PRODUCTS

PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE

Palladium (II) Chloride is widely used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and polymers.
Palladium (II) Chloride is used as a reagent in qualitative inorganic analysis to test for the presence of chloride and other ions.
Palladium (II) Chloride is used in the preparation of palladium-based catalysts.

CAS Number: 7647-10-1
EC Number: 231-596-2
MDL Number: MFCD00003558
Chemical formula: PdCl2

SYNONYMS:
Palladium dichloride, Palladous chloride, Dichloropalladium, Palladium dichloride, Palladous chloride, Palladium dichloride, Hydrochloric acid palladium salt, Palladium Chloride, Palladium dichloride, Palladium chloride (PdCl₂), Palladous chloride, Dichloropalladium, Palladium dichloride, PdCl, Palladous chloride, CAS 7657-10-1 (Palladium(II) chloride hydrate), PALLADIUM(+2)CHLORIDE, PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE, PALLADIUM CHLORIDE(II), PALLADIUM CHLORIDE, PALLADIUM(II) CHLORIDE, enplateactivator440 , nci-c60184 , palladiumchloride(pdcl2), Dichloropalladium, Enplate Activator 440, NSC 146183, Niklad 262, Palladium Dichloride, Palladous Chloride, Palladium(II) chloride, Palladium chloride, 7647-10-1, Dichloropalladium, Palladium dichloride, Palladous chloride, Palladium (II) chloride, Palladium(2+) chloride, PdCl2, Palladium chloride (PdCl2), Palladium II Chloride, Cl2Pd, Enplate activator 440, CCRIS 6263, HSDB 4362, EINECS 231-596-2, MFCD00003558, NSC 146183, UNII-N9214IR8N7, CHEBI:53434, NSC-146183, NCI-C60184, Palladium chloride (pdc12), dichloro palladium, PALLADIUM CHLORIDE (2+), Pd(II) chloride, palladium-dichloride, palladium-ii-chloride, Palladium dichloride, dichloropalladium(II), palladium(II)chloride, dichloropalladium(11), dichloro palladium(II), dichloro-palladium(II), dichloropalladium (II), Palladium(II)-chloride, palladium(II)dichloride, dichloropalladium (11), dichloro palladium (II), dichloro-palladium (II), dichloro-palladium-(II), palladium chloride (II), palladium(II) dichloride, palladium-(II)dichloride, Palladium( cento) chloride, WLN: PD G2, PALADIUM(OUS) CHLORIDE, PALLADIUM CHLORIDE(II), PALLADIUM (II) DICHLORIDE, Palladium(II) chloride, Premion?, Palladium(II) chloride, 59% Pd, 5?wt. % in 10 wt. % HCl, NSC146183, Palladium(II) chloride, >=99.9%, Palladium(II) chloride, 99.999%, AKOS015833820, CS-W020882, AC-18128, BP-12254, Palladium(II) chloride, puriss., 60.0%, Palladium(II) chloride, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, Palladium(II) chloride, anhydrous, 60% Pd basis, Q419904, Palladium (II) chloride, Trace metals grade 99.9%, Palladium(II) chloride, JIS special grade, >=99.0%, Palladium(II) chloride, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, Palladium(II) chloride, anhydrous, 59-60% palladium (Pd) basis, nci-c60184, Palladium chloride, PALLADIUM CHLORIDE, enplateactivator440, PALLADIUM DICHLORIDE, palladium dichloride, PALLADIUM(+2)CHLORIDE, PalladiumchloridecaPd, PALLADIUM(II) CHLORIDE, PALLADIUM CHLORIDE(II), Palladium(II) chloride, palladiumchloride(pdcl2), palladium(2+) dichloride, Palladium(II) chloride solution, palladium(ii) chloride anhydrous

Palladium (II) Chloride, also known as palladium dichloride and palladous chloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2.
Palladium (II) Chloride is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis.
Palladium (II) Chloride is prepared by the reaction of chlorine with palladium metal at high temperatures.

Palladium (II) Chloride appears as dark brown crystals.
Palladium (II) Chloride is a palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.
Palladium (II) Chloride has a role as a catalyst.

Palladium (II) Chloride is a chloride of palladium.
Palladium (II) Chloride is a common starting material in palladium chemistry.
Palladium (II) Chloride is sometimes used to test for the corrosion-resistance of stainless steel and can be found in carbon monoxide detectors.

Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46.
It is found as a free metal alloyed with gold and other platinum group metals and in the rare minerals cooperite and polarite.
Palladium (II) Chloride, also known as palladium dichloride, are the chemical compounds with the formula PdCl2.

Palladium (II) Chloride is a common starting material in palladium chemistry – palladium-based catalysts are of particular value in organic synthesis.
Palladium (II) Chloride is prepared by chlorination of palladium.
Palladium (II) Chloride is a palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.

Palladium (II) Chloride has a role as a catalyst.Palladium chloride appears as dark brown crystals.
Palladium (II) Chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Palladium source for uses compatible with chlorides.
Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water.

Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal.
They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation.
Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared.

The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems.
They can form either inorganic or organic compounds.
Palladium (II) Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes.

USES and APPLICATIONS of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Electronics Industry uses of Palladium (II) Chloride: Employed in the production of electrical contacts and connectors due to its high conductivity and resistance to corrosion.

Plating and Coatings: Palladium (II) Chloride is used in electroplating and coating processes to deposit palladium on substrates.
Photographic Industry uses of Palladium (II) Chloride: Involved in the preparation of photographic emulsions for black-and-white photography.
Palladium (II) Chloride can also be used for the cosmetic tattooing of leukomas in the cornea.

Palladium (II) Chloride is mainly used in the manufacture of special products catalyst, molecular sieve, preparation of non-conductor material coating with surface activator, the production of gas sensitive components

-Catalysis uses of Palladium (II) Chloride:
Palladium (II) Chloride is used as a catalyst in various organic reactions, such as hydrogenation and cross-coupling reactions (e.g., Suzuki, Heck reactions).
Palladium (II) Chloride is widely used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and polymers.

-Analytical Chemistry uses of Palladium (II) Chloride:
Palladium (II) Chloride is used as a reagent in qualitative inorganic analysis to test for the presence of chloride and other ions.
Palladium (II) Chloride is used in the preparation of palladium-based catalysts.

-Palladium (II) Chloride is a common starting point in the synthesis of other palladium compounds.
Palladium (II) Chloride is not particularly soluble in water or non-coordinating solvents, so the first step in its utilization is often the preparation labile but soluble Lewis base adducts, such as those derived from acetonitrile or benzonitrile.

The acetonitrile complex is prepared by treating Palladium (II) Chloride in refluxing acetonitrile:
PdCl2 + 2 MeCN → PdCl2(MeCN)2
Although occasionally recommended, inert-gas techniques are not necessary if the complex is to be used in situ.

Even when dry, Palladium (II) Chloride is able to rapidly stain stainless steel.
Thus, Palladium (II) Chloride solutions are sometimes used to test for the corrosion-resistance of stainless steel.
Palladium (II) Chloride is sometimes used in carbon monoxide detectors.

-Even when dry, Palladium (II) Chloride is able to rapidly stain stainless steel.
Thus, Palladium (II) Chloride solutions are sometimes used to test for the corrosion-resistance of stainless steel
Palladium (II) Chloride is sometimes used in carbon monoxide detectors. Carbon monoxide reduces palladium(II) chloride to palladium:

PdCl2 + CO + H2O → Pd + CO2 + 2HCl
Residual Palladium (II) Chloride is converted to red PdI2, the concentration of which may be determined colorimetrically:

PdCl2 + 2 KI → PdI2 + 2 KCl
Palladium (II) Chloride is used in the Wacker process for production of aldehydes and ketones from alkenes.

RELATED COMPOUNDS OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Other anions
*Palladium(II) fluoride
*Palladium(II) bromide
*Palladium(II) iodide

-Other cations
*Nickel(II) chloride
*Platinum(II) chloride
*Platinum(II,IV) chloride
*Platinum(IV) chloride

STRUCTURE OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Two forms of Palladium (II) Chloride are known.
In both forms, the palladium centres adopt the square-planar coordination geometry that is characteristic of Pd(II).
Furthermore, in both forms, the Pd(II) centres are linked by μ2-chloride bridges.

The α-form of PdCl2 is a polymer, consisting of "infinite" slabs or chains.
The β-form of PdCl2 is molecular, consisting of an octahedral cluster of six Pd atoms.

Each of the twelve edges of this octahedron is spanned by Cl-.
PtCl2 adopts similar structures, whereas NiCl2 adopts the CdCl2 motif, featuring hexacoordinated Ni(II).

PROPERTIES AND BENEFITS OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
*Effective Catalyst:
Palladium (II) Chloride is highly effective in facilitating organic transformations, making it valuable in chemical synthesis.

*Corrosion Resistance:
Palladium provides long-lasting resistance to corrosion, which is crucial for applications in electronics.

*High Purity:
Palladium (II) Chloride is used in high-precision applications, especially in the pharmaceutical and analytical industries.

*Mild Oxidizing Agent:
Useful in controlled oxidation reactions, particularly in organic synthesis.

STORAGE OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Store Palladium (II) Chloride in a cool, dry place, away from reducing agents.
Keep Palladium (II) Chloride containers tightly sealed to prevent contamination.

STRUCTURE OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Two forms of Palladium (II) Chloride are known, denoted α and β.
In both forms, the palladium centres adopt a square-planar coordination geometry that is characteristic of Pd(II).

Furthermore, in both forms, the Pd(II) centers are linked by μ2-chloride bridges.
The α-form of Palladium (II) Chloride is a polymer, consisting of "infinite" slabs or chains.

The β-form of Palladium (II) Chloride is molecular, consisting of an octahedral cluster of six Pd atoms.
Each of the twelve edges of this octahedron is spanned by Cl−.
PtCl2 adopts similar structures, whereas NiCl2 adopts the CdCl2 motif, featuring hexacoordinated Ni(II).

Two further polymorphs, γ-Palladium (II) Chloride and δ-Palladium (II) Chloride, have been reported and show negative thermal expansion.
The high-temperature δ form contains planar ribbons of edge-connected PdCl4 squares, like α-Palladium (II) Chloride.
The low-temperature γ form has corrugated layers of corner-connected PdCl4 squares.

PREPARATION OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Palladium (II) Chloride is prepared by dissolving palladium metal in aqua regia or hydrochloric acid in the presence of chlorine.
Alternatively, Palladium (II) Chloride may be prepared by heating palladium sponge metal with chlorine gas at 500 °C.

REACTIONS OF PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Palladium (II) Chloride is a common starting point in the synthesis of other palladium compounds.
Palladium (II) Chloride is not particularly soluble in water or non-coordinating solvents, so the first step in its utilization is often the preparation of labile but soluble Lewis base adducts, such as bis(benzonitrile)palladium dichloride and bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride.
These complexes are prepared by treating PdCl2 with hot solutions of the nitriles:

PdCl2 + 2 RCN → PdCl2(RCN)2
Although occasionally recommended, inert-gas techniques are not necessary if the complex is to be used in situ. As an example, bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride may be prepared from Palladium (II) Chloride by reacting it with triphenylphosphine in benzonitrile:

PdCl2 + 2 PPh3 → PdCl2(PPh3)2
Further reduction in the presence of more triphenylphosphine gives tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0); the second reaction may be carried out without purifying the intermediate dichloride:

PdCl2(PPh3)2 + 2 PPh3 + ⁠5/2⁠ N2H4 → Pd(PPh3)4 + ⁠1/2⁠ N2 + 2 N2H+
5Cl−
Alternatively, Palladium (II) Chloride may be solubilized in the form of the tetrachloropalladate(II) anion, such as in sodium tetrachloropalladate, by reacting with the appropriate alkali metal chloride in water: Palladium (II) Chloride is insoluble in water, whereas the product dissolves:

PdCl2 + 2 MCl → M2PdCl4
Palladium (II) Chloride may also further react with phosphines to give phosphine complexes of palladium.

Palladium (II) Chloride may also be used to give heterogeneous palladium catalysts: palladium on barium sulfate, palladium on carbon, and palladium chloride on carbon.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
Chemical formula: PdCl2
Molar mass: 177.326 g/mol (anhydrous)
213.357 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance: dark red solid, hygroscopic (anhydrous), dark brown crystals (dihydrate)
Density: 4.0 g/cm3
Melting point: 679 °C (1,254 °F; 952 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: soluble in trace amounts, better solubility in cold water
Solubility: soluble in organic solvents, dissolves rapidly in HCl
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −38.0×10−6 cm3/mol
Crystal structure: rhombohedral
Coordination geometry: square planar
Flash point: Non-flammable

Molecular Weight: 177.32 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 175.84119 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 175.84119 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 2.8
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
CAS: 7647-10-1
EINECS: 231-596-2
InChI: InChI=1/2ClH.2H2O.Pd/h21H;21H2;/q;;;;+2/p-2
Molecular Formula: Cl2Pd
Molar Mass: 177.33
Density: 4g/mL at 25°C (lit.)
Melting Point: 678-680°C (lit.)

Boiling Point: 100°C at 760 mmHg
Water Solubility: Insoluble
Solubility: 55.6g/l insoluble
Vapor Pressure: 0Pa at 20℃
Appearance: Powder/Solid
Specific Gravity: 4
Color: Yellow
Odor: Odorless
Merck: 14,6990
pH: 2.15 (30g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C

Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents
Physical and Chemical Properties: The trait product was brown crystal,
soluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid,
ethanol, acetone, hydrobromic acid.
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): Cl2Pd
CAS Number: 7647-10-1
Molecular Weight: 177.33
EC Number: 231-596-2
MDL number: MFCD00003558
UNSPSC Code: 12161600
PubChem Substance ID: 24874155
NACRES: NA.22

Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: PdCl2 = 177.32
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature: Room Temperature
(Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15°C)
Store Under Inert Gas: Store under inert gas
Condition to Avoid: Hygroscopic
CAS number: 7647-10-1
EC number: 231-596-2
Hill Formula: Cl₂Pd
Chemical formula: PdCl₂
Molar Mass: 177.33 g/mol
HS Code: 2843 90 90

Density: 4.0 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 678 - 680 °C
pH value: 2.15 (30 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Solubility: 55.6 g/l insoluble
Molecular Formula: PdCl₂
Molecular Weight: 177.33 g/mol
Appearance: Red to brown crystalline solid
Odor: Odorless
Density: 4.10 g/cm³
Melting Point: 875°C
Boiling Point: Sublimes at ~1,000°C
Solubility in Water: Insoluble in water

Solubility in Acids: Soluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and other strong acids
Stability: Stable under normal conditions but can decompose in the presence of reducing agents
Oxidizing Properties: Palladium (II) chloride is a mild oxidizing agent
Compound Formula: PdCl2
Molecular Weight: 177.33
Appearance: Rust-colored powder
Melting Point: 675 or 501b (dec.)
Boiling Point: N/A
Density: 4 g/cm3
Solubility in H2O: Soluble
Exact Mass: 177.33
Monoisotopic Mass: 175.841

FIRST AID MEASURES of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of PALLADIUM (II) CHLORIDE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available