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An aqueous solution of a Lithium hydroxide monohydrate below its boiling point has been considered for both a tritium breeding blanket and as a coolant in several fusion reactor designs.
In order to breed sufficient tritium to fuel the reactor, a high concentration of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is desirable and lithium hydroxide is sufficiently soluble for this purpose.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate would be contained in pipes and heat exchangers, most probably made from carbon steel.
CAS: 1310-66-3
MF: Li.HO.H2O
MW: 41.96
EINECS: 603-454-3
Small colorless crystals.
Denser than water.
Contact may cause severe irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Toxic by ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate used to make electric storage batteries, soaps, and lubricants.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can exist as anhydrous or hydrated, and both forms are white hygroscopic solids.
They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol.
Both are available commercially.
While classified as a strong base, Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is a highly water insoluble crystalline Lithium source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide.
In a watershed 2013 experiment, scientists at JILA (the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) achieved evaporative cooling of compounds for the first time using Lithium hydroxide monohydrate molecules, a discovery that may lead to new methods of controlling chemical reactions and could impact a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science and energy production technologies.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes.
High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is used for the production of lithium greases, lithium soaps, lithium stearate and lithium salts.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate finds application as a carbon dioxide adsorbent in breathing gas purification systems for spacecrafts, submarines and rebreathers; as a storage-battery electrolyte; as a heat transfer medium and as a catalyst for polymerization reaction.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is also used in ceramics and some portland cement formulations.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is a highly pure hydroxide salt of lithium.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate has been used as molecular tool in the formulation of a wide variety of reagents.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate has also been used in a wide array of other biochemical and immunological applications.
Custom bulk amounts of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate are available upon request.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is a strong base, its chemical properties are more similar to that of the hydroxide at group 2 in periodic table of elements, but quite different with the LDHs in the Group 1.
The chemical formula is LiOH, molecular weight is 23.95, melting point of 450 ℃, decomposition temperature of 924 ℃ and relative density is 1.46.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate's a white tetragonal crystal and has strong causticity and excitability to the skin.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is slightly soluble in ethanol, soluble in water, but the solubility is less than that of the other alkali metal hydroxides.
The monohydrate can be obtained when the Lithium hydroxide monohydrate react with the water vapor in the air or form the crystals in the aqueous solution.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can react with the acidic gas like sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen cyanide etc.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can also react with the strong or weak acids in aqueous solution.
Absorbing the carbon dioxide in the air can generate lithium carbonate.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is used as grease additives (thickeners, antioxidants, extreme pressure agents) to improve heat resistance, water resistance, stability and mechanical properties.
The grease additives can be used in the bearings of car, plane and crane etc; the raw material of the lithium battery electrolyte.
The calcined solid Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can be used as the carbon dioxide absorbent for the crew members at the spacecraft and submarine.
In early American, the areospaceplane of mercury, gemini and apollo project are all using the Lithium hydroxide monohydrate as the absorbers.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate's has a reliable performance and can can easily absorb carbon dioxide from the gas contained water vapor.
The chemical reaction is: 2LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O, the anhydrous Lithium hydroxide monohydrate of only 1g can absorb carbon dioxide with volume of 450ml.
Only 750g of the anhydrous Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can imbibe the carbon dioxide exhaled by one person each day.
Further, Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is also widely used as the raw material to prepare the other subject like lithium compound, lithium salt, lithium soaps, lithium grease, alkyd resins, developer of spectral analysis, the additives of alkaline storage battery, photographic developers and the catalyst etc.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can increase the capacity of the battery by 12%~15% and improve the battery’s life for 2~3 times when Lithium hydroxide monohydrate used as the additive for alkaline storage battery Alkaline storage battery as the electrolyte additive.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is a white monoclinic fine crystal or powdery solid state.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate has two forms: anhydrous and monohydrate.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate belongs to the monoclinic crystal system or the tetragonal crystal system, which is strongly alkaline and corrosive.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate can absorb carbon dioxide and moisture in the air.
Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in ether.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is widely used in new energy vehicles, petroleum, chemical industry, light industry, nuclear industry, metallurgy, glass, ceramics and other fields.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is an important lithium chemical raw material and is often used to prepare lithium salts and lithium soaps (lithium soaps). ), lithium battery cathode material and lithium-based grease, can also be used as electrolyte for alkaline storage batteries, lithium bromide refrigerator absorbing liquid, analytical reagents, photographic developer, etc.
Battery-grade Lithium hydroxide monohydrate: mainly used to prepare ternary cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries such as NCM and NCA.
Industrial-grade Lithium hydroxide monohydrate: Mainly used to prepare lithium salt and lithium-based grease, and can also be used as electrolyte for alkaline storage batteries, lithium bromide refrigerator absorbing fluid, and glass and ceramic additives.
Anhydrous Lithium hydroxide monohydrate: Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is mainly used to prepare high nickel ternary cathode materials, and can also be used as carbon dioxide absorbent, analytical reagent, photographic developer, etc.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is an inorganic compound that exists as an anhydrous or hydrated solid, both of which are white hygroscopic solids.
They are water-soluble and slightly soluble in ethanol.
Despite being classified as a strong base, Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is the weakest alkali metal hydroxide known.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate produces cathode material for lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries as it offers the best energy balance.
History
The Lithium hydroxide monohydrate was used as the carbon dioxide absorbents in the submarine and the inflatable source of army ballon at 1944.
At 1950, 6Li，the isotope of Li, is used as a raw material for producting the thermonuclear weapons like hydrogen bomb.
From that time the United States atomic energy industry began to use a large quantity of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate which lead to amazing development of the lithium industry.
Lithium and Lithium hydroxide monohydrate's compounds are widely used in the military industry and civilian industry due to its unique chemical and physical properties.
Aluminum industry is the largest client of lithium.
Adding lithium carbonate to the aluminium electrolysis can reduce the electrolyte’s melting point and increase the current efficiency of aluminum electrolyser resulting in the improment of the aluminum production by about 10% and the power consumption reduced by 8 to 14%; in addition, it can also inhibit the discharge of the harmful fluorine by 22% to 38%.
In the United States and Europe, the amount of lithium carbonate consumed by the aluminum industry can take 40% of the total amount of lithium.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate Chemical Properties
Melting point: 462 °C
Boiling point: 920 °C
Density: 1.51
Storage temp.: Store at room temperature.
Solubility: H2O: 1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
Form: Solid
Color: White to cream or yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.51
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 14
PH: ~12 (25℃, 1M in H2O)
Water Solubility: 109 g/L (20 ºC)
Sensitive: Air Sensitive & Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.02
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.02
Merck: 14,5534
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with moisture. strong acids, carbon dioxide. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
InChIKey: WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M
CAS DataBase Reference: 1310-66-3(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1310-66-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1310-66-3)
Both lithium hydroxide and Lithium hydroxide monohydrate are colorless crystalline solids at ordinary temperatures.
Both are strong bases and should be handled with caution in order to avoid caustic burns.
Evaporation of a solution of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate under normal conditions of temperature and pressure results in precipitation of the monohydrate which may be readily dehydrated by heating in a vacuum or under cover of an inert gas.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate absorbs water from the air and forms lithium hydroxide monohydrate except under dry atmospheric conditions.
Two equilibrium vapor pressures for the conversion of lithium hydroxide monohydrate to anhydrous lithium hydroxide are 4 torr at 25°C and 12 torr at 40°C.
Both anhydrous and Lithium hydroxide monohydrate absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form lithium carbonate.
The solubility of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate in water is lower than that of the other alkali metal hydroxides.
However, Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is a strong base and reacts completely with both weak and strong acids in aqueous solutions.
Chemical Reaction
1. sodium hydroxide generates lithium oxide and water at the condition of 600 ℃ and in the absence of air, the chemical reaction equation:
2LiOH = Li2O + H2O
2. Under the heating conditions, the sodium hydroxide react with the magnesium or calcium can generate lithium and the corresponding lithium oxide.
(1) 2LiOH + Mg = 2Li + MgO + H2O
(2) 2LiOH + Ca = 2Li + CaO + H2O
3. Sodium hydroxide react with the chlorine or iodine can generate lithium halide and lithium chloride and secondary lithium halides.
(1) 2LiOH + Cl2 = LiCl + LiOCl + H2O
(2) 2LiOH + I2 = LiI + LiOI + H2O
4. Lithium hydroxide react with zinc can generate the of zinc acid lithium and hydrogen, the chemical reaction equation:
2LiOH + Zn = LiZnO2 + H2
5. Lithium hydroxide react with acid form the neutralization reaction, and generate the corresponding acid lithium salt (or hydrated lithium salt) and water.
(1) 8H2O LiOH+HBO2+7H2O=LiBO2
(2) 2LiOH+H3PO4 = Li2HPO4+2H2O
(3) 2LiOH+H2SO4 = Li2SO4+2H2O
(4) LiOH (excess) +HClO4 = LiClO4+H2O
6. lithium hydroxide react with a mixture of ammonium chloride, and Li2[HgI4]( Dilithium mercury tetraiodide), or calcium chloride, barium chloride role can generate lithium chloride and other subject.
(1) 4LiOH + 2Li2HgI4 + NH4Cl = LiCl + 7LiI + Ohg2NH2I + 3H2O
(2) 2LiOH + CaCl2 = 2LiCl + Ca(OH)2
(3) 2LiOH + BaCl2 = 2LiCl + Ba(OH)2
Applications
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is used for the production of lithium greases, lithium soaps, lithium stearate and lithium salts.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate finds application as a carbon dioxide adsorbent in breathing gas purification systems for spacecrafts, submarines and rebreathers; as a storage-battery electrolyte; as a heat transfer medium and as a catalyst for polymerization reaction.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is also used in ceramics and some portland cement formulations.
A principal use of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is as a starting material for numerous other lithium chemicals such as lithium fluoride, lithium chloride, lithium bromide and lithium iodide. Since these materials are prepared in aqueous solutions, there is no particular advantage in using the anhydrous hydroxide for the preparation.
Other salts of weak and strong acids may be prepared using Lithium hydroxide monohydrate as a starting material.
The preparation of anhydrous Lithium hydroxide monohydrate has already been described.
A major use of Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is in the preparation of lithium salts of fatty acids (lithium soaps) which, with mineral oil and other additives, are used to make lithium-based greases.
Such greases are superior to those based on other metal ions.
Lithium greases are good lubricants at high temperatures and are particularly good at low temperatures.
They also resist the deteriorating effect of water satisfactorily due to the low water solubility of lithium soaps.
Both lithium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide monohydrate absorb carbon dioxide readily.
Anhydrous Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is used effectively as a carbon dioxide absorbent in life support systems in underwater and aerospace applications.
Production
The preferred feedstock is hard-rock spodumene, where the lithium content is expressed as % lithium oxide.
Lithium carbonate route
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is often produced industrially from lithium carbonate in a metathesis reaction with calcium hydroxide:
Li2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2 LiOH + CaCO3
The initially produced hydrate is dehydrated by heating under vacuum up to 180 °C.
Lithium sulfate route
An alternative route involves the intermediacy of lithium sulfate:
α-spodumene → β-spodumene
β-spodumene + CaO → Li2O + ...
Li2O + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + H2O
Li2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 LiOH
The main by-products are gypsum and sodium sulphate, which have some market value.
Lime sinter process: spodumene concentrate (containing 6% of lithium oxide) mixed with limestone and mill the mixture finely.
The lithium aluminate and calcium silicate can be obtained after sintering at 1150~1250℃.
Crushing the product by the wet grinding, and leaching the Lithium hydroxide monohydrate with lotion.
After the settling filtration and the evaporation, concentration, crystallization of the leaching solution.
The final product-lithium hydroxide can be get
Li2O•AI2O3•4SiO2+8CaO→Li2O•A12O3+4[2CaO•SiO2]
Li2O•AI2O3+Ca(OH)2→2LiOH+CaO•AI2O3
Preparation
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate may also be made by the evaporation of a solution prepared by the reaction of calcium hydroxide and lithium carbonate.
Anhydrous lithium hydroxide may be prepared by heating the monohydrate in air or in a vacuum.
One laboratory preparation of lithium hydroxide or its monohydrate may be carried out by reacting a solution of barium hydroxide with a solution of lithium sulfate, evaporating the resulting solution of lithium hydroxide, and crystallizing lithium hydroxide monohydrate Lithium hydroxide is readily prepared by drying lithium hydroxide monohydrate.
A simple, convenient laboratory technique for preparation of anhydrous lithium hydroxide from the monohydrate involves vacuum drying in a heated desiccator.
To avoid forming a sintered anhydrous material, heat should be applied slowly while maintaining a high vacuum.
Contact with air is also avoided by such a procedure, and carbonate formation is minimized.
Reactivity Profile
Soluble in water; heat of dissolution may generate steam and cause spattering.
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate neutralizes acids exothermically to form salts plus water.
Reacts with certain metals (such as aluminum and zinc) to form oxides or hydroxides of the metal and generate gaseous hydrogen.
May initiate polymerization reactions in polymerizable organic compounds, especially epoxides.
May generate flammable and/or toxic gases with ammonium salts, nitrides, halogenated organics, various metals, peroxides, and hydroperoxides.
May serve as a catalyst.
Reacts when heated above about 84°C with aqueous solutions of reducing sugars other than sucrose to evolve toxic levels of carbon monoxide.
Health Hazard
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.
Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes.
Avoid any skin contact.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.
Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
Fire Hazard
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.
Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).
Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.
Containers may explode when heated.
Synonyms
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate
1310-66-3
lithium hydroxide hydrate
Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate
MFCD00149772
lithium;hydroxide;hydrate
LiOH-hydrate
LiOH.hydrate
LiOH water
water LiOH
UNII-G51XLP968G
Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)), monohydrate
lithiumhydroxid-hydrate
Lithium hydroxide H2O
lithium hydroxide water
lithium hydroxide.water
Lithium hydroxide [USP]
G51XLP968G
Lithium hydroxide (USP)
Lithium hydroxido
Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)), monohydrate (9CI)
Hydroxyde de lithium
lithiumhydrate
LithoTab hydrate OH-
LiOH hydrate
76576-67-5
lithiumhydroxide hydrate
lithiumhydroxide-hydrate
LiOH H2O
LiOH-H2O
LiOH.H2O
Lithium hydroxide-hydrate
lithium hydroxide, hydrate
Lithiumhydroxid monohydrate
Lithiumhydroxid-monohydrate
lithiumhydroxide monohydrate
lithium hyroxide monohydrate
lithum hydroxide monohydrate
Lithium hydroxide-1-hydrate
lithium hydroxide-monohydrate
lithium hydroxide mono hydrate
lithium hydroxide-mono hydrate
Lithium hydroxide mono-hydrate
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE [II]
DTXSID8051382
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE [INCI]
Lithium-6Li hydroxide monohydrate
7-Methoxy-1H-benzimidazol-2-amine
BCP26601
AKOS015951420
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE [USP MONOGRAPH]
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, min. 98%
Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate ACS reagent
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, LiOH 56.5%
FT-0627907
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, p.a., 95.0%
D04750
D78342
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, purum, >=98.5%
A806193
J-005931
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, ACS reagent, >=98.0%
Q12451415
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (T)
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 99.95% trace metals basis
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, 99.995% trace metals basis
Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate, free flowing typ. 57 % LiOH
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, SAJ first grade, >=97.0%
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (T)
Lithium hydroxide monohydrate, BioXtra, 98.5-101.5% (titration)
