LYSINE

Lysine, or L-lysine, is an essential amino acid, meaning it is necessary for human health, but the body cannot make it. 
Lysine is important for proper growth, and it plays an essential role in the production of carnitine, a nutrient responsible for converting fatty acids into energy and helping lower cholesterol. 
Lysine appears to help the body absorb calcium, and it plays an important role in the formation of collagen, a substance important for bones and connective tissues including skin, tendons, and cartilage.

CAS Number: 56-87-1
Molecular Formula: C6H14N2O2
Molecular Weight: 146.19
EINECS Number: 200-294-2

Lysine is an essential amino acid (a protein building block) that cannot be produced by the body from other nutri ents. 
Lysine helps ensure adequate absorption of calcium and the formation of collagen for bone, cartilage and connective tissue. 
Lysine is odorless.

Lysine, also called L-lysine, is one of the nine essential amino acids and a building block of protein.
Lysine must obtain it from foods or supplements. The best food sources of lysine are animal protein and dairy products, but legumes, nuts, and tofu also contain lysine. 
The health benefits of lysine include aiding in calcium absorption, collagen formation, building muscle protein, recovering from surgery, and reducing anxiety.

Lysine is a basic ketogenic amino acid with a protonated alkyl amino group. 
Lysine degradation results in the formation of acetoacetate. 
Acetylation/deacetylation of lysine residues in histones is a mechanism to regulate chromatin organization in eukaryotes.

Isotope labeled amino acids are required for the production of isotopically labeled proteins.
Lysine is an essential amino acid. 
The human body cannot make lysine, so it must be eaten in the diet. 

Lysine is a building block for making proteins in the body. 
Lysine might also prevent the herpes virus from growing.
Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning that the human body cannot produce it naturally, and it must be obtained through diet or supplements. 

Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. 
Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3 form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO− form under biological conditions), and a side chain lysyl ((CH2)4NH2), classifying it as a basic, charged (at physiological pH), aliphatic amino acid. 

Lysine is encoded by the codons AAA and AAG. 
Like almost all other amino acids, the α-carbon is chiral and lysine may refer to either enantiomer or a racemic mixture of both. 
For the purpose of this article, lysine will refer to the biologically active enantiomer L-lysine, where the α-carbon is in the S configuration.

L-Lysine is an amino acid that can be found in small quantities in a variety of foods such as meat, fish & soybeans. 
Amino acids are used for several bodily functions including creating proteins and enzymes. 
Amino acids are broken down into three different groups: essential, non-essential and conditional amino acids.

L-Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning that they cannot be produced in the body naturally and must be obtained through diet. 
Consuming it from foods can sometimes be difficult and expensive that’s why have introduced this amino acid as a convenient capsule supplement.
The human body cannot synthesize lysine. 
Lysine is essential in humans and must therefore be obtained from the diet. 

In organisms that synthesise lysine, two main biosynthetic pathways exist, the diaminopimelate and α-aminoadipate pathways, which employ distinct enzymes and substrates and are found in diverse organisms. 
Lysine catabolism occurs through one of several pathways, the most common of which is the saccharopine pathway.
L-Lysine is an essential amino acid that must be obtained through the diet or through supplementation. 

Lysine is necessary for the production of all proteins in the body, and is required for the maintenance of the structural proteins collagen and elastin, which form all connective tissue such as skin, tendon, and bone. 
L-Lysine is also a precursor to L-carnitine, which is needed for fat metabolism and energy production. 
In addition, L-Lysine may help to support a healthy immune system and proper cardiovascular function.

Lysine plays several roles in humans, most importantly proteinogenesis, but also in the crosslinking of collagen polypeptides, uptake of essential mineral nutrients, and in the production of carnitine, which is key in fatty acid metabolism. 
Lysine is also often involved in histone modifications, and thus, impacts the epigenome. 
The ε-amino group often participates in hydrogen bonding and as a general base in catalysis. 

The ε-ammonium group (−NH+3) is attached to the fourth carbon from the α-carbon, which is attached to the carboxyl (C=OOH) group.
Due to its importance in several biological processes, a lack of lysine can lead to several disease states including defective connective tissues, impaired fatty acid metabolism, anaemia, and systemic protein-energy deficiency. 
In contrast, an overabundance of lysine, caused by ineffective catabolism, can cause severe neurological disorders.

Lysine was first isolated by the German biological chemist Ferdinand Heinrich Edmund Drechsel in 1889 from the protein casein in milk.
In 1902, the German chemists Emil Fischer and Fritz Weigert determined lysine's chemical structure by synthesizing it.
Lysine is one of the nine essential amino acids (AA). 

Essential because the body cannot synthesize them, so they must be included in a healthy diet. 
Lysine’s needed to help make protein. 
Lysine’s also needed to break down carbohydrates and fatty acids. 

Lysine is the limiting amino acid (the essential amino acid found in the smallest quantity in the particular foodstuff) in most cereal grains, but is plentiful in most pulses (legumes).
Beans contain the lysine that maize lacks, and in the human archeological record beans and maize often appear together, as in the Three Sisters: beans, maize, and squash.
Lysine frequently plays an important role in protein structure. 

Since its side chain contains a positively charged group on one end and a long hydrophobic carbon tail close to the backbone, lysine is considered somewhat amphipathic. 
For this reason, lysine can be found buried as well as more commonly in solvent channels and on the exterior of proteins, where it can interact with the aqueous environment.
Lysine can also contribute to protein stability as its ε-amino group often participates in hydrogen bonding, salt bridges and covalent interactions to form a Schiff base.

Lysine, also called L-lysine, is an amino acid that is necessary for many bodily functions. 
People describe amino acids as the building blocks of protein because they combine with other compounds to form this macronutrient.
The medical community defines lysine as an essential amino acid because, unlike some other amino acids, the body cannot synthesize it. 

Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. 
This amino acid is an essential amino acid, which means that humans cannot synthesize it. 
Its codons are AAA and AAG. 

Lysine is a base, as are arginine and histidine. 
The ε-amino group acts as a site for hydrogen binding and a general base in catalysis. 
Common posttranslational modifications include methylation of the ε-amino group, giving methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyllysine. 

The latter occurs in calmodulin. 
Other posttranslational modifications include acetylation. 
Collagen contains hydroxylysine which is derived from lysine by lysyl hydroxylase. 

O-Glycosylation of lysine residues in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus is used to mark certain proteins for secretion from the cell.
Lysine is an amino acid. Amino acids are molecules that act as the building blocks of proteins.
Specifically, lysine is an essential amino acid. That means that body can’t make lysine on its own, and instead it must be obtained through your diet.

Lysine can be found in protein-rich plant and animal-based foods like eggs, lentils, meat, dairy products, and fish. 
Lysine can also be taken as a dietary supplement. 
The supplement label might say “l-lysine,” which is the form of lysine used in supplements. 

As a supplement, lysine offers a number of benefits.
Lysine is an essential amino acid. 
Many people know that several amino acids are known as the “building blocks of protein” and are needed in order for a huge number of internal functions to work properly, including growth.

L-lysine was first discovered by a German scientist known only as Dreschel in 1889, who was able to isolate the amino acid from casein, or milk protein. 
The exact structure of the molecule was recorded just three years later.
Of the few hundred amino acids found in nature, 20 are necessary for protein creation and growth, and only 10 of those 20 can be produced by the body. 

The remaining 10 are known as “essential” amino acids because humans must consume them for proper health.
Amino acid deficiencies cause a degradation of internal cells and can lead to huge problems, so it’s important to get enough of them in diet. 
Lysine’s common to be deficient in lysine and glutamine, in particular.

Essential amino acids are most often stereoisomers, meaning they exist in two variations that are identical to one another as mirror images. 
There are both D- and L- forms of these amino acids, and the L- form is used in protein synthesis and therefore the form found in food and supplements. 
Because of this, most people simply refer to this nutrient as “lysine” for short.

There are many incredible L-lysine benefits, from its use as a common treatment for cold sores to a potential anti-anxiety supplement. 
As is true with most nutrients available in supplement form, it can be taken orally but is absorbed best into the body when consumed through dietary sources. 
Lysine’s found in large amounts in various kinds of meat, beans, cheeses and eggs.

Specifically, L-lysine is very important in the creation of carnitine, which converts fatty acids into energy and also lowers cholesterol levels. 
Lysine also seems to play a role in absorbing calcium and helps the body form collagen, which aids in the growth and maintenance of bones and connective tissue (including skin). 
L-Lysine is one of the nine essential amino acids—essential because the human body cannot synthesize them so they must therefore be included in a healthy diet. 

Lysine is one of the four common α-amino acids to have a nitrogen atom in its side chain.
In 1889, Edmund Drechsel at the University of Freiburg (Germany) isolated lysine by hydrolyzing casein, a protein found in milk. 
The molecule’s structure was elucidated in 1902 by Emil Fischer and Fritz Weigert at the University of Berlin; they synthesized it and compared it with the natural product.

Lysine, an amino acid released in the hydrolysis of many common proteins but present in small amounts or lacking in certain plant proteins; e.g., gliadin from wheat, zein from corn (maize). 
First isolated from casein (1889), lysine is one of several so-called essential amino acids for warm-blooded animals; i.e., they cannot synthesize it and require dietary sources. 
Human populations dependent on grains as a sole source of dietary protein suffer from lysine deficiency.

Melting point: 215 °C (dec.)(lit.)
alpha: D20 +14.6° (c = 6.5); D23 +25.9° (c = 2 in 6.0N HCl)
Boiling point: 265.81°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1360 (rough estimate)
refractive index: 26 ° (C=2, 5mol/L HCl)
FEMA: 3847 | L-LYSINE
storage temp: Keep in dark place,Inert atmosphere,Room temperature
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless
pka: 2.16(at 25℃)
form: Powder or Crystals
color: White to light yellow
Odor: odorless
optical activity: [α]20/D +26.0±1.0°, c = 2% in 6 M HCl
Water Solubility: Soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene and common neutral solvent.
Merck: 14,5636
JECFA Number: 1439
BRN: 1722531
LogP: -3.05

Lysine is an essential amino acid in humans.
The human daily nutritional requirement varies from ~60 mg/kg in infancy to ~30 mg/kg in adults.
This requirement is commonly met in a western society with the intake of lysine from meat and vegetable sources well in excess of the recommended requirement.

In vegetarian diets, the intake of lysine is less due to the limited quantity of lysine in cereal crops compared to meat sources.
Like all amino acids, catabolism of lysine is initiated from the uptake of dietary lysine or from the breakdown of intracellular protein. 
Catabolism is also used as a means to control the intracellular concentration of free lysine and maintain a steady-state to prevent the toxic effects of excessive free lysine.

There are several pathways involved in lysine catabolism but the most commonly used is the saccharopine pathway, which primarily takes place in the liver (and equivalent organs) in animals, specifically within the mitochondria.
Lysine has also been shown to play a role in anaemia, as lysine is suspected to have an effect on the uptake of iron and, subsequently, the concentration of ferritin in blood plasma.
However, the exact mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated.

Most commonly, lysine deficiency is seen in non-western societies and manifests as protein-energy malnutrition, which has profound and systemic effects on the health of the individual.
There is also a hereditary genetic disease that involves mutations in the enzymes responsible for lysine catabolism, namely the bifunctional AASS enzyme of the saccharopine pathway.
Due to a lack of lysine catabolism, the amino acid accumulates in plasma and patients develop hyperlysinaemia, which can present as asymptomatic to severe neurological disabilities, including epilepsy, ataxia, spasticity, and psychomotor impairment.

Forageplus lysine for horses is an essential amino acid most often deficient in the diets of horses. 
Recent research has confirmed that diets containing at least 4.3% of their crude protein as lysine support the same gains/growth at lower levels of crude protein because of more efficient utilisation of the other amino acids in the body. 
Also, feeding Lysine improves protein availability.

A form of L-lysine known as poly-L-lysine very recently was found to have anti-inflammatory effects on the lining of your gut, hopefully leading to more extensive research on how this amino acid may help improve the health of this lining and possibly prevent leaky gut. 
Although not necessarily directly linked to leaky gut syndrome, L-lysine has also been found to suppress pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, another important part of the digestive system. 
Consuming L-lysine is associated with better absorption of calcium, which leads some to believe that it can help people with or at risk for osteoporosis. 

No studies have been done to date on the link between L-lysine and osteoporosis, but because of the important role calcium plays in bone health, logic suggests it may be a beneficial nutrient to supplement those with brittle bones.
Lysine has been studied for the prevention and treatment of herpes infections and cold sores. 
Lysine also increases the intestinal absorption of calcium and eliminates its renal excretion, suggesting a potential role in the management of osteoporosis. 

Lysine has been investigated for its effects on increasing muscle mass, improving glucose metabolism and associated toxic glycated byproducts, and improving anxiety. 
Case reports suggest lysine may ameliorate angina pectoris. However, limited clinical trials exist to support lysine use for any of these conditions.
Lysine is an essential component of proteins. 

Lysine is incorporated into proteins during the process of protein synthesis, contributing to the structure and function of various tissues and organs.
Lysine is particularly important for the synthesis of collagen, a structural protein that is a major component of connective tissues, skin, bones, and tendons.
Lysine may enhance the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract, contributing to bone health.

Lysine is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, a compound that plays a role in the conversion of fatty acids into energy.
Lysine is a component of enzymes, including some involved in the production of energy and the synthesis of other important molecules in the body.
Lysine has been studied for its potential role in supporting the immune system. 

Some research suggests that it may help inhibit the replication of certain viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus.
Lysine is involved in the formation of collagen, which is essential for wound healing and tissue repair.
Lysine, along with other nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, plays a role in maintaining healthy bones.

Lysine is essential for maintaining nitrogen balance in the body, which is important for overall protein metabolism.
Good dietary sources of lysine include protein-rich foods such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, and legumes.

Uses Of Lysine:
Lysine is an essential amino acid used in human nutrition. It plays a vital role in calcium absorption, building muscle protein and recovering from surgery or sports injuries.
Lysine is used for the treatment of herpes infections and cold sores. 
Lysine is derivatives lysine acetylsalicylate is utilized to treat pain as well as to detoxify the body after heroin use. 

Lysine is an important additive to animal feed. Further, it is used in many foods, especially red meats, fish and dairy products.
Essential amino acid for human development. 
Lysine residues are useful in many cellular processes, due to their ability to accept a wide variety of post-translational modifications.

Lysine production for animal feed is a major global industry, reaching in 2009 almost 700,000 tons for a market value of over €1.22 billion.
Lysine is an important additive to animal feed because it is a limiting amino acid when optimizing the growth of certain animals such as pigs and chickens for the production of meat. 
Lysine supplementation allows for the use of lower-cost plant protein (maize, for instance, rather than soy) while maintaining high growth rates, and limiting the pollution from nitrogen excretion.

In turn, however, phosphate pollution is a major environmental cost when corn is used as feed for poultry and swine.
Lysine is industrially produced by microbial fermentation, from a base mainly of sugar. 
Genetic engineering research is actively pursuing bacterial strains to improve the efficiency of production and allow lysine to be made from other substrates.

Lysine is an essential amino acid that plays a fundamental role in protein synthesis. 
Lysine contributes to the structure of proteins, which are vital for the growth, repair, and maintenance of tissues in the body.
Lysine is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a structural protein that provides strength and elasticity to connective tissues, skin, bones, and tendons.

Because of its role in collagen formation, lysine is important for wound healing and tissue repair. 
Lysine supports the body's ability to regenerate damaged tissues.

Lysine may enhance the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract, contributing to bone health. 
This can be particularly relevant for individuals seeking to support bone density.
Lysine is involved in the synthesis of carnitine, a compound that plays a role in the conversion of fatty acids into energy. 

Some studies suggest that lysine supplementation may help inhibit the replication of the herpes simplex virus (HSV). 
As a result, lysine is sometimes used by individuals prone to recurrent herpes simplex infections.
Lysine has been studied for its potential immune-enhancing properties. 

Some research indicates that lysine supplementation may support immune function, especially in conditions associated with viral infections.
Lysine is crucial for maintaining nitrogen balance in the body. 
This is important for overall protein metabolism and the regulation of bodily functions.

Some athletes and bodybuilders use lysine supplements in the belief that they may support muscle growth and recovery. 
However, more research is needed to establish a clear link between lysine supplementation and athletic performance.
Lysine supplements are available for individuals who may have a lysine deficiency or those who want to ensure they meet their daily amino acid needs, particularly if their diet is low in lysine-rich foods.

Some research suggests that lysine may have a role in reducing anxiety and stress. 
Lysine is involved in the synthesis of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences mood and emotions.
Lysine is sometimes included in hair care products or supplements due to its role in collagen production. 

Collagen supports the health of hair follicles and may contribute to the overall strength and elasticity of hair.
Lysine has been investigated for its potential role in cardiovascular health. 
Lysine may help in the reduction of lipid levels in the blood, contributing to heart health. 

Lysine, as an amino acid, contributes to the synthesis of glutathione, an important antioxidant in the body. 
Antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, which are molecules that can cause cellular damage.
Some studies suggest that lysine supplementation may help improve bone health in postmenopausal women by influencing calcium absorption and reducing bone turnover.

Lysine has been explored for its potential role in reducing symptoms and the recurrence of respiratory conditions such as asthma and chronic bronchitis. 
However, more research is needed to establish definitive links.
Lysine is crucial for the growth and development of children. 

Ensuring an adequate intake of lysine is essential for normal development and overall health in pediatric populations.
Lysine has been investigated for its potential influence on fertility, particularly in men. 
Some studies suggest that lysine supplementation may have positive effects on sperm count and motility.

Beyond herpes simplex, lysine has been studied for its potential antiviral effects against other viruses. 
However, research in this area is ongoing, and the clinical significance is not fully established.
Lysine is sometimes included as part of combination therapies for various health conditions, such as wound healing formulations, nutritional supplements, and specific medical treatments.

Safety Profile Of Lysine:
High doses of lysine may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. 
Lysine's important to follow recommended dosage guidelines to minimize the risk of these side effects.
While lysine is involved in calcium absorption, very high doses of lysine may interfere with the absorption of other amino acids, including arginine, which is important for calcium absorption. 

Some studies have suggested that high doses of lysine might lead to an increase in cholesterol levels. 
However, the evidence is not consistent, and more research is needed to fully understand the relationship.
Lysine supplements may interact with certain medications. 

For example, arginine and lysine compete for absorption in the intestine, and excessive intake of one may reduce the absorption of the other. 
Individuals taking medications or with pre-existing health conditions should consult with a healthcare professional before using lysine supplements.

Lysine supplementation may influence blood sugar levels. 
Individuals with diabetes or those taking medications to control blood sugar should exercise caution and consult with a healthcare professional.

Synonyms Of Lysine:
L-lysine
lysine
56-87-1
lysine acid
h-Lys-oh
(S)-Lysine
Aminutrin
(2S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid
alpha-Lysine
L-(+)-Lysine
(S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid
Hydrolysin
Lysinum
Lysinum [Latin]
L-lys
Lisina [Spanish]
(S)-2,6-Diaminocaproic acid
L-Norleucine, 6-amino-
lysin
Lysine, L-
(S)-alpha,epsilon-Diaminocaproic acid
Lisina
LYS (IUPAC abbreviation)
25104-18-1
Lysine [USAN:INN]
lys
CHEBI:18019
L-2,6-Diaminocaproic acid
lysina
(+)-S-Lysine
Hexanoic acid, 2,6-diamino-, (S)-
BRN 1722531
HSDB 2108
a-Lysine
2,6-Diaminohexanoic acid, (S)-
AI3-26523
L-Lysin
EINECS 200-294-2
UNII-K3Z4F929H6
DTXSID6023232
6-ammonio-L-norleucine
K3Z4F929H6
12798-06-0
DTXCID403232
Lysinum (Latin)
4-04-00-02717 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
LYSINE (II)
LYSINE [II]
LYSINE (MART.)
LYSINE [MART.]
L-LYSINE, MONOACETATE
MFCD00064433
3H-Lysine
2,6-diaminohexanoate
L-Lysine, labeled with tritium
.alpha.-Lysine
1ozv
1yxd
3h-l-lysine
6-amino-Aminutrin
NCGC00164527-01
L-?Lysine
H-Lys
(-)-lysine
6-amino-L-Norleucine
Lysine (USAN/INN)
L-2,6-Diainohexanoate
L-2,6-Diaminocaproate
LYSINE [VANDF]
LYSINE [HSDB]
LYSINE [INCI]
LYSINE [USAN]
LYSINE [INN]
L-LYSINE [FHFI]
LYSINE [WHO-DD]
(S)-a,e-Diaminocaproate
LYSINE [MI]
L-Lysine, >=97%
bmse000043
bmse000914
Epitope ID:136017
(S)-2,6-Diaminohexanoate
L-2,6-Diainohexanoic acid
CHEMBL8085
GTPL724
(S)-2,6-diamino-Hexanoate
(S)-a,e-Diaminocaproic acid
L-Lysine, analytical standard
L-Lysine, >=98%, FG
(S)-2,6-diamino-Hexanoic acid
B05XB03
L-Lysine, >=98% (TLC)
BDBM217367
(2S)-2,6-Diamino-hexanoic acid
HY-N0469
L-H2N(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOH
Tox21_112158
Ethyl3,5-dichloro-4-propoxybenzoate
s5630
.alpha.,.epsilon.-Diaminocaproic acid
AKOS006239081
AKOS015855172
CCG-266180
CS-W019758
DB00123
CAS-56-87-1
NCGC00166296-02
20166-34-1
AC-14492
AS-11733
TYROSINE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY]
(S)-.alpha.,.epsilon.-Diaminocaproic acid
L-Lysine, crystallized, >=98.0% (NT)
AM20100376
L0129
L-Lysine, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=98%
A20652
C00047
D02304
A904498
A919375
J-521651
(S)-2,6-Diaminocaproic acid;(S)-(+)-Lysine;Lysine
Q20816880
F0001-1472
0013CD6B-1671-4369-B1BE-F531611E50C7