PRODUCTS

LEVULINIC ACID

Levulinic Acid is also employed as an additive of polymer, paints and lubricating oil.
Levulinic Acid is also used as a surfactant and auxiliary for making printing ink, rubber flux and cosmetics(including shampoo).
Levulinic Acid is mainly used as an intermediate for medicines, agricultural chemical and organic synthesis.

CAS Number: 123-76-2
EC Number: 204-649-2 (also sometimes listed as 204-649-2).
Molecular Formula: C5H8O3
Molecular Weight: 116.11 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
acetopropionic acid, 3- acetyl propionic acid, beta- acetyl propionic acid, 3- acetyl propionsaeure, 3- acetylpropionic acid, b- acetylpropionic acid, 3- acetylpropionsaeure, acidum laevulinicum, antithermin, 3-keto butane-1-carboxylic acid, laevulic acid, laevulinic acid, levulic acid, levulinic acid natural, 4-keto pentanoic acid, 4-oxo pentanoic acid, gamma-oxo pentanoic acid, pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, propionic acid, 3-acetyl-, 4-keto valeric acid, 4-oxo valeric acid, g-keto valeric acid, gamma-keto valeric acid, valeric acid, 4-oxo-, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 4-Oxovaleric acid, aevuL, 4-oxovaleric, Levulic Acid, laevulic acid, Levulinic acid, 4-oxopentanoate, 4-oxovaleric acid, 4-oxo-pentanoicaci, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 2-Acetopropionicacid, 4-Keto-n-valericacid, 4-Ketopentanoic acid, 4-Oxopentanoic acid), sodium 4-oxopentanoate, 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoic acid, calcium bis(4-oxopentanoate), Levulinic acid 4-oxopentanoic acid, Levulinic acid,(4-Ketopentanoic acid, 4-Oxo-pentanoic acid (levulinic acid), LEVULINIC ACID, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, Laevulinic acid, Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, 4-Oxovaleric acid, 3-Acetylpropionic acid, 4-Ketovaleric acid, gamma-Ketovaleric acid, Acetopropionic acid, Laevulic acid, Valeric acid, 4-oxo-, beta-Acetylpropionic acid, USAF CZ-1, Propionic acid, 3-acetyl-, 4-Oxopentansaeure, Acidum laevulinicum, FEMA No. 2627, 3-Acetylpropionsaeure, 3-Ketobutane-1-carboxylic acid, .beta.-Acetylpropionic acid, NSC 3716, Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo, g-Ketovalerate, .gamma.-Ketovaleric acid, UNII-RYX5QG61EI, b-Acetylpropionate, NSC-3716, EINECS 204-649-2, g-Ketovaleric acid, Acetylpropionic acid, BRN 0506796, b-Acetylpropionic acid, DTXSID8021648, CHEBI:45630, AI3-03377, Valeric acid, 4-oxo-(levulinic acid), LEVULINIC ACID [MI], LEVULINIC ACID [FCC], LEVULINIC ACID [FHFI], DTXCID701648, 4-03-00-01560 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), CALCIUM LEVULATE, Levulinic acid, calcium salt, Diasporal, 4Oxopentansaeure, 4Oxovaleric acid, 4Ketovaleric acid, 4oxopentanoic acid, 3Acetylpropionsaeure, gammaOxovaleric acid, magnesium laevulinate, gammaKetovaleric acid, 4-ketopentanoic acid, Valeric acid, 4oxo, 3Acetylpropionic acid, gammaOxopentanoic acid, Pentanoic acid, 4oxo, betaAcetylpropionic acid, Propionic acid, 3acetyl, 3Ketobutane1carboxylic acid, 3-Ketobutane-1-carboxylate, LEVULINIC ACID [INCI], 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 4-ketovaleric acid, PENTANOIC ACID,4-OXO MFC5 H8 O3, inchi=1/c5h8o3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8), 123-76-2, Levulic acid, LEVA, Levulinsaeure, 4-oxo-pentanoic acid, RYX5QG61EI, NSC3716, laevulinate, levulate, levulinate, 4-ketovalerate, 4-oxovalerate, gamma-ketovalerate, 3-acetylpropionate, beta-acetylpropionate, CAS-123-76-2, MFCD00002796, Laevulinsaeure, levulenic acid, 4-Oxopentanoicacid, Levulinic acid, 98%, Levulinic acid (Standard), WLN: QV2V1, SCHEMBL20868, Levulinic acid, >=97%, FG, CHEMBL1235931, BDBM82191, HY-Y0839R, Levulinic acid, analytical standard, GYB18552, HY-Y0839, Levulinic acid, natural, 99%, FG, Tox21_201483, Tox21_302729, BBL027404, GEO-04255, LMFA01060006, s6207, STK802043, AKOS000119608, DB02239, FL37560, PB48051, NCGC00249052-01, NCGC00256314-01, NCGC00259034-01, 4-Oxovaleric acid;3-Acetylpropionic acid, VS-08535, DB-003710, PENTANOIC ACID,4-OXO MFC5 H8 O3, CS-0015813, L0042, NS00012787, EN300-20219, Levulinic Acid(Discontinued,See C4X-21213), D70802, SBI-0633496.0002, F079484, Q903322, SR-01000944838, SR-01000944838-1, F2191-0253, Z104477318, InChI=1/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8), Laevulinic acid, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 4-Oxovaleric acid, gamma-Ketovaleric acid, Levulic acid, 4-Oxo-pentanoic acid, LA, 4-OXOPENTANOIC ACID, levulinic, LEVA, Laevulinic acid, 4-OXOVALERIC ACID, 2-KETOVALERIC ACID, PENTANOIC ACID, 4-OXO,levulic acid, Acetylpropionic acid, Laevulinic acid, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 4-Oxovaleric acid, gamma-Ketovaleric acid, Levulic acid, 4-Oxo-pentanoic acid, 4-Oxopentanoic acid, 4-Oxovaleric acid, β-Acetylpropionic acid, γ-Ketovaleric acid, Levulic acid, Laevulinic acid, 3-Acetylpropionic acid

Levulinic acid has a tart, whiskey taste.
Levulinic acid forms colorless crystals that are readily soluble in water, ethanol, and diethyl ether.

Levulinic Acid is reported found in papaya, wheat bread, rice, sake and Chinese quince.
Levulinic Acid is an oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.
Levulinic Acid has a role as a plant metabolite.

Levulinic Acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and an oxopentanoic acid.
Levulinic Acid is a conjugate acid of a 4-oxopentanoate.
Levulinic Acid is soluble in water (675g/L at 20°C).

Levulinic acid is a versatile building block with drop-in and potential new uses in many industrial and specialty applications, as well as pharmaceuticals.
Levulinic acid (CAS 123-76-2, EC 204-649-2) is a small keto-acid (C₅H₈O₃, ~116 g/mol) derived from biomass and used as a versatile platform chemical, solvent/intermediate and in personal care for skin-conditioning/perfuming functions.

Levulinic Acid's physical properties include a melting point ~33–37 °C, boiling point ~245–246 °C, density ~1.13 g/cm³, good water solubility, and hydrophilic character (log P ~-0.5).
From a safety standpoint Levulinic Acid requires standard acid/chemical handling precautions and is considered biodegradable.
Its versatility and “green” origin make Levulinic Acid increasingly used in sustainable formulation strategies.

If you plan to include Levulinic Acid in a formulation, ensure supplier grade meets purity/regulatory criteria, perform compatibility and stability testing, consider pH/buffer effects, and ensure safe use labeling.
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H.

Levulinic Acid is classified as a keto acid.
This white crystalline solid, Levulinic Acid, is soluble in water and polar organic solvents.
Levulinic Acid is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels.

With its unique properties and excellent functionality, Levulinic Acid is a valuable resource in modern chemistry, and its role in the development of sustainable technologies is becoming increasingly important.
Levulinic acid, also known as laevulinsaeure or levulate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives.

These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom.
Levulinic acid exists in all living organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans.
Levulinic acid is a sweet, acetoin, and acidic tasting compound.

Levulinic acid has been detected, but not quantified in, several different foods, such as fruits, green vegetables, chickens (Gallus gallus), root vegetables, and breakfast cereal.
This could make levulinic acid a potential biomarker for the consumption of these foods.

Levulinic acid is a secondary metabolite.
Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules.
In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites.

Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Levulinic acid.
Levulinic Acid belongs to the class of organic compounds known as gamma-keto acids and derivatives.
These are organic compounds containing an aldehyde substituted with a keto group on the C4 carbon atom.

Levulinic Acid is a white flake crystals, hygroscopic.
Levulinic Acid is a clear yellowish liquid after melting.
Levulinic Acid is easily soluble in water and alcohol, ether organic solvents.

Levulinic acid is conventionally derived from refined petroleum but technological advances now permit the production of levulinic acid from biomass.
Levulinic Acid is suitable feedstocks from the forest industry include pulp and paper mill residues, sawmill and logging residues, and solid municipal waste.

Obtaining enough raw materials to support the production of levulinic acid from biomass is not a foreseeable concern; Canada currently produces over 75 million tonnes of logging residues annually which, in turn, could produce 19 million tonnes of levulinic acid.
Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CH2CH2CO2H.

Levulinic acid at room temperature is solid in its pure form but can also appear as a viscous liquid if there are impurities or at slightly elevated temperatures.
Levulinic acid is a white crystalline powder that can also appear as a colorless to pale yellow liquid under certain conditions.

Levulinic Acid is slightly soluble in water and has a distinctive light odor.
Levulinic acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.
Levulinic acid has been reported in Dendronephthya hemprichi with data available.

Levulinic Acid is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of III.
Levulinic Acid inhibits 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase.
Levulinic Acid is an organic acid.

USES and APPLICATIONS of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic acid is used as a chemical building block (platform chemical) for production of derivatives such as γ-valerolactone, ethyl levulinate, other esters, plasticizers, coatings, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.
In cosmetics/personal care: According to SpecialChem INCI page, Levulinic Acid is listed for functions including skin-conditioning and perfuming.

As a biobased chemical: Origin Materials and other companies promote levulinic acid as a “green” alternative feedstock.
Levulinic Acid is mainly used as an intermediate for medicines, agricultural chemical and organic synthesis.
Levulinic Acid is used as raw material of perfume, modifier and solvent of plastics.

Levulinic Acid is used as raw material of perfume, modifier and solvent of plastics.
Levulinic Acid is also employed as an additive of polymer, paints and lubricating oil.
Levulinic Acid is also used as a surfactant and auxiliary for making printing ink, rubber flux and cosmetics(including shampoo).

Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of useful intermediates such as γ-valerolactone, ethyl levulinate, pentanoic acid and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran.
Derivatization and esterification of levulinic acid results in potential biofuels.

Levulinic Acid can also be used in: The preparation of catalytic composite to synthesize 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural, The synthesis of a commercial fragrance, fraistone, The synthesis of pyrrolidone derivatives via reductive amination, The total synthesis of mycobacterial arabinogalactan.
Levulinic acid has a wide range of applications.
Levulinic acid can react as a carboxylic acid and as a ketone.

Through esterification, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidative dehydrogenation, condensation, etc., various products are prepared, including resins, medicines, fragrances, solvents, coatings and inks, rubber and plastic additives, lubricating oil additives, surfactants, etc.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Levulinic Acid's calcium salt (calcium fructose) can be used for intravenous injection.
As a nutritional medicine, Levulinic Acid helps the formation of bone and maintains the normal excitability of nerves and muscles.

Levulinic Acid is also used to produce indomethacin and plant hormones.
Bisphenol acid prepared from levulinic acid can be used to make water-soluble resin, which is used in the paper industry to produce filter paper.

Levulinic acid can be utilized by the cells as a cosubstrate for biopolymer synthesis.
Levulinic acid can be used in antibacterial research.

Levulinic acid is also an intermediate of pesticides and dyes.
Levulinic acid may be used as an analytical reference standard for the quantification of the analyte in the following: Soy sauce using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC–MS).

Levulinic Acid is used liquid food samples using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID).
Levulinic Acid is mainly used as raw materials and solvents for resins, medicines, spices and coatings.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Levulinic Acid's calcium salt can be made into intravenous injection and indomethacin.

Levulinic Acid's lower ester can be used as food flavor or tobacco flavor.
The water-soluble resin can be produced by Levulinic Acid, which is used in the production of filter paper in the paper industry.
Levulinic Acid can also be used for the preparation of pesticides (such as plant hormones, etc.), dyes and surfactants.

Levulinic Acid is used as raw material of perfume, modifier and solvent of plastics.
Levulinic Acid is a widely used organic compound with a variety of applications, including as a precursor to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals.

Levulinic Acid can also be used as a solvent, intermediate, and flavoring agent.
Levulinic Acid is widely used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals.
Levulinic Acid is also used as a solvent, intermediate, and flavoring agent.

Levulinic Acid is used as a precursor to γ-valerolactone, a green solvent and fuel.
Levulinic Acid is used as a replacement for phthalate plasticizers in plastics and resins.
Levulinic Acid is used as a flavoring agent and preservative in food and beverage applications.

Levulinic Acid is used as a raw material for the production of levulinate esters, which have applications in cosmetics and personal care products.
Levulinic Acid is a highly versatile organic compound with a wide range of applications.

Levulinic Acid is an important precursor to many chemicals used in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals.
Levulinic Acid is also used as a solvent, intermediate, and flavoring agent.
Levulinic acid is a biomass product and its derivatives, such as ethyl levulinate and alkyl levulinate, can be used as fuel additives.

Levulinic acid is used for calcium levulinate in pharmaceuticals, as esters in solvents and plasticizers, and for making valerolactone.
As its uses expand, Levulinic Acid will probably be made from cellulosic wastes.
Mesitonic acid, a homolog of levulinic acid, is obtained by boiling mesityl oxide with KCN.

Hydrogenation of levulinic acid can produce other useful chemicals.
Valeric-g-lactone, which is an effective solvent with extensive uses, can be obtained in very high yields.
Levulinic Acid may be hydrogenated to 1,4-pentandiol, which upon dehydration yields 1,3-pentadine (piperylene).

Piperylene is known to polymerize to a rubbery mass and is therefore a source of synthetic rubber.
Levulinic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of useful intermediates such as γ-valerolactone, ethyl levulinate, pentanoic acid and 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran.

Derivatization and esterification of levulinic acid results in potential biofuels.
Levulinic Acid can also be used in The preparation of catalytic composite to synthesize 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural.
Levulinic Acid is used in the synthesis of a commercial fragrance, fraistone.

Levulinic Acid is used in the synthesis of pyrrolidone derivatives via reductive amination.
Levulinic Acid is used in the total synthesis of mycobacterial arabinogalactan.
Levulinic Acid can be used as the raw materials of medicine, spices and paint, and used as solvent.

Levulinic acid can be used as both a carboxylic acid and can also be used as a ketone for reaction for making various kinds of products through esterification, halogenation, hydrogenation, oxidation dehydrogenation, condensation, etc., including resins, pharmaceuticals, spices, solvents, rubber and plastic additives, lubricants additives, surfactants and so on.
In the pharmaceutical industry,Levulinic Acid's calcium salt (calcium fructose) can be used for intravenous injection.

As a nutritional medicine, Levulinic Acid helps to boost the formation of bone and maintain the normal excitability of nerves and muscles.
Levulinic Acid can also be used for the production of indomethacin and plant hormones.
Levulinic acid manufactured bisphenol acid can be made of water-soluble resin, used in the paper industry to produce filter paper.

Levulinic acid is also an intermediate of pesticides and dyes.
Levulinic Acid is used for biochemical reagents, but also for organic synthesis.
Levulinic Acid can be used as an important chemical raw material or solvents.

Levulinic Acid can be used for the manufacturing of medicine (intravenous injection, indomethacin, etc.), resin (bisphenol acid water-soluble resin), spices (spices or tobacco spices), paint, paint, pesticides, and surfactants.
Levulinic Acid can be used for biochemical research; manufacturing of esters and drugs.
Levulinic Acid is also an inhibitor of chlorophyll synthesis.

PROPERTIES & BENEFITS (FOR FORMULATORS/USERS) of LEVULINIC ACID:
Because Levulinic Acid has carboxylic acid function plus a ketone, it allows chemical transformations (esterification, amidation) enabling creation of functional derivatives.
As a building block from biomass, Levulinic Acid supports sustainable/green chemistry aims (renewable feedstock).

In personal care formulations, Levulinic Acid property may help in adjusting pH or providing mild exfoliation/acid function (though usage levels and regulatory allowances must be checked).

As a solvent or intermediate in industrial formulations Levulinic Acid offers a relatively high boiling point and good solubility in polar solvents, making it potentially useful as a co-solvent or reactive intermediate.

NATURE of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic Acid is a white Flake Crystal, flammable, hygroscopic.
Levulinic Acid is soluble in water and alcohol, ether organic solvents.
Distillation at atmospheric pressure hardly decomposes, and if heated for a long time, water is lost to become unsaturated Y-lactone.

Melting point of Levulinic Acid is 37.2 °C.
Boiling point of Levulinic Acid is 139~140 deg C (lkPa).

The relative density of Levulinic Acid was 1.1335.
Refractive index of Levulinic Acid is 4396.

PREPARATION METHOD of LEVULINIC ACID:
The cellulose residue or waste sweet potato residue from the production of furfural from cottonseed shells or corncob is hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid under pressure (above 150 ℃, 350 ~ 500kPa), filtered and vacuum distilled to obtain a finished product.
In addition, furfuryl alcohol in the presence of hydrochloric acid, pressure hydrolysis can also be prepared this product.

PROPERTIES of LEVULINIC ACID:
*Solubility of 4-Oxopentanoic Acid
Levulinic Acid, with the chemical formula C5H8O3, displays intriguing solubility characteristics that are worth noting:

*Water Solubility:
Levulinic Acid is moderately soluble in water.
This is due to the presence of both a carboxylic acid group and a carbonyl group, enabling hydrogen bonding with water molecules.

*Organic Solvents:
Levulinic Acid is also soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such as alcohols and ethers, showing a greater affinity for organic rather than aqueous environments.

*pH Effects:
The solubility can vary with pH; in more basic conditions, the carboxylic acid group may deprotonate, increasing Levulinic Acid's solubility in water.
Levulinic Acid's often noted that "the solubility of a compound can significantly affect its reactivity and applications in chemical processes."

Thus, understanding solubility not only facilitates Levulinic Acid's use in synthetic pathways but also enhances its functionality in various chemical applications.
Overall, the solubility behavior of Levulinic Acid underscores its versatile role in both aqueous and organic environments, pivotal for a range of biochemical processes and reactions.

PREPARATION of LEVULINIC ACID:
By action of more or less concentrated HCl on sucrose, glucose or fructose; hence, its reported presence in caramels.
The residue during the manufacturing of furfural with cotton seed shell or corncob sugar (furfural residue) or waste taro residue, through pressured hydrolysis with dilute acid, can be used to produce levulinic acid.

The furfural residue was added to 10% dilute hydrochloric acid, the solidified solution was 1: 1.75, mixed and put into the hydrolysis pot, steamed at a pressure of 0.2MPa for 8-10 h.

The diluted solution is then filtered and concentrated to a concentration of about 50%.
It is further subject to vacuum distillation for collecting the fraction above 130 ℃ (2.67kPa) to obtain the finished product.
Raw material consumption quota: potato tacar 7,000 kg/t, hydrochloric acid (fold 100%) 1800kg/t.

Another method is manufacturing through the rearrangement and hydrolysis of sugar alcohol.
4% hydrochloric acid solution was added to the reaction pot, stir and heat to 97-100 ℃, slowly add the mixture of furfuryl alcohol, ethanol and water.
After addition, stir 30 min.

The filtrate was concentrated at 80 ° C (21.3 kPa) under reduced pressure to give crude levulinic acid.
Then apply vacuum distillation, collect the fraction of 160-170 ° C (2.67kPa), and then re-distill once, to obtain the refined levulinic acid with the yield of about 75%.

SYNTHESIS of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic acid was first prepared in 1840 by Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder by heating fructose with hydrochloric acid.
The first commercial production of levulinic acid began as a batchwise process in an autoclave by starch manufacturer A. E. Staley in the 1940s.
In 1953 Quaker Oats developed a continuous process for the production of levulinic acid.

In 1956, Levulinic Acid was identified as a platform chemical with high potential.
In 2004 the US Department of Energy (U.S. DoE) identified levulinic acid as one of the 12 potential platform chemicals in the biorefinery concept.

The synthesis of levulinic acid from hexoses (glucose, fructose) or starch in dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.
In addition to formic acid further, partly insoluble, by-products are produced.

These are deeply colored and their complete removal is a challenge for most technologies.
Many concepts for the commercial production of levulinic acid are based on a strong acid technology.

The processes are conducted in a continuous manner at high pressures and temperatures.
Lignocellulose is an inexpensive starting material.

Levulinic acid is separated from the mineral acid catalyst by extraction.
Levulinic acid is purified by distillation.

REACTIONS AND APPLICATIONS of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic acid is used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and various other additives.
The largest application of levulinic acid is its use in the production of aminolevulinic acid, a biodegradable herbicide used in South Asia.
Another key application is the use of levulinic acid in cosmetics.
Ethyl levulinate, a primary derivative of levulinic acid, is extensively used in fragrances and perfumes.
Levulinic acid is a chemical building block or starting material for a wide variety of other compounds including γ-valerolactone and 2-methyl-THF.

OTHER OCCURRENCE AND NICHE USES of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic acid is used in cigarettes to increase nicotine delivery in smoke and binding of nicotine to neural receptors.
Levulinic acid, in its cyclic alternate structure, was the first pseudoacid to be described as such.

ETYMOLOGY of LEVULINIC ACID:
The former term "levulose" for fructose gave levulinic acid its name.
Levulinic Acid is an oxopentanoic acid with the oxo group in the 4-position.
Levulinic Acid has a role as a plant metabolite.
Levulinic Acid is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and an oxopentanoic acid.
Levulinic Acid is a conjugate acid of a 4-oxopentanoate.

BENEFITS of LEVULINIC ACID:
Carbon-negative footprint validated by Deloitte-authored life cycle assessment: Life Cycle Assessment by Deloitte Consulting.
Cost-competitive with fossil-based levulinic acid.
Sustainable, drop-in ready, and chemically identical to fossil-based levulinic acid.
Expected to provide stable pricing largely de-coupled from the petroleum supply chain, which is exposed to more volatility than supply chains based on sustainable wood residues.
Supports many downstream chemistries and products.
100% bio-content.

NOTES of LEVULINIC ACID:
Light Sensitive.
Store Levulinic Acid in dark.
Store Levulinic Acid away from oxidizing agents and bases.

INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic Acid, also known as 2-oxo-4-pentenoic acid, is a fascinating compound that plays a significant role in various fields of chemistry and biochemistry.

Here are some intriguing facts about Levulinic Acid:
*Key Metabolic Intermediate:
Levulinic Acid acts as an important intermediate in metabolic pathways, particularly in the synthesis of amino acids and other organic compounds.

*Applications in Synthesis:
Levulinic Acid is utilized in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, making it a valuable building block in organic chemistry.

*Versatile Reactivity:
The presence of a carbonyl group allows for a range of chemical reactions, including Michael addition and aldol condensation, which are fundamental in organic synthesis.

*Biological Relevance:
Compounds that are structurally related to Levulinic Acid have been studied for their potential roles in metabolic disorders, hinting at a connection to human health and disease.

*Potential in Research:
Its unique structure makes Levulinic Acid an intriguing subject for research, especially in exploring new methodologies for chemical synthesis and drug design.
As with many organic acids, the study of Levulinic Acid sheds light on the complexity of chemical reactions and the intricate nature of biological systems.

Levulinic Acid's dual nature of being both a synthetic building block and a metabolic intermediate highlights the interconnectedness of chemistry and life.
With ongoing research, new applications and insights into compounds like Levulinic Acid continue to emerge, emphasizing the ever-evolving nature of the field of chemistry.

ALTERNATIVE PARENTS of LEVULINIC ACID:
*Short-chain keto acids and derivatives
*Ketones
*Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives
*Carboxylic acids
*Organic oxides
*Hydrocarbon derivatives

SUBSTITUENTS of LEVULINIC ACID:
*Gamma-keto acid
*Short-chain keto acid
*Ketone
*Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
*Carboxylic acid
*Carboxylic acid derivative
*Organic oxygen compound
*Organic oxide
*Hydrocarbon derivative
*Organooxygen compound
*Carbonyl group
*Aliphatic acyclic compound

PROPERTIES, PRODUCTION, AND INDUSTRIAL USE of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic Acid (CAS 123-76-2) is a fascinating organic compound that serves as a fundamental building block across a multitude of industries.
With its unique keto-acid structure (C5H8O3), Levulinic Acid intermediate offers a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals and fragrances to advanced materials and biorefining.

For those in procurement and R&D, a thorough understanding of Levulinic Acid's properties and production is key to leveraging its full potential.
As a prominent Levulinic Acid manufacturer in China, we aim to provide clear insights into this essential chemical.

The physical properties of Levulinic Acid are noteworthy.
Levulinic Acid appears as a pale yellow transparent liquid or crystalline solid, depending on the temperature, with a melting point typically around 30-35°C.

Levulinic Acid's solubility in water and polar organic solvents makes it easy to handle in various chemical processes.
The purity of Levulinic Acid is a critical specification, with industrial grades often requiring 99% or higher for demanding applications.

When you consider where to buy Levulinic Acid, always verify these specifications with your supplier.
Historically, Levulinic Acid was first synthesized by heating fructose with hydrochloric acid.

Modern production methods, often derived from biomass like cellulose or starch, focus on efficiency and sustainability.
These processes typically involve acid catalysis under controlled temperature and pressure conditions.

The challenge often lies in separating and purifying the Levulinic Acid from by-products.
As a leading supplier, our production facilities employ advanced techniques to ensure high purity and consistent quality, making us a reliable source for this organic intermediate.

The industrial applications of Levulinic Acid are remarkably diverse.
In the pharmaceutical sector, Levulinic Acid acts as a precursor for active ingredients and drug intermediates.

Levulinic Acid's also vital in the creation of resins, coatings, and plasticizers.
Levulinic Acid's role in the flavor and fragrance industry, particularly its ester derivatives, is well-established for imparting desirable notes to food, beverages, and tobacco products.

Furthermore, Levulinic Acid is recognized as a key platform chemical in biorefineries, holding promise for the production of biofuels and other sustainable chemicals, underscoring its importance in green chemistry initiatives.

For businesses looking to source Levulinic Acid, partnering with an experienced manufacturer in China offers significant advantages.
In summary, Levulinic Acid is a chemical of immense industrial value, characterized by its versatile applications and growing importance in sustainable production.

CHARACTERISTICS RELEVANT TO FORMULATION of LEVULINIC ACID:
Because Levulinic Acid is water-soluble and moderately acidic, in formulations it may influence pH and compatibility with other ingredients (especially bases, metal salts, surfactants) — pH control is important.

The melting point is relatively low (~33-37 °C) which means at room temperature it may be solid or semi-solid depending on grade; thus formulation handling (melting, mixing) should consider thermal behaviour.

Levulinic Acid is compatible with biomass-derived feedstocks and has potential for “bio-based labelling” in formulation marketing.
Because of Levulinic Acid's keto-acid nature, storage and stability should consider potential for decarboxylation or dehydration under harsh conditions (though for typical formulations such concerns may be minimal).

MANUFACTURE PROCEDURES of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic Acid can be produced from biomass or petrochemicals.
The production process involves the dehydration of fructose or glucose to form levulinic acid.
This process is typically carried out in the presence of acid catalysts or solid acid catalysts.

PROPERTIES of LEVULINIC ACID:
Appearance:
Levulinic Acid is a white crystalline powder that is slightly soluble in water.
Levulinic Acid's purity is generally over 99%.

Molecular formula:
C5H8O3

Solubility:
Levulinic Acid is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether.

Melting Point:
The melting point of Levulinic Acid ranges from 31℃ to 34℃.

Density:
The density of Levulinic Acid is 1.5 g/cm³.

CHARACTERISTICS of LEVULINIC ACID:
Levulinic Acid is a highly reactive organic compound that has a number of useful properties.
Levulinic Acid is a versatile building block for the synthesis of a wide range of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals.
Levulinic Acid is also an important solvent and intermediate in the manufacturing of various products.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of LEVULINIC ACID:
Chemical Formula: C5H8O3
Molar Mass: 116.11 g/mol
Density: 1.1447 g/cm³
Melting Point: 33 to 35 °C (91 to 95 °F; 306 to 308 K)
Boiling Point: 245 to 246 °C (473 to 475 °F; 518 to 519 K)
Molecular Weight: 116.11 g/mol
XLogP3: -0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 3
Exact Mass: 116.047344113 Da

Monoisotopic Mass: 116.047344113 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 54.4 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 8
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 106
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CBNumber: CB3213533
Molecular Formula: C5H8O3
Molecular Weight: 116.12
MDL Number: MFCD00002796
MOL File: 123-76-2.mol
Melting Point: 30-33 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 245-246 °C (lit.)
Density: 1.134 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg (102 °C)
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.439 (lit.)

FEMA: 2627 | LEVULINIC ACID
Flash Point: 280 °F
Storage Temp.: Store below +30°C
Solubility: 675 g/l
Form: Liquid After Melting
pKa: 4.65 (H2O, t = 25, c = 0.03-0.001) (Uncertain)
Color: Clear yellow
Odor: at 100.00 % sweet caramel acidic acetoin buttery
Odor Type: caramellic
Biological Source: synthetic
Water Solubility: Soluble in water (675 g/L at 20°C)

Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,5472
JECFA Number: 606
BRN: 506796
InChIKey: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -0.498
Surface Tension: 42.53 mN/m at 298.15 K
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): LEVULINIC ACID
FDA 21 CFR: 172.515

CAS DataBase Reference: 123-76-2 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: RYX5QG61EI
NIST Chemistry Reference: Pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-(123-76-2)
EPA Substance Registry System: Levulinic acid (123-76-2)
UNSPSC Code: 85151701
NACRES: NA.24
CAS: 123-76-2
IUPAC Name: 4-oxopentanoic acid

Molecular Formula: C5H8O3
InChI Key: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 116.12
Appearance (Color): Clear colorless to pale yellow
Assay (Aqueous acid-base Titration): ≥97.5 to ≤102.5%
Identification (FTIR): Conforms
Refractive Index: 1.4395-1.4435 @ 20 °C
Form: Liquid

Assay (Silylated GC): ≥97.5%
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 204-649-2
FDA UNII: RYX5QG61EI
Nikkaji Web: J10.067F
Beilstein Number: 0506796
MDL: MFCD00002796
CoE Number: 23
XlogP3: -0.50 (est)
Molecular Weight: 116.11636000
Formula: C5H8O3
Appearance: yellow to brown clear liquid (est)

Assay: 97.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Specific Gravity: 1.13800 to 1.14800 @ 25.00 °C
Refractive Index: 1.43500 to 1.44500 @ 20.00 °C
Melting Point: 30.00 to 33.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point: 245.00 to 246.00 °C @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 0.011000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C (est)
Flash Point: 280.00 °F TCC (137.78 °C)
logP (o/w): -0.490

Soluble in: alcohol, oils, water (6.746e+005 mg/L @ 25 °C est)
Insoluble in: paraffin oil
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: C5H8O3 = 116.12
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature (Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
Condition to Avoid: Light Sensitive
CAS RN: 123-76-2
Reaxys Registry Number: 506796
PubChem Substance ID: 87572010

SDBS (AIST Spectral DB): 1418
Merck Index (14): 5472
MDL Number: MFCD00002796
Linear Formula: CH3COCH2CH2COOH
CAS Number: 123-76-2
Molecular Weight: 116.12
Beilstein: 506796
EC Number: 204-649-2
MDL Number: MFCD00002796

UNSPSC Code: 12352100
PubChem Substance ID: 24896298
NACRES: NA.22
Physical State: solid
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting Point/Freezing Point: 30-33 °C (lit.)
Initial Boiling Point and Boiling Range: 245-246 °C (lit.)
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available

Upper/Lower Flammability or Explosive Limits: No data available
Flash Point: 98 °C - closed cup
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available
pH: No data available
Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: 791.3 g/l at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 105
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): log Pow: -0.497 at 20 °C

Vapor Pressure: 1 hPa at 102 °C
Density: 1.134 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Relative Density: 1.14 at 20 °C - OECD Test Guideline 109
Relative Vapour Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: Not classified as explosive
Oxidizing Properties: none
Other Safety Information: No data available

CAS Number: 123-76-2
EINECS: 204-649-2
InChI: InChI=1/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)/p-1
InChIKey: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C5H8O3
Molar Mass: 116.12
Density: 1.134 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Melting Point: 30-33 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 245-246 °C (lit.)
Flash Point: 280 °F
JECFA Number: 606

Water Solubility: Soluble in water (675 g/L at 20 °C)
Solubility: 675 g/l
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg (102 °C)
Appearance: White crystal
Color: Clear yellow
Merck: 14,5472
BRN: 506796
pKa: 4.65 (H2O, t = 25, c = 0.03-0.001) (Uncertain)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.439 (lit.)
MDL: MFCD00002796
Character: White flaky crystal with hygroscopicity

Melting Point: 37.2 °C
Boiling Point: 139–140 °C
Relative Density: 1.1335
Refractive Index: 1.4396
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol, ether organic solvents
CAS Number: 123-76-2
IUPAC Name: 4-oxopentanoic acid
Molecular Formula: C5H8O3
InChI Key: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC(=O)CCC(O)=O
Molecular Weight: 116.12 g/mol
Appearance: May darken on storage
Titration with NaOH: >=98.0 %

Appearance (Color): Colorless to white to yellow to orange
Refractive Index: 1.4390 to 1.4430 (20°C, 589 nm)
Appearance (Form): Liquid after melting or solid
Infrared Spectrum: Conforms
Appearance: Typically white to colourless crystalline solid
Chemical Formula: C5H8O3
Molecular Weight: 116.12 g/mol
Melting Point / Freezing Point: 33–37 °C
Boiling Point: 245–246 °C
Density: 1.13–1.15 g/cm³ at 20–25 °C
Solubility: Readily soluble in water and polar solvents (~70.7 g/100 g at 30.09 °C)

Refractive Index: nD ~1.4396 at 20 °C
Log P (estimated): −0.5
Chemical Nature: Keto-acid (a carboxylic acid with a ketone functional group)
Average Molecular Weight: 116.1152
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight: 116.047344122
Traditional Name: Levulinic acid
CAS Registry Number: 123-76-2
SMILES: CC(=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C5H8O3/c1-4(6)2-3-5(7)8/h2-3H2,1H3,(H,7,8)
InChI Key: JOOXCMJARBKPKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

FIRST AID MEASURES of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of LEVULINIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available