MONOPROPYLENE GLYCOL

CAS No.: 57-55-6
EC No.: 200-338-0
 
Synonyms:
Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; 57-55-6; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP; Solargard P; alpha-Propyleneglycol; Solar Winter BAN; dl-Propylene glycol; DL-1,2-Propanediol; Ucar 35; Sentry Propylene Glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; (RS)-1,2-Propanediol; (+-)-1,2-Propanediol; PG 12; (+-)-Propylene glycol; FEMA No. 2940; propylenglycol; alpha-Propylene glycol;    Caswell No. 713; (+/-)-1,2-propanediol;    1,2-Propylenglykol [German]; CCRIS 5929; HSDB 174; Prolugen; .alpha.-Propylene glycol; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; Ilexan P; AI3-01898; 1,2-propandiol; NSC 69860; SDM No. 27; 1,2-propane diol; 1,2-propane-diol; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068603; Propan-1,2-Diol; L-1,2-propanediol; CHEBI:16997; HOCH2CH(OH)Me; MeCH(OH)CH2OH; EINECS 200-338-0; S-(+)-Propylene glycol; 1000PG; CH3CH(OH)CH2OH; HOCH2CH(OH)CH3; MFCD00064272; BRN 1340498; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent; 1,2-Propanediol (8CI,9CI); 1, 2-propanediol; NSC-69860; LS-1391; NCGC00090739-02; (+/-)-Propylene glycol; DSSTox_CID_1206; DSSTox_RID_76010; DSSTox_GSID_21206; General lube; 1,2-Propanediol, 99%, extra pure; Propylene Glycol (Propane-1,2-diol); 1,2-Propanediol, 99+%, for analysis; CAS-57-55-6; 1,2 Propanediol; S(+)-Propylene glycol; All purpose lubricant; Polypropylene glycol 1,000; Propylene glycol [USP:JAN]; Propylene glycol [USAN:JAN]; propylene-glycol; Aliphatic alcohol; Centella Asiatica; Chilisa FE; 1.2-propanediol; a-Propylene glycol; 1,2 -propanediol; 1,2-propyleneglycol; Propylene glycol, USP; Average MW 1000; Propylene glycol (TN); racemic propylene glycol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; ACMC-1AMKJ; Propylene glycol dl-form; racemic 1,2-propanediol; JEFFCOOL P150; Propylene Glycol 50/50; ACMC-209jq5; ACMC-209jq6; bmse000302; Epitope ID:161748; EC 200-338-0; propylene glycol cefatrizine; DSSTox_RID_78594; H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH; Propylene glycol, FCC, FG; DSSTox_GSID_27863; 3-01-00-02142 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC269I3T; MLS001055394; WLN: QY1&1Q; Propylene Glycol Reagent Grade; CHEMBL286398; Propylene glycol (JP17/USP); Glycol, polypropylene (P400); Glycol, polypropylene (P750); Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol; DTXSID0021206; (.+/-.)-1,2-Propanediol; CTK1G9439; KS-00000GZH; 1,2-PDO; Glycol, polypropylene (P1200); HMS3039O11; Propylene Glycol (Fragrance Grade); Propylene Glycol, Industrial Grade; 1,2-Propanediol, LR, >=99%; BCP23677; HY-Y0921; NSC35747; NSC35748; NSC35749; NSC69860; Tox21_111003; Tox21_201812; Tox21_300006; Tox21_301441; 1,2-Propanediol, USP, 99.5%; ANW-49390; BBL011472; NSC-35747; NSC-35748; NSC-35749; STL146584; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss., 99.5%; AKOS000121049; AKOS016355793; DB01839; MCULE-5574440784; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 400; NCGC00090739-01; NCGC00090739-03; NCGC00090739-04; NCGC00254159-01; NCGC00255183-01; NCGC00259361-01; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 1000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 2000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 3000; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%; 4254-16-4; AK-46689; AK111153; AK158454; BP-21014; E490; SC-16372; SMR000677948; SY003769; SY003770; CAS-25322-69-4; DB-013280; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%; 432-EP2269978A2; 432-EP2269985A2; 432-EP2269991A2; CS-0015917; E1520; FT-0605030; FT-0605236; FT-0606483; P0485; S6258; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical reference material; 1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph.Eur.; C00583; D00078; 1,2-Propanediol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%; 15490-EP2295399A2; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%; 1,2-Propanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; 135584-EP2287158A1; 135584-EP2292608A1; Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications; Q161495; J-502273; F1908-0071; Z1939437503; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (GC); Propylene glycol, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene glycol; Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)], .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-; Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5%; Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Soybean oil,polymer with benzoic acid,pentaerythritol,phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol; Caswell No. 867F; Tributyltin monopropyleneglycol maleate; Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083110; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; LS-47017; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; Stannyloxy,1,1,1-tributyl-; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Tributylstannanol; Tri-n-butyl tin hydroxide; SCHEMBL932356; CTK5E8291; EBD2217012; Tributyltin hydroxide; tributyltin hydroxide;Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol; SCHEMBL141960; Propylene glycol caprylic acid capric acid mixed diesters; Propylene glycol dicaprylate-caprate; EINECS 271-516-3; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate; Propylene glycol, caprylate caprate diester; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate [NF]; Caprylic, capric acid, propylene glycol diester; EC 271-516-3; Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; 57-55-6; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP; Solargard P; alpha-Propyleneglycol; Solar Winter BAN; dl-Propylene glycol; DL-1,2-Propanediol; Ucar 35; Sentry Propylene Glycol; 1,2-Propylenglykol; (RS)-1,2-Propanediol; (+-)-1,2-Propanediol; PG 12; (+-)-Propylene glycol; FEMA No. 2940; propylenglycol; alpha-Propylene glycol; Caswell No. 713; (+/-)-1,2-propanediol; 1,2-Propylenglykol [German]; CCRIS 5929; HSDB 174; Prolugen; .alpha.-Propylene glycol; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; Ilexan P; AI3-01898; 1,2-propandiol; NSC 69860; SDM No. 27; 1,2-propane diol; 1,2-propane-diol; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068603; Propan-1,2-Diol; L-1,2-propanediol; CHEBI:16997; HOCH2CH(OH)Me; MeCH(OH)CH2OH; EINECS 200-338-0; S-(+)-Propylene glycol; 1000PG; CH3CH(OH)CH2OH; HOCH2CH(OH)CH3; MFCD00064272; BRN 1340498; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent; 1,2-Propanediol (8CI,9CI); 1, 2-propanediol; NSC-69860; LS-1391; NCGC00090739-02; (+/-)-Propylene glycol; DSSTox_CID_1206; DSSTox_RID_76010; DSSTox_GSID_21206; General lube; 1,2-Propanediol, 99%, extra pure; Propylene Glycol (Propane-1,2-diol); 1,2-Propanediol, 99+%, for analysis; CAS-57-55-6; 1,2 Propanediol; S(+)-Propylene glycol; All purpose lubricant; Polypropylene glycol 1,000; Propylene glycol [USP:JAN]; Propylene glycol [USAN:JAN]; propylene-glycol; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Aliphatic alcohol; Centella Asiatica; Chilisa FE; 1.2-propanediol; a-Propylene glycol; 1,2 -propanediol; 1,2-propyleneglycol; Propylene glycol, USP; Average MW 1000; Propylene glycol (TN); racemic propylene glycol; ACMC-1AMKJ; Propylene glycol dl-form; racemic 1,2-propanediol; JEFFCOOL P150; Propylene Glycol 50/50; ACMC-209jq5; ACMC-209jq6; bmse000302; Epitope ID:161748; EC 200-338-0; propylene glycol cefatrizine; DSSTox_RID_78594; H[OCH(CH3)CH2]nOH; Propylene glycol, FCC, FG; DSSTox_GSID_27863; 3-01-00-02142 (Beilstein Handbook Reference); KSC269I3T; MLS001055394; WLN: QY1&1Q; Propylene Glycol Reagent Grade; CHEMBL286398; Propylene glycol (JP17/USP); mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Glycol, polypropylene (P400); Glycol, polypropylene (P750); Inhibited 1,2-propylene glycol; DTXSID0021206; (.+/-.)-1,2-Propanediol; CTK1G9439; KS-00000GZH; 1,2-PDO; Glycol, polypropylene (P1200); HMS3039O11; Propylene Glycol (Fragrance Grade); Propylene Glycol, Industrial Grade; 1,2-Propanediol, LR, >=99%; BCP23677; HY-Y0921; NSC35747; NSC35748; NSC35749; NSC69860;  Tox21_111003; Tox21_201812; Tox21_300006; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; Tox21_301441; 1,2-Propanediol, USP, 99.5%; ANW-49390; BBL011472; NSC-35747; NSC-35748; NSC-35749; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; STL146584; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss., 99.5%; AKOS000121049; AKOS016355793; DB01839; MCULE-5574440784; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 400; NCGC00090739-01; NCGC00090739-03; NCGC00090739-04; NCGC00254159-01; NCGC00255183-01; NCGC00259361-01; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 1000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 2000; Poly(propylene glycol) average Mw 3000; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), 99%; 4254-16-4; AK-46689; AK111153; AK158454; BP-21014; E490; SC-16372; SMR000677948; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; SY003769; SY003770; CAS-25322-69-4; DB-013280; 1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, >=99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%; 432-EP2269978A2; 432-EP2269985A2; 432-EP2269991A2; CS-0015917; E1520; FT-0605030; FT-0605236; FT-0606483; P0485; S6258; 1,2-Propanediol, analytical reference material; 1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph.Eur.; C00583; D00078; 1,2-Propanediol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5%; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%; 15490-EP2295399A2; 1,2-Propanediol, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%; 1,2-Propanediol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%; 135584-EP2287158A1; 135584-EP2292608A1; Propylene Glycol, meets USP testing specifications; Q161495; J-502273; F1908-0071; Z1939437503; 1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, >=99.5% (GC); Propylene glycol, British Pharmacopoeia (BP) Reference Standard; 1,2-(RS)-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; 1,2-Propylene glycol; Poly[oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)], .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-; Propylene glycol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard; Propylene glycol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard; 1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5%; Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material; Soybean oil,polymer with benzoic acid,pentaerythritol,phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol;    Caswell No. 867F; Tributyltin monopropyleneglycol maleate; Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 083110; 2-Butenedioic acid (Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; LS-47017; 2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, monoester with 1(or 2)-((tributylstannyl)oxy)propanol; Stannyloxy,1,1,1-tributyl-; Tributylstannanol; Tri-n-butyl tin hydroxide; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; SCHEMBL932356; CTK5E8291; EBD2217012; Tributyltin hydroxide;tributyltin hydroxide;Tributyltin monopropylene glycol maleate; Decanoic acid, mixed diesters with octanoic acid and propylene glycol; SCHEMBL141960; Propylene glycol caprylic acid capric acid mixed diesters; Propylene glycol dicaprylate-caprate; EINECS 271-516-3; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate; Propylene glycol, caprylate caprate diester; Propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaproate [NF]; Caprylic, capric acid, propylene glycol diester; EC 271-516-3; Propan-1,2-diol; Propylene glycol; α-Propylene glycol; 1,2-Propanediol; 1,2-Dihydroxypropane; Methyl ethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; MPG; PG; 1,2-propanediol; propylene glycol; propane-1,2-diol; 57-55-6; mono propilen glikol; Monopropilen Glikol; 1,2-Propylene glycol; 1,2-dihydroxypropane; 2-Hydroxypropanol; Methylethyl glycol; Methylethylene glycol; Isopropylene glycol; Monopropylene glycol; Dowfrost; Sirlene; Trimethyl glycol; 2,3-Propanediol; Propylene Glycol USP

MONOPROPYLENE GLYCOL
 
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol), according to the National Library of Medicine and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water.[4] It is labeled an organic compound in chemistry due to its carbon attributes. Its chemical formula is CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility.[5]
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is produced on a large scale primarily for the production of polymers. In the European Union, it has the E-number E1520 for food applications. For cosmetics and pharmacology, the number is E490. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is also present in Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) alginate, which is known as E405. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a compound which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR x184.1666 and is also approved by FDA for certain uses as an indirect food additive. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is approved and used as a vehicle for topical, oral and some intravenous pharmaceutical preparations in U.S. and in Europe.
Structure of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
The compound is sometimes called (alpha) α-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) to distinguish it from the isomer propane-1,3-diol, known as (beta) β-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is chiral. Commercial processes typically use the racemate. The S-isomer is produced by biotechnological routes.
 
Production of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
Industrial
Industrially, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is mainly produced from propylene oxide (for food-grade use). According to a 2018 source, 2.16 M tonnes are produced annually.[5] Manufacturers use either non-catalytic high-temperature process at 200 °C (392 °F) to 220 °C (428 °F), or a catalytic method, which proceeds at 150 °C (302 °F) to 180 °C (356 °F) in the presence of ion exchange resin or a small amount of sulfuric acid or alkali.[6]
 
1,2-Propandiol Synthesis V1.svg
Final products contain 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), 1.5% of diMonopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), and small amounts of other polyMonopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)s.[7] Further purification produces finished industrial grade or USP/JP/EP/BP grade Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) that is typically 99.5% or greater. Use of USP (US Pharmacopoeia) Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) can reduce the risk of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) rejection.[8]
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) can also be obtained from glycerol, a byproduct from the production of biodiesel.[5] This starting material is usually reserved for industrial use because of the noticeable odor and taste that accompanies the final product.
Laboratory
S-Propanediol is synthesized from via fermentation methods. Lactic acid and lactaldehyde are common intermediates. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, one of the two products of breakdown (glycolysis) of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, is a precursor to methylglyoxal. This conversion is the basis of a potential biotechnological route to the commodity chemical 1,2-propanediol. Three-carbon deoxysugars are also precursor to the 1,2-diol.[5]
A small-scale, nonbiological route from D-mannitol is illustrated in the following scheme:[9]
(s)-Propanediol from D-Mannitol.png
Applications of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
Polymers
Forty-five percent of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) produced is used as chemical feedstock for the production of unsaturated polyester resins. In this regard, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reacts with a mixture of unsaturated maleic anhydride and isophthalic acid to give a copolymer. This partially unsaturated polymer undergoes further crosslinking to yield thermoset plastics. Related to this application, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reacts with propylene oxide to give oligomers and polymers that are used to produce polyurethanes.[5] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used in waterbased acrylic architectural paints to extend dry time which it accomplishes by preventing the surface from drying due to its slower evaporation rate compared to water.
 
Food
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is also used in various edible items such as coffee-based drinks, liquid sweeteners, ice cream, whipped dairy products and soda.[10][11] Vaporizers used for delivery of pharmaceuticals or personal-care products often include Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) among the ingredients.[5] In alcohol-based hand sanitizers, it is used as a humectant to prevent the skin from drying.[12] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used as a solvent in many pharmaceuticals, including oral, injectable, and topical formulations. Many pharmaceutical drugs which are insoluble in water utilize PG as a solvent and carrier; benzodiazepine tablets are one example.[13] PG is also used as a solvent and carrier for many pharmaceutical capsule preparations. Additionally, certain formulations of artificial tears use proplyene glycol as an ingredient.[14]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is commonly used to de-ice aircraft
Antifreeze
The freezing point of water is depressed when mixed with Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG). It is used as aircraft de-icing fluid.[5][15] Water-Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) mixtures dyed pink to indicate the mixture is relatively nontoxic are sold under the name of RV or marine antifreeze. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is frequently used as a substitute for ethylene glycol in low toxicity, environmentally friendly automotive antifreeze. It is also used to winterize the plumbing systems in vacant structures.[16] The eutectic composition/temperature is 60:40 Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG):water/-60 °C.[17][18] The -50 °F/-45 °C commercial product is, however, water rich; a typical formulation is 40:60.[19]
Electronic cigarettes liquid
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is often used in electronic cigarettes.
Along with vegetable glycerin as the main ingredient (<1-92%) in e-liquid used in electronic cigarettes, where it is aerosolized to resemble smoke. It serves as both the carrier for substances like nicotine and cannabinoids, as well as for creating a vapor which resembles smoke.[20]
Miscellaneous applications of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
A bottle of flavored e-liquid for vaping shows Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) as one of the main ingredients along with vegetable glycerin.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (often abbreviated 'PG') has many applications. Some common applications see PG used:
As a solvent for many substances, both natural and synthetic.[21]
As a humectant (E1520).
In veterinary medicine as an oral treatment for hyperketonaemia in ruminants.[22]
In the cosmetics industry, where PG is very commonly used as a carrier or base for various types of makeup.[23]
For trapping and preserving insects (including as a DNA preservative).[24]
For the creation of theatrical smoke and fog in special effects for film and live entertainment. So-called 'smoke machines' or 'hazers' vaporize a mixture of PG and water to create the illusion of smoke. While many of these machines use a PG-based fuel, some use oil. Those which use PG do so in a process which is identical to how electronic cigarettes work; utilizing a heating element to produce a dense vapor. The vapor produced by these machines has the aesthetic look and appeal of smoke, but without exposing performers and stage crew to the harms and odors associated with actual smoke.[25][26]
As an additive in PCR to reduce the melting temperature of nucleic acids for targeting of GC rich sequences.
Safety in humans
When used in average quantities, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) has no measurable effect on development and/or reproduction on animals and probably does not adversely affect human development or reproduction.[27] The safety of electronic cigarettes-which utilize PG-based preparations of nicotine or THC and other cannabinoids-is the subject of much controversy.[28][29][30]
Oral administration
The acute oral toxicity of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is very low, and large quantities are required to cause perceptible health effects in humans; in fact, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is three times less toxic than ethanol.[31] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is metabolized in the human body into pyruvic acid (a normal part of the glucose-metabolism process, readily converted to energy), acetic acid (handled by ethanol-metabolism), lactic acid (a normal acid generally abundant during digestion),[32] and propionaldehyde (a potentially hazardous substance).[33][34][35] According to the Dow Chemical Company, The LD50 (Lethal Dose that kills in 50% of tests) for rats is 20 g/kg (rat/oral).[36][37]
Toxicity generally occurs at plasma concentrations over 4 g/L, which requires extremely high intake over a relatively short period of time, or when used as a vehicle for drugs or vitamins given intravenously or orally in large bolus doses.[38] It would be nearly impossible to reach toxic levels by consuming foods or supplements, which contain at most 1 g/kg of PG, except for alcoholic beverages in the US which are allowed 5 percent = 50g/kg.[39] Cases of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) poisoning are usually related to either inappropriate intravenous administration or accidental ingestion of large quantities by children.[40]
The potential for long-term oral toxicity is also low. In an NTP continuous breeding study, no effects on fertility were observed in male or female mice that received Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in drinking water at doses up to 10,100 mg/kg bw/day. No effects on fertility were seen in either the first or second generation of treated mice.[27] In a 2-year study, 12 rats were provided with feed containing as much as 5% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), and showed no apparent ill effects.[41] Because of its low chronic oral toxicity, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was classified by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) for use as a direct food additive, including frozen foods such as ice cream and frozen desserts.[39][42] The GRAS designation is specific to its use in food, and does not apply to other uses.[43]
Inhalation
The carcinogen formaldehyde is known as a product of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and glycerol vapor degradation,[44] these ingredients may also cause lung inflammation.[citation needed]
Skin, eye and inhalation contact
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is essentially non-irritating to the skin.[45] Undiluted Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is minimally irritating to the eye, producing slight transient conjunctivitis; the eye recovers after the exposure is removed. A 2018 human volunteer study found that 10 male and female subjects undergoing 4 hours exposures to concentrations of up to 442 mg/m3 and 30 minutes exposures to concentrations of up to 871 mg/m3 in combination with moderate exercise did not show pulmonary function deficits, or signs of ocular irritation, with only slight symptoms of respiratory irritation reported.[46] Inhalation of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) vapors appears to present no significant hazard in ordinary applications.[47] Due to the lack of chronic inhalation data, it is recommended that Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) not be used in inhalation applications such as theatrical productions, or antifreeze solutions for emergency eye wash stations.[48] Recently, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (commonly alongside glycerol) has been included as a carrier for nicotine and other additives in e-cigarette liquids, the use of which presents a novel form of exposure. The potential hazards of chronic inhalation of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) or the latter substance as a whole are as-yet unknown.
 
According to a 2010 study, the concentrations of PGEs (counted as the sum of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and glycol ethers) in indoor air, particularly bedroom air, has been linked to increased risk of developing numerous respiratory and immune disorders in children, including asthma, hay fever, eczema, and allergies, with increased risk ranging from 50% to 180%. This concentration has been linked to use of water-based paints and water-based system cleansers. However, the study authors write that glycol ethers and not Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) are the likely culprit.[49][50][51]

Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) has not caused sensitization or carcinogenicity in laboratory animal studies, nor has it demonstrated genotoxic potential.[52][53]

Intravenous administration
Studies with intravenously administered Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) have resulted in LD50 values in rats and rabbits of 7 mL/kg BW.[54] Ruddick (1972) also summarized intramuscular LD50 data for rat as 13-20 mL/kg BW, and 6 mL/kg BW for the rabbit. Adverse effects to intravenous administration of drugs that use Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) as an excipient have been seen in a number of people, particularly with large bolus dosages. Responses may include CNS depression, "hypotension, bradycardia, QRS and T abnormalities on the ECG, arrhythmia, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, agitation, serum hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, and haemolysis".[55] A high percentage (12% to 42%) of directly-injected Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is eliminated or secreted in urine unaltered depending on dosage, with the remainder appearing in its glucuronide-form. The speed of renal filtration decreases as dosage increases,[56] which may be due to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)'s mild anesthetic / CNS-depressant -properties as an alcohol.[57] In one case, intravenous administration of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)-suspended nitroglycerin to an elderly man may have induced coma and acidosis.[58] However, no confirmed lethality from Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was reported.

Animals
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is an approved food additive for dog and sugar glider food under the category of animal feed and is generally recognized as safe for dogs,[59] with an LD50 of 9 mL/kg. The LD50 is higher for most laboratory animals (20 mL/kg).[60] However, it is prohibited for use in food for cats due to links to Heinz body formation and a reduced lifespan of red blood cells.[61] Heinz body formation from MPG has not been observed in dogs, cattle, or humans.
 
Allergic reaction
Estimates on the prevalence of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) allergy range from 0.8% (10% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in aqueous solution) to 3.5% (30% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in aqueous solution).[62][63][64] The North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) data from 1996 to 2006 showed that the most common site for Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) contact dermatitis was the face (25.9%), followed by a generalized or scattered pattern (23.7%).[62] Investigators believe that the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) may be greater than 2% in patients with eczema or fungal infections, which are very common in countries with lesser sun exposure and lower-than-normal vitamin D balances. Therefore, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) allergy is more common in those countries.[65]
 
Because of its potential for allergic reactions and frequent use across a variety of topical and systemic products, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) was named the American Contact Dermatitis Society's Allergen of the Year for 2018.[66][67] Recent publication from The Mayo Clinic reported 0.85% incidence of positive patch tests to Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (100/11,738 patients) with an overall irritant rate of 0.35% (41/11,738 patients) during a 20-year period of 1997-2016.[68] 87% of the reactions were classified as weak and 9% as strong. The positive reaction rates were 0%, 0.26%, and 1.86% for 5%, 10%, and 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) respectively, increasing with each concentration increase. The irritant reaction rates were 0.95%, 0.24%, and 0.5% for 5%, 10%, and 20% Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG), respectively. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) skin sensitization occurred in patients sensitive to a number of other concomitant positive allergens, most common of which were: Myroxylon pereirae resin, benzalkonium chloride, carba mix, potassium dichromate, neomycin sulfate; for positive Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) reactions, the overall median of 5 and mean of 5.6 concomitant positive allergens was reported.
Environmental
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) occurs naturally, probably as the result of anaerobic catabolism of sugars in the human gut. It is degraded by vitamin B12-dependent enzymes, which convert it to propionaldehyde.[69]
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is expected to degrade rapidly in water from biological processes, but is not expected to be significantly influenced by hydrolysis, oxidation, volatilization, bioconcentration, or adsorption to sediment.[70] Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in freshwater, in seawater and in soil. Therefore, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is considered as not persistent in the environment.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) exhibits a low degree of toxicity toward aquatic organisms. Several guideline studies available for freshwater fish with the lowest observed effect concentration of 96-h LC50 value of 40,613 mg/l in a study with Oncorhynchus mykiss. Similarly, the effect concentration determined in marine fish is a 96-h LC50 of >10,000 mg/l in Scophthalmus maximus.
Chemical Formula for Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG)
C3H8O2
What is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG)?
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) is a derivative of Propylene Oxide (PO) and is produced in a twostep process. The first step is the reaction of PO with water into a mixture of MPG and Dipropylene Glycol (DPG) and the second step is the distillation and purification of the mixture into its two separate components (MPG and DPG) with MPG being the main component. Shell Chemical companies supply MPG in two different qualities: the industrial grade and the Unites States Pharmacopoeia (USP) grade, which is produced applying Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) as described for pharmaceutical excipients. MPG is a colourless, viscous and odourless liquid. It is highly hygroscopic and miscible in all ratios with water, alcohols, esters, ketones and amines. It has limited miscibility with halogenated hydrocarbons and is not miscible with aliphatic hydrocarbons. 
How is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) Used?
The most important end use of MPG industrial grade is in the production of unsaturated polyester resins, which, in turn, are used to make everyday items such as bath tubs, small boats and water/chemical tanks and pipes. Other end use application areas are paints and coatings; airplane de-icers/anti-icers; antifreeze and industrial coolants; detergents; hydraulic fluids. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP grade is used in food, beverage and animal feed, in pharmaceuticals as an excipient (inactive ingredient or carrier in a pharmaceutical product), in cosmetics and personal care products. The application of MPG USP for direct injections into the blood system is not allowed. Likewise, it is not for use in cat food because of a species-specific effect on blood cells of cats. Use of MPG USP in tobacco applications and electronic cigarettes is not supported. For both MPG industrial and MPG USP grades, the use in theatrical fogs and artificial smoke generation is also not supported. 
Health, Safety and Environmental Considerations
MPG has low acute toxicity by oral, dermal or inhalation routes. It is non-irritating to skin and eyes from animal studies. Some mild irritation effects were observed with human volunteers, but will not trigger classification. There is low concern for skin sensitisation and there are no reports of respiratory sensitisation although there is extensive exposure to this substance given the wide spectrum of professional and consumer uses. MPG is not considered to be carcinogenic or genotoxic, nor does it have effects on fertility or reproduction. The US Food and Drug Administration designates MPG as GRAS, ‘generally regarded as safe'. As such, MPG made to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards may be used in food, food packaging, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In the European Union (EU), MPG USP is not cleared as a foodstuff or general-purpose food additive. The maximum allowed content in the final foodstuff is 1g/kg. More information about the regulatory status in the EU is available through the Propylene Glycol webpage.
MPG is readily biodegradable, does not bio-accumulate and is of very low toxicity to aquatic organisms. It not classified as flammable, but will burn at temperatures over 200 to 244°F/90 to 120°C. Storing and Transporting Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (MPG) MPG is transported by tank truck and vessel as bulk and packaged (drums, intermediate bulk containers (IBC) products. The MPG USP grade needs specific attention regarding product quality and purity. Therefore, dedicated equipment and specific cleaning procedures as well as stringent controls throughout the whole supply chain are necessary. MPG is hygroscopic and requires storage equipped with drying devices to protect the product from humidity. Nitrogen blanketing compatible to USP requirements is the preferred means of keeping the product dry and ensuring its shelf life. Storage temperature should not exceed 104°F /40°C and the product should not be stored in direct sunlight. In cold climates, tank heating devices and insulation must be installed.
Risk Characterization Summary
Risks associated with exposure to these products have been evaluated for the following "chain-ofcommerce" activities: manufacture, storage, product transfer, transportation, and customers/markets. They are manufactured, stored and transported to customers in closed systems. Depending on the customer, end uses may vary from use as an intermediate for the manufacture of other chemicals, commercial products, or certain formulated consumer products. Proper equipment design and handling procedures maintain low risk from exposure where used as an intermediate. Exposures may be higher in commercial and consumer applications. To minimize risk, additional controls such as, special handling procedures and protective packaging are implemented.
 
This month we shine the spotlight on Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG); a hugely versatile chemical used in a broad mix of industries from cosmetics and pharmaceuticals to agriculture, food and e-cigarettes. 
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (with or without the space), is a viscous, colourless and odourless liquid. It carries hygroscopic properties (readily attracts moisture from the air) and is miscible in all rations with water, alcohols, esters, ketones and amines.
Derived from Propylene Oxide, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) also goes by the chemical synonyms, MPG, Propane-1,2-Diol, PG and carries the chemical formula C3H8O2. It is listed under CAS No: 57-55-6 and has no classification under CLP, is not dangerous to health and is not classified as dangerous to transport.
Is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) the same as Propylene glycol?
Yes, PG (Propylene Glycol) is just another name for MPG (Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)) so it is exactly the same chemical.
What grades of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) are there?
Monarch Chemicals are a leading UK supplier of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) and offer three different grades suitable for a whole range of applications.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP: With an extremely high purity, this grade of MPG has uses across food, flavourings, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and e-cigarette industries.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Technical Grade: The grade of MPG is commonly used in anti-freeze, coolant, de-icing products and as a chiller glycol.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Feed Grade: This grade of MPG is European produced and registered under FEMAS (Feed Materials Assurance Scheme) for use in livestock feed applications.
What is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) used for?
There are a wide range of uses for MPG across a variety of different industries including use in agriculture, cosmetics, coolants, de-icers, e-cigarette and vape products, pharmaceutical, personal care and in the production of a number of end products including paints and inks.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in animal feed: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) works to assist in the formulation of glucose to rebalance negative energy experienced in dairy carrel, particularly during periods of calving. It can be administered to dairy cows orally via drencher, in conjunction with a robotic system or mixed with feed. MPG serves as a readily available energy source in ketosis treatment and prevention and has an energy value of 23.6 Mj/Kg
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in vape juice: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP is used in vape juice as a carrier, effectively transporting more flavour in your vape than vegetable glycerine (VG). It also provides that ‘throat hit' a lot of ex-smokers look for.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in cosmetics and personal care products: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) USP is widely used in most cosmetic and personal care products including moisturisers, shampoos, shower gels, fragrances and soaps. Because of its hygroscopic properties it retains moisture therefore enhancing the appearance of skin. In perfumes it carries fragrance and, as an odourless and colourless chemical it is used as a diluent.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in food and drink: Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is found in many prepared and long-life foods to maintain moisture and preserve quality.
 
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) in de-icers: Propylene Glycol based de-icing fluids, particularly in airplane de-icer, are often a mix of water, corrosion inhibitors and propylene glycol which work to remove ice and snow whilst also acting as a freezing point depressant (The freezing point of MPG lowers once mixed with water). Variants of this product contain thickening agents to help it adhere to surfaces to help reduce the amount of ice that forms between take-off and landing.

Glycols in heat transfer fluid: In heat transfer liquids Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is added for its freeze protection and, as a non-toxic glycol compared to other glycols (ethylene glycol) can be safely used in applications where there may be incidental food contact (for example in immersion wort chillers in brewing where a cooling coil runs through conditioning tanks to control temperature during fermentation). Glycols also maintain consistent water-flow at the chosen operating temperature; however, it is important to use a glycol with added inhibitors (such as Monarch's MonCool range of inhibited glycols) in order to reduce the formation of scale and risk of corrosion to protect the metal.
Other uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) include use in the production of polyester resins, as an ingredient in special effect fog machine liquids and in the manufacture of paints, inks, surface coatings and lubricants.
 
If you would like further information on Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) from Monarch Chemicals including technical specifications, safety data sheets or to obtain a quote on your next order of bulk glycols (25Ltr, 200Ltr drum, 1000Ltr IBC or bulk tank) please visit our dedicated Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) page or contact us directly.

What Is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)?
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (also known as propylene glycol, PG, propan1, 2diol and MPG) is a clear, colourless and viscous liquid with a characteristic odour and has the formula C3H8O2. This solvent is soluble in water and holds hygroscopic properties, meaning it can attract hard water molecules. 
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is used across a wide range of industries as it has low toxicity, coupled with a freezing point which is depressed upon mixing with water.
 
Technical Properties
Chemical and physical properties of mono propylene glycol: 
Molecular Formula: C3H8O2 / CH3CH(OH)CH2OH
Synonyms: MPG, Propylene Glycol, PG, Propan1, 2diol, Propane-1,2-Diol, 1,2-Dihydroxypropane 1,2Propandiol
How is Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) produced?
Mono propylene glycol is produced from propylene oxide. The most common process is by the non-catalytic hydrolysis of propylene oxide in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The second method is the catalytic one, which can proceed at 150 °C, in the presence of ion exchange resin, or a small amount of sulphuric acid or alkali. It can also be produced from glycerol which is a bio-diesel by-product.
The demand for, and consumption of, mono propylene glycol is high with an estimated 1.2 million tonnes produced yearly by plants situated around the world.
How is it handled, stored distributed?
Mono propylene glycol is stored and moved in stainless steel or mild steel tanks and can be transported by tank trucks. It is not classified as dangerous for any mode of transport and is not hazardous to health. It has a flash point of 103 °C (closed cup) and a specific gravity of 1.04.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Uses
There are many uses for mono propylene glycol across many different industries and some chemical manufacturers produce two grades of MPG to meet these varied needs.
Consumer uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
The first grade is used in the food industry for food colourings and flavourings and is also a classified humectant food additive (E1520). There are also many applications in the cosmetics industry that use this solvent, specifically personal care products including shampoos, bubble baths, baby wipes and as a moisturiser in make-up. 
Industry uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
The second is industrial grade MPG which has a variety of uses but the main application is as an antifreeze and aircraft wing and runway de-icer which is because its freezing point lowers upon mixing with water. It is also used in heat transfer liquids such as engine coolants. 
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is additionally used in the pharmaceutical industry, examples include as a chemical intermediate in the production of high-performance unsaturated polyester resins used in paints and varnishes and as an excellent solvent utilised in printing inks. It is also used in the manufacturing of non-ionic detergents which are used in the petroleum, sugar-refining, and papermaking industries, the cryonics industry and as an additive in pipe tobacco, preventing dehydration.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) also known as propylene glycol, PG, propan1, 2diol, MPG is a clear, colourless, and viscous liquid with a characteristic odour and the molecular formula C3H8O2, CAS: 57-55-6. It is soluble in water, and has hygroscopic properties.
Monopropylene Glycol
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) Chemical Structure Composition.
Production
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is produced from propylene oxide. The most common process is by the non-catalytic hydrolysis of propylene oxide in a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. The second method is the catalytic one, which can proceed at 150 °C, in the presence of ion exchange resin, or a small amount of sulphuric acid or alkali. It can also be produced from glycerol which is a bio-diesel by-product.
The demand for, and consumption of, Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is high with an estimated 1.2 million tonnes produced yearly by plants situated around the world.
It has a flash point of 103 °C and a specific gravity of 1.04.
Uses of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG)
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is utilized across many different industries and some chemical manufacturers produce two grades of MPG to meet these varied needs.
The first grade is used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. MPG is used as a solvent for food colourings and flavourings. In the personal care industry it is used as a moisturiser in make-up, shampoo, bubble bath and baby wipes, to name but a few examples. The pharmaceutical industry uses MPG as a solvent in oral, injectable, and topical formulations.
The main application for industrial grade MPG is as an antifreeze and aircraft wing and runway de-icer because the freezing point of MPG lowers upon mixing with water. It is also used in heat transfer liquids such as engine coolants.
It can also be used as a chemical intermediate in the production of high performance unsaturated polyester resins used in paints and varnishes. It is also an excellent solvent that is utilised in printing inks and it is also used in the manufacture of detergents which are used in the petroleum, sugar-refining, and paper making industries.
Arpadis is one of the largest chemical distributor in Europe.
Arpadis is handling the storage, transport, export & import formalities of Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) globally.
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) (IUPAC name: propane-1,2-diol), according to the National Library of Medicine and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, is a synthetic liquid substance that absorbs water.[4] It is labeled an organic compound in chemistry due to its carbon attributes. Its chemical formula is CH3CH(OH)CH2OH. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a viscous, colorless liquid, which is nearly odorless but possesses a faintly sweet taste. Containing two alcohol groups, it is classed as a diol. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is miscible with a broad range of solvents, including water, acetone, and chloroform. In general, glycols are non-irritating and have very low volatility.[5]
Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is produced on a large scale primarily for the production of polymers. In the European Union, it has the E-number E1520 for food applications. For cosmetics and pharmacology, the number is E490. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is also present in Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) alginate, which is known as E405. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is a compound which is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under 21 CFR x184.1666 and is also approved by FDA for certain uses as an indirect food additive. Monopropylene Glycol (Monopropilen Glikol, MPG) is approved and used as a vehicle for topical, oral and some intravenous pharmaceutical preparations in U.S. and in Europe.