PRODUCTS

PERBORAX

Perborax is an inorganic sodium salt widely used in laundry detergents and peroxide-based bleaches, such as tooth whitening products.
Perborax is soluble in water and releases hydrogen peroxide, but it is not merely a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium borate, as peroxoborate species deliver the hydroperoxide anion at a lower pH than H2O2.
Perborax has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant, making it useful in detergents, cleaning products, and some eye drops as a preservative.

CAS Number: 10486-00-7
EC Number: 234-390-0
Chemical Formula: NaBO3 * 4 H2O
Molar Mass: 153.88 g/mol

Synonyms: Perboric acid, sodium salt, monohydrate, sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane;hydrate, Y9UKD0XE6F, Sodium perborate monohydrate [USAN], Sodium perborate monohydrate (USAN), Caswell No. 784A, Sodium borate, monohydrate, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 011105, Sodium perborate hydrate, UNII-Y9UKD0XE6F, SODIUM BORATE MONOHYDRATE, DTXSID9035676, MFCD00149230, FT-0696526, SODIUM PERBORATE MONOHYDRATE [MART.], SODIUM PERBORATE MONOHYDRATE [WHO-DD], D07066, Perboric acid (HBO(O2)), sodium salt, monohydrate, Q18212089, perboric acid, Perboric acid (HBO3), Perboric acid (HBO(O2)), UNII-HC4C3M1FO2, HC4C3M1FO2, 14034-78-7, HBO3, DTXSID9058602, DB13235

Perborax is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that NaBO3 would be the anhydrous form).
They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids.

This salt is widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches.

Perborax is an oxidative preservative that is used in Genteal lubricating eye drops.
With topical application, Perborax is converted by catalase to water, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide.

Perborax antimicrobial properties are attributed to oxidization of cell membranes, membrane-bound enzymes, and disruption of protein synthesis.
Also, Perborax has demonstrated efficacy against Aspergillus niger.

However, most ophthalmic solutions that contain Perborax produce the byproduct, hydrogen peroxide, at levels between 30 and 100 ppm, which can cause ocular stinging.
Less is known about the histopathologic corneal and conjunctival changes associated with topical Perborax.

Perborax is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written NaH2BO4, Na2H4B2O8, or, more properly, [Na+]2[B2O4(OH)4]2−.
Perborax name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS (not to be confused with phosphate-buffered saline).

Perborax is used in the detergent industry as a bleaching agent.
The crystalline reagent is available inexpensively as a hydrate with the general formula NaBO3 • n H2O (n: 1-4).

The reagent offers low toxicity and a long shelf life.
Perborax is a useful reagent in organic synthesis as a substitute for the unstable, highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions that can pose a significant explosion hazard and are not commercially available.

Perborax is soluble in water and releases hydrogen peroxide, but Perborax is not merely a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium borate.
NMR and Raman spectroscopy indicate that in dilute solution, an equilibrium exists that still contains peroxoborate anions.
These peroxoborate species are able to deliver the hydroperoxide anion at a lower pH than when H2O2 is used.

Perborax is activated toward nucleophilic oxidation, and also buffers the reaction medium.

For oxidations of organoboranes, Kabalka notes that H2O2 sometimes requires quite harsh conditions that are incompatible with many functional groups, while Perborax offers an interesting mild alternative.
He assumes that the mild nature of the oxidant is a result of having borate as a leaving group as compared to hydroxide, which is formed in hydrogen peroxide oxidations.

Mixing Perborax with acetic acid generates even more powerful oxidation species.

Perborax is considered as a source of active hydrogen used in detergents, cleaning products, laundry detergents and bleaches.
Perborax finds application as a tooth bleaching agent utilized for tooth.

Perborax has antiseptic properties and acts as disinfectant as well as preservative in eye drops.
Further, Perborax is mixed with suitable activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine in order to release oxygen at lower temperatures.

Perboric acid is mainly found in its salt form of Perborax and it can be found as a monohydrate or tetrahydrate.
Perborax is one of the peroxy acid salts with very wide functionalities in industrial settings.

Perboric acid in the form of Perborax is approved by Health Canada since 2004 to be used as a disinfectant of medical instruments.
By the FDA, Perborax is approved as an ointment for the protection of poison ivy dermatitis.

Perborax is an inorganic sodium salt widely used in laundry detergents and in peroxide-based bleaches, such as tooth whitening products.
Perborax also has antiseptic and disinfectant properties and is therefore used as an oral debriding agent or oral wound cleanser.

Perboraxs are salts composed of a sodium cation and the conjugate base anion of some inorganic or organic acids.
They can be formed by the neutralization of such acids with sodium hydroxide.

Categorization of Perborax:

Perboraxs can be categorized into:
Perboraxs of carboxylic acids (e. g. sodium formate, HCOONa, the Perborax of formic acid or sodium acetate, CH3COONa, the Perborax of acetic acid, etc.) and
Perboraxs of inorganic acids (sulfonic acids etc.)

Organic Perboraxs:

Drugs:
In pharmaceutical technology acidic pharmaceutical substances are often converted into Perboraxs, because they are more stable, more soluble or membrane-permeable (bioavailable) than the base compound.

Examples of such Perboraxs are (selection):
Bispyribac, bithionol, bosentan, brequinar, bromfenac, Cefmenoxime, ceftiofur, citicoline, diclofenac , Floxacillin, fosinopril, Mordant brown 33, naproxen, Netobimin, ozagrel, pantoprazole, pemetrexed, secobarbital, sitamaquin, sitaxentan, sulfamiderazin, sulfapyridine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfathiazole, sulfazecin, thiamylal and mesna.

The DiPerborax of cromolyn is also used as drug.
Most of these salts are Perboraxs of organic carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids.

Plant protection agents:
Herbicides are often used as Perboraxs for the reasons discussed above.
One example is the Perborax of methylflupyrsulfuron (CAS-No. 144740-54-5).

Cosmetics:
Perboraxs of long chain sulfonic acids (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) are often included in toothpaste and shampoo.
The Perboraxs of fatty acids may serve as soaps and can therefore be called sodium soaps.

Dye production:
Perboraxs of certain aromatic sulfonic acids - particularly naphthalenesulfonic acid - are used in the preparation of azo dyes.

Inorganic Perboraxs:
Examples of important inorganic Perboraxs are sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate.
Sodium amide (NaNH2) is the Perborax of ammonia (NH3).

Uses of Perborax:
Perborax serves as a stable source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches.
Perborax is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite and other chlorine-based bleaches, causing less degradation to dyes and textiles.

Borates also have some non-oxidative bleaching properties.
Perborax releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60 °C.
To make Perborax active at lower temperatures (40–60 °C), one must mix Perborax with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).

Perborax is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas for non vital root treated teeth.
Perborax is inserted in the root canal and left in place for an extended period of time to allow Perborax to diffuse into the tooth and bleach stains from the inside out.
However, this use has been banned in the European Union.

Perborax has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant.
Perborax is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops.

Perborax is also used as an oxidizing reagent in organic synthesis.
For example, Perborax converts thioethers into sulfoxides and sulfones.

Applications of Perborax:
Perborax is considered as a source of active hydrogen used in detergents, cleaning products, laundry detergents and bleaches.
Perborax finds application as a tooth bleaching agent utilized for tooth.

Hydrates:
Perborax also crystallizes from water as the hexahydrate, Na2H4B2O8·6H2O, that is, Na2H16B2O14 or NaH8BO7.

The anhydrous compound is commonly but incorrectly called a "monohydrate" after the historical formulation NaBO3·H2O instead of the correct Na2H4B2O8.
Likewise, the hexahydrate is usually called "tetrahydrate" and formulated as NaBO3·4H2O.

Both forms are white, odorless, water-soluble solids.
The "monohydrate" and the "tetrahydrate" are the commercially important forms.

There does exist a true tetrahydrate Na2H4B2O8·4H2O, traditionally known as the "trihydrate", with no industrial significance.
There is a CAS number for each of the three traditional "hydrates", the three "peroxyborate" versions of each (interpreted as a hydrogen peroxide adduct) and the poorly-defined "anhydrate" NaBO3, totalling seven.

Chemistry of Perborax:
Perborax undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate.

More precisely, in solution the cyclic anion hydrolizes into two anions [B(OH)3(OOH)]−, which then enter in equilibrium with boric acid B(OH)3, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, the hydroperoxyl anion −OOH, and the tetrahydroxyborate anion [B(OH)4]−:
[(B(OH)2OO)2]2− + 2 H2O ⇌ 2 [B(OH)3(OOH)]−
[B(OH)3(OOH)]− ⇌ B(OH)3 + −OOH
B(OH)3 + −OOH + H2O ⇌ [B(OH)4]− + H2O2

As the concentration of the solution increases, other peroxoborate species become significant.
With excess H2O2, the anions [B(OH)2(OOH)2]−, [B(OH)(OOH)3]−, and eventually [B(OOH)4]− appear.
At high borate concentrations, the Perborax with dimeric anion crystallizes out, due to Perborax relatively low solubility.

The "monohydrate" form dissolves faster than the "tetrahydrate" and has higher heat stability; Perborax is prepared by heating the "tetrahydrate".
The commercial "anhydrate", or Oxoborate, is prepared by further heating of "monohydrate" and actually consists of sodium borate and boron–oxygen radical.

Pharmacology of Perborax:

Drug Indication:
In the industry, Perborax is used as a disinfectant.
Perborax is also part of the ingredients for detergents, bleach powders, and personal care formulations.

In cosmetic products, perboric acid and mainly Perborax salt are used as an oxidizing agent for dyeing or permanent waving.
In dentistry, Perborax monohydrate is used as an aid for the removal of phlegm, mucus or other secretions associated with an occasional sore in the mouth, for cleansing minor wounds, for temporary cleanse of canker sore or for the removal of foreign materials in minor wounds.

In ophthalmic preparations, Perborax is used as a preservative for products used for dry eye.
This use is approved as Perborax rapidly degrades to harmless byproducts.

Preparation of Perborax:

Perborax is manufactured by reaction of borax Na2B4O7 and sodium hydroxide NaOH to give sodium metaborate NaBO2, which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to give hydrated Perborax:
Na2B4O7 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaBO2 + H2O
2 NaBO2 + 2 H2O2 → Na2B2O4(OH)4

A surfactant may be added to control crystal size.

Perborax may also be produced in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of a solution containing borax, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (potassium dichromate is added to improve yield along with sodium silicate).
A copper pipe is used as a cathode and platinum for the anode, the current being 6 amperes at 7 to 8 volts, and the temperature 10 °C.

Structure of Perborax:
Unlike sodium percarbonate and sodium perphosphate, Perborax is not simply an adduct with hydrogen peroxide – known only since 1961.
Rather, Perborax contains a perborate anion [(B(OH)2OO)2]2− consisting of a cyclic −B−O−O−B−O−O− core with two hydroxy groups attached to each boron atom.
The ring adopts a chair conformation.

Storage of Perborax:
Well closed.
Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and strong acids.

Safety of Perborax:
In the European Union, Perborax, like most borates, was classified as "carcinogenic, mutagenic, or toxic for reproduction" (CMR), category 1B of Regulation (EC) 790/2009, as a result of being included in Part 3 of Annex VI of the regulation 1272/2008 on Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) of substances and mixtures.
As a result, their use has been automatically banned in cosmetic products in the EU, in any concentration, starting 1 December 2010.
That extends to the use of perborates for tooth whitening.

Fire Fighting of Perborax:
In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

In case of fire:
Keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.
NO direct contact with water.

Spillage Disposal of Perborax:

Personal protection:
Particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of Perborax.
Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Sweep spilled substance into covered dry, sealable containers.
Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Identifiers of Perborax:
CAS Number:
7632-04-4
10332-33-9 ("monohydrate")
10486-00-7 ("tetrahydrate")

ChEBI: CHEBI:30178
ChemSpider: 4574023
ECHA InfoCard: 100.035.597
EC Number: 231-556-4
PubChem CID: 5460514
RTECS number: SC7350000

UNII:
Y52BK1W96C
Y9UKD0XE6F ("monohydrate")
822HSQ655R ("tetrahydrate")

UN number: 1479
InChI: InChI=1S/B2H4O8.2Na/c3-1(4)7-9-2(5,6)10-8-1;;/h3-6H;;/q-2;2*+1
Key: JBUKJLNBQDQXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/B2H4O8.2Na/c3-1(4)7-9-2(5,6)10-8-1;;/h3-6H;;/q-2;2*+1
Key: JBUKJLNBQDQXLI-UHFFFAOYAG
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].O[B-]1(OO[B-](O)(O)OO1)O

CAS number: 10486-00-7
EC index number: 005-018-01-X
EC number: 234-390-0
Hill Formula: BNaO₃ * 4 H₂O
Chemical formula: NaBO₃ * 4 H₂O
Molar Mass: 153.88 g/mol
HS Code: 2840 30 00

Synonyms: Perborax tetrahydrate
Linear Formula: NaBO3 · 4H2O
CAS Number: 10486-00-7
Molecular Weight: 153.86
EC Number: 239-172-9

Linear Formula: BNaO3 • 4H2O
MDL Number: MFCD00149231
EC No.: 231-556-4
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 23676691
IUPAC Name: sodium; 3-oxido dioxaborirane; tetrahydrate
SMILES: B1(OO1)[O-].O.O.O.O.[Na+]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/BO3.Na.4H2O/c2-1-3-4-1;;;;;/h;;4*1H2/q-1;+1;;;;
InchI Key: IBDSNZLUHYKHQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Perborax:
Chemical formula: NaBO3·nH2O
Molar mass: 99.815 g/mol ("monohydrate");
153.86 g/mol ("tetrahydrate")
Appearance: White powder
Odor: Odorless
Melting point: 63 °C (145 °F; 336 K) ("tetrahydrate")
Boiling point: 130 to 150 °C (266 to 302 °F; 403 to 423 K) ("tetrahydrate", decomposes)
Solubility in water: 2.15 g/(100 mL) ("tetrahydrate", 18 °C)

Density: 1.73 g/cm3
Melting Point: 60 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 10 (15 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 800 kg/m3
Solubility: 23 g/l (20 °C)

Compound Formula: H8BNaO7
Molecular Weight: 153.86
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Melting Point: 60 °C
Exact Mass: 154.026077
Monoisotopic Mass: 154.026077

Molecular Weight: 99.82 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 99.9943830 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 99.9943830 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 50.4Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 20.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Perborax:
Assay (manganometric): ≥ 96.0 %
Identity: passes test
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.1 %
Sulphate (SO₄): ≤ 1.2 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.003 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.002 %

Melting Point: 60°C (decomposition)
Density: 1.73
pH: ∼10
Odor: Odorless
Quantity: 2500 g
UN Number: UN1479
Sensitivity: Hygroscopic
Merck Index: 14,8652
Solubility Information: Soluble in water.
Formula Weight: 153.86 (81.84 Anhydrous)
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Perborax tetrahydrate

Names of Perborax:
Sodium peroxoborate
PBS-1 ("monohydrate")
PBS-4 ("tetrahydrate")