LIMONENE (TERPENE)

Limonene (Terpene) is the most important and widespread terpene; it is known in the d- and l- optically active forms and in the optically inactive dl-form (known as dipentene).
Limonene (Terpene) is obtained in large amounts as a by-product in the production of orange juice; Limonene (Terpene) is isolated in relatively small quantities from essential oils. 
Limonene (Terpene), which are commercially available under the name dipentene, are formed as by-products in many acid-catalyzed isomerizations of α- and β-pinene. 

CAS Number: 138-86-3
Molecular Formula: C10H16
Molecular Weight: 136.23
EINECS Number: 205-341-0

Synonyms: LIMONENE, Dipentene, 138-86-3, Cinene, Cajeputene, DL-Limonene, Kautschin, Dipenten, Eulimen, Nesol, p-Mentha-1,8-diene, 1,8-p-Menthadiene, Cajeputen, Limonen, Cinen, Inactive limonene, Acintene DP dipentene, (+/-)-Limonene, 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene, Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, Unitene, alpha-Limonene, Flavor orange, Orange flavor, Goldflush II, 4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene, Acintene DP, 4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-1-cyclohexene, Dipanol, Di-p-mentha-1,8-diene, 1,8(9)-p-Menthadiene, d,l-Limonene, Limonene, dl-, 7705-14-8, Dipentene 200, (+-)-Dipentene, DL-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene, (+-)-Linonene, Caswell No. 526, delta-1,8-Terpodiene, p-Mentha-1,8-diene, dl-, (+-)-alpha-Limonene, Dipentene, crude, 1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-1-ene, MENTHA-1,8-DIENE (DL), NSC 21446, PC 560, 1-Methyl-4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene, Terpodiene, Ciene, 1-methyl-4-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexene, Cyclil decene, HSDB 1809, Limonene, (+/-)-, NSC 844, Orange x, Dipentene, technical grade, p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (+-)-, .alpha.-Limonene, DIPENTENE (+-), EINECS 205-341-0, EINECS 231-732-0, 1-Methyl-p-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 079701, Mentha-1,8-diene, DTXSID2029612, UNII-9MC3I34447, CHEBI:15384, AI3-00739, NSC-844, NSC-21446, (+-)-(RS)-limonene, DL-p-mentha-1,8-diene, Mentha-1,8-diene, DL, .delta.-1,8-Terpodiene, 8016-20-4, 9MC3I34447, Terpenes and Terpenoids, limonene fraction, Methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohexene, DTXCID209612, NSC844, 65996-98-7, (1)-1-Methyl-4-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexene, 1-Methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohexene, Methyl-4-isopropenyl-1-cyclohexene, NSC21446, Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene, NCGC00163742-03, 4-(1-methylethenyl)-1-methyl-cyclohexene, (+/-)-1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)CYCLOHEXENE, Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (.+/-.), Limonene 1000 microg/mL in Isopropanol, CAS-138-86-3, 4-mentha-1,8-diene, TERPIN MONOHYDRATE IMPURITY C (EP IMPURITY), TERPIN MONOHYDRATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-, (R)-, UN2052, Achilles dipentene, Dipentene, tech., 4-isopropenyl-1-methyl-cyclohexene, Nesol/from Table/, c0626, MFCD00062992, p-Mentha-1, dl-, d(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene, limonene, (+-)-, (.+-.)-Limonene, (.+-.)-Dipentene, p-Menthane/from Table/, 4 Mentha 1,8 diene, LIMONENE [HSDB], LIMONENE [MI], (.+/-.)-Dipentene, (.+/-.)-Limonene, DIPENTENE [VANDF], DIPENTEN [WHO-DD], Cyclohexene, (.+-.)-, Dipentene, p.a., 95%, (+-)-LIMONENE, 1-METHYL-4-PROP-1-EN-2-YL-CYCLOHEXENE, p-Mentha-1,8(9)-diene, CHEMBL15799, (.+/-.)-.alpha.-Limonene, (+/-)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene, p-Mentha-1, (.+-.)-, HMS3264E05, Pharmakon1600-00307080, HY-N0544, LIMONENE, (+/-)-(II), Tox21_112068, Tox21_201818, Tox21_303409, NSC757069, STK801934, 1-methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohex-1-ene, LIMONENE, (+/-)- [II], AKOS009031280, Cyclohexene, 4-Isopropenyl-1-methyl-, USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 079701, WLN: L6UTJ A1 DY1 & U1, CCG-214016, FS-8076, p-Mentha-1,8-diene, (.+/-.)-, SB44847, UN 2052, NCGC00163742-01, NCGC00163742-02, NCGC00163742-04, NCGC00163742-05, NCGC00257291-01, NCGC00259367-01, turpentine oil terpenes limonene fraction, DA-75016, NCI60_041856, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) cylcohexene, 1-methyl-4-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohexene, Dipentene [UN2052] [Flammable liquid], Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethynyl), DB-053490, DB-072716, CS-0009072, L0046, NS00067923, EN300-21627, C06078, D00194, E88572, AB01563249_01, Q278809, SR-01000872759, CYCLOHEXENE 1-METHYL-4-(1-METHYLETHENYL)-, J-007186, J-520048, SR-01000872759-1, BRD-A81494260-001-02-5, 4B4F06FC-8293-455D-8FD5-C970CDB001EE, Dipentene, mixt. of limonene, 56-64%, and terpinolene, 20-25%, 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-or 1-methyl-4-isopropenyl-cyclohex-1-ene, 65996-99-8, DL-LIMONENE (MIXTURE OF D- AND L-FORM CA;LIMONENE(P);Dipentene technical grade;(±)-LiMonene, Mixture of isoMers;DL-Limonene (mixture of D- and L-form ~1:1) for synthesis;acintenedpdipentene;alpha-Limonene;Cajeputen

Limonene (Terpene), which is a volatile oil, constitutes approximately 98% of orange peel oil by weight and has moderately good knockdown activity against ectoparasites of companion animals. 
The insecticidal activity of both d-limonene and linalool is enhanced when synergized by piperonyl butoxide. Apart from toxicoses reported in cats (65), d-limonene generally has a high margin of safety.
Limonene (Terpene) is a cyclic monoterpene that has been found in various plant oils and Cannabis and has antifungal activity. 

Limonene (Terpene) completely inhibits mycelial growth and aflatoxin B1 production in A. flavus when used at concentrations of 500 and 250 ppm, respectively.
Limonene (Terpene) also inhibits the growth of various additional fungi in vitro, including S. cerevisiae, R. glutinis, and K. thermotolerans. 
Limonene (Terpene) has been identified as a contact dermatitis allergen in honing oil, paint thinner, and turpentine. Formulations containing (±)-limonene have been used as fragrance and flavoring ingredients.

Limonene (Terpene) is a naturally occurring monoterpene and a major component of the essential oils in citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. 
It is a hydrocarbon with a characteristic pleasant, citrus-like aroma. 
Structurally, Limonene (Terpene) is a cyclic compound belonging to the class of terpenes and has the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₆.

Limonene (Terpene) as well as the racemate (dipentene) occur abundantly in many essential oils.
The(+) isomer is present in citrus peel oils at a concentration of over 90%; a low concentration of the isomer is found in oils from the Mentha species and conifers.
Limonene (Terpene) is a liquid with lemon-like odor. 

It is a reactive compound; oxidation often yields more than one product. 
Dehydrogenation leads to p-cymene. Limonene can be converted into cyclic terpene alcohols by hydrohalogenation, followed by hydrolysis. 
Nitrosyl chloride adds selectively to the endocyclic double bond; this reaction is utilized in the manufacture of -carvone from (+)- limonene.

Distillation of the so-called dipentene fraction yields limonenes in varying degrees of purity.
The limonenes are used as fragrance materials for perfuming household products and as components of artificial essential oils.
Limonene (Terpene) has a pleasant, lemon-like odor free from camphoraceous and turpentine-like notes. 

It has been reported found in more than 300 essential oils in amounts ranging from 90 to 95% (lemon, orange, mandarin) to as low as 1% (palmarosa); the most widespread form is the d-limonene, followed by the racemic form and then l-limo nene. 
Also reported found in ginger, nutmeg, pepper, mace, hop oil, coriander seed, calamus, dill herb, caraway seed and rosemary.
Limonene (Terpene) is an aromatic mono-terpene processed in the resin glands of a cannabis flower. 

The resin glands are also responsible for synthesizing cannabinoids. However, limonene can also be found in other botanical species, like many other cannabis terpenes.
Limonene (Terpene) is viewed as the third most abundant terpene from a list of hundreds found in various cannabis plants. 
It works together with flavonoids and cannabinoids to create unique medicinal results. 

As mentioned in the introduction, Limonene (Terpene)’s chemical compound is also present in plants like lime, ginger, mint, oranges, lemon, anise, and rosemary. 
Its distinctive smell is easily noticed in citrus fruit peels.
Cinene may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. 

May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas.
Limonene (Terpene) is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit peels.
The (+)-isomer, occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.

Limonene (Terpene) is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products.
The less common (-)-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants.
Limonene (Terpene) takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon").

Limonene (Terpene) is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains (+)-limonene (d-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer.
Limonene (Terpene) is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.
Limonene (Terpene) is insoluble and is stable in water. 

Substances like Limonene (Terpene) that are monoterpenes are released in large amounts mainly to the atmosphere. 
The chemical and physical properties of limonene also indicate that limonene is distributed mainly to air. 
Based on the physical and chemical properties of limonene, when this substance is released to ground, it has low to very low mobility in soil. 

The soil adsorption coefficient (Koc), calculated on the basis of the solubility (13.8 mg l-1 at 25 ℃) and the log octanol/water partition coefficient (4.232), ranges from 1030 to 4780.3. 
Henry’s Law constant indicates that limonene rapidly volatilizes from both dry and moist soil; however, its strong adsorption to soil may slow this process. 
In the aquatic environment, Limonene (Terpene) is expected to adsorb to sediment and suspended organic particles to rapidly volatilize to the atmosphere, based on its physical and chemical properties. 

The estimated half-life for volatilization of limonene from a model river (1 m deep, flow 1 ms-1, and wind speed 3 ms-1) is 3.4 h. 
The bioconcentration factor, calculated on the basis of water solubility and the log octanol/water partition coefficient, is 246–262, suggesting that limonene may accumulate in fish and other aquatic organisms.
Terpenes can be defined as natural chemical compounds present in plants and some animals. 

In cannabis, terpenes make various strains taste or smell differently compared to others. 
Some terpenes are known to have therapeutic and physiological properties.
Limonene (Terpene) is one of the most common cannabis terpenes. 

It is identified by its energizing effects and zesty citrus fragrance. 
Limonene (Terpene) is also a core ingredient in lime, lemons, oranges, and grapefruits. 
Aside from being one of the most abundant cannabis terpenes, limonene is famous for its diverse therapeutic benefits.

Limonene (Terpene) stands out due to its unique structure, benefits, and terpene effects. 
Terpenes are volatile, aromatic compounds found in Cannabis sativa and a variety of other plant species throughout nature. 
Limonene (Terpene) does not contain any terpenes at all. 

Limonene (Terpene)s are among the primary flavoring and aromatic agents used in nature, and in cannabis, they’re responsible for the delectable bouquet that accompanies each distinct strain.
Limonene (Terpene) is a colorless liquid classified as a monoterpene. 
It is a member of the hydrocarbon family. 

Its chemical structure comprises a mixture of carbon and hydrogen atoms that cling together to create a double bond. 
Limonene (Terpene) occurs in two active compounds, namely d-limonene and l-limonene. 
These two compounds have similar molecules. 

However, Limonene (Terpene) occurs naturally in the peels of citrus fruits and the cannabis flower.
Limonene (Terpene) is available in various sativa, indica, and hybrid cannabis products. 
Consumers are drawn to these products since they tend to positively affect mood and feelings. 

Limonene (Terpene) effects do not include a high feeling, unlike THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the main psychoactive compound present in cannabis. 
This is due to limonene’s profile, structure, and effects on the consumer’s endocannabinoid system. 

Additionally, researchers suggest that d-limonene helps improve the stress-relieving or sedative effects of cannabinoids and other terpenes. 
These effects arise from how d-limonene relates to the CB1 (cannabinoid receptor 1) cannabis receptors in the body and brain.

Melting point: -84--104 °C
Boiling point: 170-180 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.86 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 4.7 (vs air)
vapor pressure: <3 mm Hg ( 14.4 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.473(lit.)
Flash point: 119 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: Chloroform: Slightly Soluble
form: Liquid
color: Clear colorless to pale yellow
Odor: Pleasant, pine-like; lemon-like.
Odor Type: citrus
Odor Threshold: 0.038ppm
explosive limit: 0.7-6.1%, 150°F
Water Solubility: <1 g/100mL
Merck: 14,5493
BRN: 3587825
Dielectric constant: 2.3（20℃）
Stability: Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: AJSJXSBFZDIRIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 4.57

Limonene (Terpene) is a relatively stable monoterpene and can be distilled without decomposition, although at elevated temperatures it cracks to form isoprene.
It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol, carvone, and Limonene (Terpene) oxide.
With sulfur, Limonene (Terpene) undergoes dehydrogenation to p-cymene.

Limonene (Terpene) occurs commonly as the (R)-enantiomer, but racemizes at 300 °C. 
When warmed with mineral acid, Limonene (Terpene) isomerizes to the conjugated diene α-terpinene (which can also easily be converted to p-cymene). 
Evidence for this isomerization includes the formation of Diels–Alder adducts between α-terpinene adducts and maleic anhydride.

Limonene (Terpene) is possible to effect reaction at one of the double bonds selectively. 
Anhydrous hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially at the disubstituted alkene, whereas epoxidation with mCPBA occurs at the trisubstituted alkene.
In another synthetic method Markovnikov addition of trifluoroacetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gives terpineol.

The most widely practiced conversion of Limonene (Terpene) is to carvone. 
The three-step reaction begins with the regioselective addition of nitrosyl chloride across the trisubstituted double bond. 
This species is then converted to the oxime with a base, and the hydroxylamine is removed to give the ketone-containing carvone.

Limonene (Terpene) is a clear colorless mobile liquid with a pleasant lemon-like odor. 
Limonene (Terpene) is an optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration. 
It has a role as a plant metabolite. 

It is an enantiomer of a Limonene (Terpene) is one of the most common terpenes in nature. 
It is a major constituent in several citrus oils (orange, lemon, mandarin, lime, and grapefruit). 
Limonene (Terpene) is listed in the Code of Federal Regulations as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for a flavoring agent and can be found in common food items such as fruit juices, soft drinks, baked goods, ice cream, and pudding.

A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.
Limonene (Terpene) occurs in the oil of many plants and is the main constituent (≤86%) of the terpenoid fraction of fruit, flowers, leaves, bark, and pulp from shrubs, annuals, or trees including anise, mint, caraway, polystachya, pine, lime, and orange oil. 
It occurs as a by-product in the manufacture of terpineol and in various synthetic products made from α-pinene or turpentine oil. 

Limonene (Terpene) is found in the gas phase of tobacco smoke and has been detected in urban atmospheres.
Limonene (Terpene) may be obtained by steam distillation of citrus peels and pulp resulting from the production of juice and cold pressed oils, or from deterpenation of citrus oils; it is sometimes redistilled.
A colorless liquid with an odor of lemon. 

Limonene (Terpene) is used as a solvent for rosin, waxes, rubber; as a dispersing agent for oils, resins, paints, lacquers, varnishes, and in floor waxes and furniture polishes.
Many studies have reported that D-limonene effectively plays a valuable role in the prevention of several chronic and degenerative diseases. 
This review provides worthy information about the beneficial effects of Limonene (Terpene) such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immune modulatory, anti-fibrotic, anti-genotoxic etc. 

This could in turn help in the application of Limonene (Terpene) for clinical studies. Various plant families contain Terpenes as their secondary metabolites. 
Monoterpenes constitute an important part of these secondary metabolites. 
Limonene (Terpene) is a well-identified monoterpene that is commonly applied as a fragrance ingredient in essential oils. 

Limonene (Terpene) is known to possess remarkable biological activities. 
It can be effectively used for treating various ailments and diseases. 
Due to its diverse functions, it can be efficiently utilized for human health.

Numerous data on animal studies have highlighted the potential effects of Limonene (Terpene). 
Limonene (Terpene) is well tolerated in experimental animals and protective effects of limonene were observed in several preclinical models. 
Animal studies showing the cardio protective and hepatoprotective effects of Limonene (Terpene) are found to be inadequate. 

Moreover, studies exploring the anticancer efficacy of Limonene (Terpene) on animal models are also found to be limited. The study on the effect of D-limonene on humans is also extremely limited. Therefore, our present review will open new avenues to undertake further research on D-limonene in preclinical models and for subjecting this compound to effective clinical trials.

Limonene (Terpene) corresponds to a racemic mixture of d-limonene and l-limonene. 
Limonene (Terpene) can be prepared from wood turpentine or by synthesis. 
It is used as a solvent for waxes, rosin and gums, in printing inks, perfumes, rubber compounds, paints, enamels, and lacquers. 

An irritant and sensitizer, Limonene (Terpene) caused contact dermatitis mainly in painters, polishers, and varnishers
Limonene (Terpene) is a racemic form of dand l-limonene. 
Limonene (Terpene) is contained in Citrus species such as citrus, orange, mandarin, and bergamot.

Limonene (Terpene) is contained in Pinus pinea. 
The racemic form Limonene (Terpene) is also named dipentene.
Limonene (Terpene) is considered to have fairly low toxicity. 

It has been tested for carcinogenicity in mice and rats. 
Although initial results showed Limonene (Terpene) increased the incidence of renal tubular tumors in male rats, female rats and mice in both genders showed no evidence of any tumor.
Subsequent studies have determined how these tumors occur and established that Limonene (Terpene) does not pose a mutagenic, carcinogenic, or nephrotoxic risk to humans. 

In humans, Limonene (Terpene)has demonstrated low toxicity after single and repeated dosing for up to one year. 
Being a solvent of cholesterol, Limonene (Terpene) has been used clinically to dissolve cholesterol-containing gallstones. 
Because of its gastric acid neutralizing effect and its support of normal peristalsis, it has also been used for relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux (GERD). 

Limonene (Terpene) has well-established chemo preventive activity against many types of cancer. 
Evidence from a phase I clinical trial demonstrated a partial response in a patient with breast cancer and stable disease for more than six months in three patients with colorectal cancer.
If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. 

If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. 
If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. 
When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. 

Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.
Limonene (Terpene) can cause a renal syndrome in male rats. 
Male rats have a background of spontaneous protein droplets in the proximal tubule, particularly within the cells of the P2 segment. 

Limonene (Terpene) can increase the formation of protein droplets, and experiments show that the only protein accumulating is α2u-globulin.
Limonene (Terpene) is synthesized in the liver, then it is released into the general circulation and reabsorbed by renal proximal tubule cells. 
Synthesis of α2u-globulin occurs only in adult male rats and to understand the critical role of α2uglobulin in the renal effects of Limonene (Terpene) the absence of histopathological changes can be studied in female rats, since they cannot produce α2u-globulin. 

It was concluded from these studies that D-limonene does not have a renal toxicity effect on species that do not synthesize α2u-globulin, for example, female rats, male and female mice, and dogs.
To develop nephropathy, there is a prerequisite step in which an agent binds to α2u-globulin and in the case of Limonene (Terpene), this agent is 1,2-epoxide. 
Binding of this agent to α2u-globulin reduces the rate of degradation relative to that of native protein, thereby causing it to accumulate. 

Accumulation of α2u-globulin can be observed after a single oral dose of Limonene (Terpene) and continued treatment results in additional histological changes in the kidney.
Renal function can be observed by increasing the amount of α2u-globulin in urine. 
These functional changes occur only in male rats and only at doses that exacerbate protein droplet formation. 

In response to the cell death and functional changes, there is an increase in cell proliferation in the kidney. 
With continued treatment, cell proliferation persists but it does not restore renal function. 
Increasing cell proliferation is directly related to the development of renal tubular tumors and is dependent on the presence of α2u-globulin.

Limonene (Terpene) nephropathy and renal cell proliferation occur at the same doses consistent with those that produce renal tubular tumors.
Limonene (Terpene) is one type of superfamily proteins that bind and transport a variety of agents. 
Many of these proteins are synthesized in mammalian species, including humans. 

The protein that can be found in human urine is very different from that in rat urine. About 1% of the protein concentration in male rat urine can be found in human urine.
Human urinary protein is predominantly a species of high molecular mass, and there is no protein in human plasma or urine identical to Limonene (Terpene) and there is no protein-like α2u-globulin detected in human kidney tissue. 

Even though the binding of Limonene (Terpene)- 1,2-epoxide to α2u-globulin can be shown in vitro, other superfamily proteins, especially those synthesized by humans, do not bind 1,2-epoxide.
There is no verification that any human protein can contribute to a renal syndrome similar to α2u-globulin nephropathy, and consequently no evidence can be found that Limonene (Terpene) is carcinogenic in humans by a mechanism similar to α2u-globulin nephropathy. 

The initiation of renal cell tumors in male rats by binding to agents that act through an Limonene (Terpene)-associated response is not projected as a carcinogenic hazard to humans.
This can be concluded based on an extensive evidence that the presence of Limonene (Terpene) is an absolute requirement for the carcinogenic activity. 
Therefore, Limonene (Terpene) has no carcinogenic activity in human since neither α2u-globulin nor any protein that can function like α2uglobulin is synthesized by humans.

Uses Of Limonene (Terpene):
Limonene (Terpene) is a flavoring agent that is a liquid, colorless with a pleasant odor resembling mild citrus. 
Limonene (Terpene) is miscible in alcohol, most fixed oils, and mineral oil; soluble in glycerin; and insoluble in water and propylene glycol. 
It is obtained from citrus oil. 

Limonene (Terpene) is also termed d-p-mentha-1,8,diene and cinene.
Limonene (Terpene) is an antioxidant and flavoring agent that occurs in lemons, oranges, and pineapple juice, being obtained from the oils. 
It is a colorless liquid which is insoluble in water and propylene glycol, very slightly soluble in glycerin, and miscible with alcohol, most fixed oils, and mineral oil. 

Limonene (Terpene) prevents or delays enzymatic browning-type oxidation.
As the main fragrance of citrus peels, Limonene (Terpene) is used in food manufacturing and some medicines, such as a flavoring agent to mask the bitter taste of alkaloids, and as a fragrance in perfumery, aftershave lotions, bath products, and other personal care products.
Limonene (Terpene) is also used as a botanical insecticide.

Limonene (Terpene) is used in the organic herbicides.
It is added to cleaning products, such as hand cleansers, to give a lemon or orange fragrance (see orange oil) and for its ability to dissolve oils.
In contrast, Limonene (Terpene) has a piny, turpentine-like odor.

Limonene (Terpene) is used as a solvent for cleaning purposes, such as adhesive remover, or the removal of oil from machine parts, as it is produced from a renewable source (citrus essential oil, as a byproduct of orange juice manufacture).
It is used as a paint stripper and is also useful as a fragrant alternative to turpentine. 
Limonene (Terpene) is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a constituent in some paints. 

Commercial air fresheners, with air propellants, containing limonene are used by stamp collectors to remove self-adhesive postage stamps from envelope paper.
Limonene (Terpene) is also used as a solvent for fused filament fabrication based 3D printing.
Printers can print the plastic of choice for the model, but erect supports and binders from high impact polystyrene (HIPS), a polystyrene plastic that is easily soluble in limonene.

In preparing tissues for histology or histopathology, Limonene (Terpene) is often used as a less toxic substitute for xylene when clearing dehydrated specimens. 
Clearing agents are liquids miscible with alcohols (such as ethanol or isopropanol) and with melted paraffin wax, in which specimens are embedded to facilitate cutting of thin sections for microscopy.
Limonene (Terpene), from orange peel oil, is also combustible and has been considered as a biofuel.

Solvent in cleaning agents, degreasers, and paint strippers.
Limonene (Terpene) is used in the manufacture of resins and polymers.
A green alternative to petroleum-based solvents.

Limonene (Terpene) added to perfumes, lotions, and shampoos for its fresh citrus scent.
Limonene (Terpene) is used as a fragrance enhancer.
Commonly used as a food flavoring agent (e.g., in candies, beverages).

Limonene (Terpene) recognized as safe by regulatory agencies like the FDA.
Limonene (Terpene) is used in formulations for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Studied for potential therapeutic uses in treating certain cancers and digestive disorders.

Limonene (Terpene) is used in essential oils for its uplifting and stress-relieving properties.
Effective against mosquitoes and other pests.
Commonly used in cleaning agents, degreasers, and paint removers due to its ability to dissolve oils and grease.

Limonene (Terpene) acts as a solvent in the production of adhesives.
Involved in the manufacture of synthetic resins and polymers.
Limonene (Terpene) replaces petroleum-based solvents in eco-friendly industrial processes.

Limonene (Terpene) adds citrus flavor to candies, chewing gum, beverages, and baked goods.
Limonene (Terpene) is used as a natural preservative and solvent in food processing.
Recognized as safe by the FDA for consumption in regulated quantities.

Provides a fresh citrus aroma to perfumes, lotions, soaps, shampoos, and detergents.
Limonene (Terpene) found in deodorants, creams, and toothpaste.
Limonene (Terpene) studied for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties.

Limonene (Terpene) is used in formulations for improved drug solubility and bioavailability.
Included in products aimed at relieving heartburn or gallstone issues.
Limonene (Terpene) is used for its uplifting, stress-relieving, and mood-enhancing effects.

Limonene (Terpene) effective against mosquitoes, ants, and other pests.
Limonene (Terpene) is used in organic farming as a safer alternative to synthetic pesticides.
A safer option for environmental cleaning and remediation.

Limonene (Terpene) is used in odor control products, especially in waste management.
Helps dissolve sticky residues like chewing gum and adhesive labels.
Limonene (Terpene) is used in eco-friendly paints and coatings for its solvent properties.

Storage Of Limonene (Terpene):
Store ina flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet awayfrom ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials.
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilatedarea. 
Before entering confined space where this chemicalmay be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. 

Limonene (Terpene) store in tightly closed containersin a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat and incompatible materials. 
Sources of ignition, such as smoking andopen flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used,handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potentialfire or explosion hazard. 

Metal containers involving thetransfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should begrounded and bonded. 
Drums must be equipped with selfclosing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters.
Limonene (Terpene) use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially whenopening and closing containers of this chemical.

Safety Profile Of Limonene (Terpene):
Flammable when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidzing materials. 
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Applied to skin, limonene may cause irritation from contact dermatitis, but otherwise appears to be safe for human use.

Limonene (Terpene) is flammable as a liquid or vapor and it is toxic to aquatic life.
Can cause redness, itching, or inflammation upon direct contact, especially in concentrated forms.
May induce allergic reactions, such as dermatitis, in sensitive individuals.

Limonene (Terpene) direct exposure may lead to redness, pain, and watering of the eyes.
Breathing in vapors in high concentrations can cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and dizziness.
Non-toxic in small amounts (e.g., in food), but excessive ingestion may cause nausea, vomiting, or abdominal discomfort.