has a role in the treatment of dizziness , also can promote skin wound and bone healing, so doctors usually advise patients to take leucine supplements after surgery. amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparations are often formulated to be used in the treatment or health care; also be used as food, cosmetics and feed additives and plant growth promoter.

Chemical Properties
White shiny hexahedral crystals or white crystalline powder. Slightly bitter (DL-leucine is sweet). Sublimation at 145~148 ℃. Melting point 293~295 ℃ (decomposition).
Leucine belongs to the essential amino acids,and adult men requirement is 2.2g/d (151 version).
Leucine is necessary in normal growth for infants and maintaining normal nitrogen balance for adults.
Natural products are found in the spleen, heart, etc., and are present in a variety of plant and animal tissues in the form of the proteins, free out after decomposition and corruption.

Uses
Amino acid drugs. Used as amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparations. For the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic high blood sugar and glucose metabolism disorders,bile liver disease associated with reduced secretion , anemia, poisoning, muscular dystrophy, poliomyelitis, neuritis and mental illness. Diabetes, cerebral vascular sclerosis and kidney disease associated with proteinuria and hematuria is contraindicated. Gastric and duodenal ulcer patients should not be served.
Leucine is used as a nutritional supplement,an amino acid infusion preparation and a comprehensive amino acid preparation,a hypoglycemic agent, a plant growth promoter.The product can be used as a spice according to GB 2760-8 .

Production Methods
Leucine is produced microbially by incubating an amino-acidproducing microorganism including but not exclusive to Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Bacillus, or Staphylococcus in the presence of oxygen and a hydrocarbon. The nutrient medium should contain an inhibitory amount of a growth inhibitor that is a chemically similar derivative of leucine (e.g. methylallylglycine, a-hydrozinoisocaproic acid, or b-cyclopentanealanine) to inhibit the growth of the organism except for at least one mutant that is resistant to the inhibitory effect.
The resistant mutant is then isolated and grown in the presence of oxygen and the hydrocarbon in the absence of the inhibitor. The mutant cells are then harvested and a nutrient medium is formed that includes a hydrocarbon as the sole source of carbon. Finally, the harvested cells are incubated in the medium in the presence of oxygen.

Pharmaceutical Applications
Leucine is used in pharmaceutical formulations as a flavoring agent.
Leucine has been used experimentally as an antiadherent to improve the deagglomeration of disodium cromoglycate micro-particles and other compounds in inhalation preparations; and as a tablet lubricant.
Leucine copolymers have been shown to successfully produce stable drug nanocrystals in water.

About Leucine
Helpful information
Leucine is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.

Leucine is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses
Leucine is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, adhesives and sealants, air care products, anti-freeze products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases, perfumes and fragrances, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of Leucine is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use as processing aid and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).

Article service life
Other release to the environment of Leucine is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Leucine is intended to be released from scented: clothes, paper products and CDs.

Widespread uses by professional workers
Leucine is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, laboratory chemicals, adhesives and sealants, air care products, anti-freeze products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leather treatment products, lubricants and greases, photo-chemicals, polishes and waxes and cosmetics and personal care products.
Leucine is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development.
Other release to the environment of Leucine is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. Release to the environment of Leucine can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.

Uses at industrial sites
Leucine is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, perfumes and fragrances, pharmaceuticals, washing & cleaning products and cosmetics and personal care products.
Leucine has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Leucine is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, health services, scientific research and development and mining.
Leucine is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Leucine can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and as processing aid.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Leucine can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Leucine plays a vital role in hemoglobin formation, protein synthesis and metabolic functions.
Leucine assists the growth and repair of muscle and bone tissue.
Leucine is used in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - Lou Gehrig's disease.
Leucine prevents the breakdown of muscle proteins after trauma or severe stress and may be beneficial for individuals with phenylketonuria.
Leucine is also used as a food additive and flavor enhancer. Further, it is used to preserve muscle glycogen.

Chemical & Physical Properties:
Density:   1.0±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point:   225.8±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point:   286-288 ºC
Molecular Formula:   C6H13NO2
Molecular Weight:   131.173
Flash Point:   90.3±22.6 °C
Exact Mass:   131.094635
PSA:   63.32000
LogP:   0.73
Vapour Pressure:   0.0±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
Index of Refraction:   1.463
Water Solubility:   22.4 g/L (20 C)

Use:
Used as pharmaceutical raw materials and food additives

Leucine is an essential amino acid, and the requirement of adult men is 2.2g/d, which is necessary for normal growth of infants and maintenance of normal nitrogen balance in adults.
Leucine is used as a nutritional supplement to prepare amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparation, hypoglycemic agent and plant growth promoter. According to China's GB 2760-86, the product can be used as spices.
As amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparation. For the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic hyperglycemia. And applicable to sugar metabolism disorders, accompanied by decreased bile secretion of liver disease, anemia, poisoning, muscular atrophy, polio sequelae, neuritis and psychosis.

Leucine is one of the eight essential amino acids for the human body, and belongs to the aliphatic amino acids within the twenty protein amino acids, together with L-isoleucine and L-valine are called three branched chain amino acids. And D-leucine is an enantiomer, white glossy hexahedral crystal or white crystalline powder at room temperature. Odorless and slightly bitter.

In the presence of hydrocarbons, the performance is stable in aqueous solutions of inorganic acids. Each gram is dissolved in 40ml of water and about 100ml of acetic acid. Very slightly soluble in ethanol or ether, soluble in formic acid, dilute hydrochloric acid, Alkaline hydroxide and carbonate solution.

Leucine has the effect of promoting insulin secretion, can lower blood sugar; Promote sleep, reduce sensitivity to pain, relieve migraine, ease anxiety and Nervousness mood, reduce the symptoms of chemical imbalance caused by alcohol in the human body, and help control alcoholism;
Leucine has a role in the treatment of dizziness, but also can promote the healing of skin wounds and bones, so doctors usually recommend leucine supplements for patients after surgery. Often preparation of amino acid infusion and comprehensive amino acid preparation, used in treatment or health care;
Leucine can also be used as food, cosmetics and feed additives. Plant growth promoters.

The best dietary sources of leucine include brown rice, legumes, meat, nuts, soy flour, and whole grains. Also need to pay attention to, excessive intake can also cause side effects, a large number of intake will cause pellagra, vitamin A deficiency, dermatitis, Diarrhea, mental disorders and other problems. Too much leucine in the diet also increases the amount of ammonia in the body and destroys the liver and kidney function. Therefore, patients with impaired liver or kidney function should not be excessively ingested, otherwise it can lead to deterioration of the condition.

Leucine is used in biochemical research, medically in the treatment and diagnosis of idiopathic hyperglycemia in young children, and in the treatment of anemia, poisoning, muscular dystrophy, polio sequelae, neuritis, and psychosis.

Preparation Method:
-extraction method
-fermentation method

GROUPS / USES
Agricultural Chemicals, Amino Acid Sources, Animal Nutrition & Feed, Flavor & Fragrance, Food & Beverage, Food Additives, Personal Care & Cosmetics, Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemicals, Nutritionals.

IUPAC names
(2S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, L-α-Aminoisocaproic acid ,L-Norvaline, Leucine
2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
L- LEUCINE
L-Leucine
L-leucine
L-Leucine
L-leucine
L-LEUCINE HR
L-α-Aminoisocaproic acid ,L-Norvaline, 4-methyl-
Leucine
leucine

SYNONYMS:
L-(+)-Leucine
(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(2S)-α-Leucine
(l)-leucine
(S)-(+)-Leucine
(S)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
(S)-leucine
1721722 [Beilstein]
200-522-0 [EINECS]
2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, (S)-
3297
4-Methyl-L-norvaline
6165
61-90-5 [RN]
fenilalanina [Spanish]
H-Leu-OH
L
L-(-)-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
L-2-Amino-4-methylpentanoic acid
LEU
Leucina [Spanish] [INN]
Leucine [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki]
Leucine (USP)
LEUCINE, L-
Leucinum
l-Leu
L-Leucin [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
L-Leucine [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
L-Leucine [French] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
OH2850000
QVYZ1Y1&1 &&L or S Form [WLN]
S-leucine
L-a-Aminoisocaproic acid
(2S)-&α;-2-amino-4-methylvaleric acid
(2S)-&α;-leucine
(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-phenyl-propanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-3-phenyl-propionic acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-pentanoic acid
(2S)-2-amino-4-methyl-valeric acid
(2S)-2-azaniumyl-4-methylpentanoate
(2S)-α-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid
(R-)-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid
(S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid
(S)-2-Amino-4-methylvaleric acid
1-o-tolyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid