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PHENYLMETHANE

Phenylmethane is a liquid, which is colourless, water-insoluble and smells like paint thinners.
Phenylmethane is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group.
Phenylmethane is predominantly in use as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.

CAS Number: 108-88-3
EC Number: 203-625-9
Chemical Formula: C7H8
Molar Mass: 92.141 g·mol−1

Synonyms: toluene, methylbenzene, 108-88-3, toluol, Phenylmethane, Benzene, methyl-, methacide, methylbenzol, antisal 1a, Toluen, tolu-sol, monomethyl benzene, Methane, phenyl-, Tolueen, Toluolo, phenyl methane, 1-Methylbenzene, methyl-Benzene, p-toluene, RCRA waste number U220, NCI-C07272, 4-methylbenzene, Benzene, methyl, CP 25, NSC 406333, UN 1294, PHME, Toluene-13C6, NSC-406333, TOLUENE (RING-D5), CHEMBL9113, 3FPU23BG52, DTXSID7021360, CHEBI:17578, Toluene, anhydrous, MFCD00008512, NCGC00090939-02, Tolueen [Dutch], Toluen [Czech], Toluene, analytical standard, Tolueno [Spanish], Toluolo [Italian], DTXCID501360, Caswell No. 859, Tolueno, methyl benzene, para-toluene, Toluene, ACS reagent, >=99.5%, Toluene 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, CAS-108-88-3, CCRIS 2366, HSDB 131, EINECS 203-625-9, UN1294, RCRA waste no. U220, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 080601, UNII-3FPU23BG52, Dracyl, phenyl-methane, toluene solvent, 2-methylbenzene, toluene-, AI3-02261, MePh, Titration Solvent, 2-methyl benzene, 4-methyl-benzene, Benzylidyne radical, Toluene ACS Grade, Toluene HPLC grade, Methylbenzene, 9CI, Toluene (Technical), Toluene, for HPLC, PhCH3, Toluene, ACS reagent, Toluene, HPLC Grade, 4i7k, TOLUENE [HSDB], TOLUENE [IARC], TOLUENE [INCI], Toluene, 99.5%, TOLUENE [MI], TOLUENE [MART.], TOLUENE [USP-RS], Toluene Reagent Grade ACS, EC 203-625-9, Toluene, Environmental Grade, Toluene, Semiconductor Grade, Toluene, LR, >=99%, C6H5CH3, TOLUENE [GREEN BOOK], WLN: 1R, BIDD:ER0288, Toluene, anhydrous, 99.8%, Toluene, ASTM, 99.5%, Toluene, p.a., 99.5%, GTPL5481, Toluene, AR, >=99.5%, Toluene, for HPLC, 99.9%, Toluene, LR, rectified, 99%, DTXSID00184990, Toluene, HPLC grade, 99.8%, Toluene, Spectrophotometric Grade, Toluene 10 microg/mL in Methanol, Toluene, LR, sulfur free, 99%, Toluene, AR, rectified, 99.5%, Toluene, technical grade, 95.0%, BCP16202, Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.8%, Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.9%, Toluene, histology grade, practical, Toluene, PRA grade, >=99.8%, Toluene 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Tox21_111042, Tox21_201224, BDBM50008558, NSC406333, Toluene, purification grade, 99.8%, AKOS015840411, DB11558, Toluene, anhydrous, (water < 50ppm), Toluene, puriss., >=99.5% (GC), Toluene, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, NCGC00090939-01, NCGC00090939-03, NCGC00258776-01, Toluene [UN1294] [Flammable liquid], Toluene, JIS special grade, >=99.5%, Toluene, Laboratory Reagent, >=99.3%, RAMIPRIL IMPURITY G [EP IMPURITY], Toluene, for HPLC, >=99.7% (GC), Toluene, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.5%, Toluene, anhydrous, ZerO2(TM), 99.8%, FT-0688208, T0260, Toluene, suitable for determination of dioxins, C01455, Q15779, Toluene, suitable for scintillation, >=99.7%, Toluene liquid density, NIST(R) SRM(R) 211d, A801937, SR-01000944565, Toluene, ACS spectrophotometric grade, >=99.5%, SR-01000944565-1, Toluene, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.5%, Toluene, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.5%, Toluene, absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.7% (GC), Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Residual Solvent - Toluene, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Toluene, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=99.7% (GC), 25013-04-1, 108-88-3 [RN], 1262769-46-9 [RN], 203-625-9 [EINECS], 635760 [Beilstein], Benzene, methyl, Benzene, methyl- [ACD/Index Name], MeC6H5 [Formula], Methane, phenyl-, Methyl benzene, methylbenzene [Wiki], methyl-benzene, MFCD00008512 [MDL number], MFCD08460928 [MDL number], phenyl methane, phenylmethane, Tolueen [Dutch], Toluen [Czech], Toluen [Turkish], Toluene [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], Toluène [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Tolueno [Spanish], Toluol [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Toluolo [Italian], Τολουόλιο [Modern Greek (1453-)], Толуол [Russian], トルエン [Japanese], 分子式 [Chinese], 1,3-Dideuterio-5-methylbenzene, 1124-18-1 [RN], 1603-99-2 [RN], 1-methylbenzene, 22904-44-5 [RN], Methyl benzol, Methylbenzene, FM approval, Methylbenzene203-625-9MFCD00008512, Methylbenzene-d5, methylene, phenyl-, MFCD00012047 [MDL number], otoline, Phenyl-Methane, Phenylmethylene, TOLUENE (METHYL-D3), Toluene, GlenDry, anhydrous, toluene-d5, Toluol, Methylbenzene, Tolu-Sol [Trade name]

Phenylmethane is a substituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
Phenylmethane is a colorless, water-insoluble liquid with the smell associated with paint thinners.

Phenylmethane is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of a methyl group (CH3) attached to a phenyl group.
As such, Phenylmethane systematic IUPAC name is methylbenzene.
Phenylmethane is predominantly used as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.

As the solvent in some types of paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and certain types of glue, Phenylmethane is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm.

Phenylmethane is a naturally occurring compound derived primarily from petroleum or petrochemical processes.
Phenylmethane is a common component in gasoline, glues, and paint products.

Phenylmethane is a liquid, which is colourless, water-insoluble and smells like paint thinners.
Phenylmethane is a mono-substituted colourless liquid, consisting of a CH3 group that is attached to a phenyl group.

Phenylmethane is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Phenylmethane is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Phenylmethane is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor when exposed to air at room temperature.
Phenylmethane vapor has a sharp or sweet odor, which is a sign of exposure.

Phenylmethane is typically used in a mixture with other solvents and chemicals such as paint pigments.
Products that may contain Phenylmethane-such as paint, metal cleaners and adhesives-are used in many industries and can be found in many workplaces.

Gasoline and other fuels also contain Phenylmethane.
Workers using Phenylmethane-containing paints, varnishes, shellac, nail polish, glues and adhesives, rust preventives or printing inks may be exposed to Phenylmethane.

Workers can be exposed to Phenylmethane by breathing Phenylmethane in, getting Phenylmethane on their skin, getting Phenylmethane splashed into their eyes, or swallowing it.
These types of exposures may make workers sick immediately or cause effects over time.
Phenylmethane exposures have been studied in nail salons and printing establishments, auto repair, and construction activities.

Without proper ventilation and safety precautions, Phenylmethane can cause irritated eyes, nose, and throat; dry or cracked skin; headache, dizziness, feeling of being drunk, confusion and anxiety.
Symptoms worsen as exposure increases, and long term exposure may lead to tiredness, slow reaction, difficulty sleeping, numbness in the hands or feet, or female reproductive system damage and pregnancy loss.
If swallowed, Phenylmethane can cause liver and kidney damage.

Phenylmethane is also flammable, and Phenylmethane vapors can be ignited by flames, sparks or other ignition sources.

Phenylmethane is also known as toluol.
Phenylmethane is an aromatic hydrocarbon.

Phenylmethane is a mono-substituted benzene derivative and consists of a methyl group i.e., CH3 that is attached to a phenyl group.
The systematic IUPAC name of Phenylmethane is methylbenzene.

Phenylmethane is predominantly in use as an industrial feedstock and a solvent.
Phenylmethane is a common solvent like paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues),lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants.

Phenylmethane is also in use as a recreational inhalant.
Phenylmethane has the capability of causing severe neurological harm to our body.

Phenylmethane is a naturally occurring compound.
Phenylmethane is primarily derived from petroleum or petrochemical processes.

Phenylmethane is a very common component in substances like gasoline, glues, and other products.
Phenylmethane is a liquid that is colourless, water-insoluble and smells similar to paint thinners.

Phenylmethane, aromatic hydrocarbon used extensively as starting material for the manufacture of industrial chemicals.
Phenylmethane comprises 15–20 percent of coal-tar light oil and is a minor constituent of petroleum.
Both sources provide Phenylmethane for commercial use, but larger amounts are made by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha.

Phenylmethane is used in the synthesis of trinitroPhenylmethane (TNT), benzoic acid, saccharin, dyes, photographic chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
Phenylmethane is also used as a solvent and antiknock additive for aviation gasoline.

Pure Phenylmethane (melting point, -95° C [-139° F]; boiling point, 110.6° C [231.1° F]) is a colourless, flammable, toxic liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in all common organic solvents.
Phenylmethane chemical formula is that of methylbenzene, C6H5CH3.

Phenylmethane is a transparent, colourless liquid with an odour similar to benzene.
Phenylmethane's chemical formula is C6H5CH3.

The chemical compound Phenylmethane is naturally occurring and mainly derived from petroleum or petrochemical processes.
The Phenylmethane chemical is present in gasoline, glues, and paints. The liquid Phenylmethane smells like paint thinners, is colourless and insoluble in water.
Phenylmethane is mono-substituted colourless liquid that has a CH3 group attached to a phenyl group.

Phenylmethane is a natural substance of gasoline and crude oil.
Phenylmethane is also used for synthesis of benzene and other chemicals, including graphic pigments, paints, and solvents.

Phenylmethane is a highly lipophilic white matter toxin resulting in loss of myelin in cerebral and cerebellar white matter, as well as in diffuse cerebral and cerebellar atrophy.
Intentional abuse occurs through inhalation of Phenylmethane vapors from a rag soaked in paint or from a paper bag filled with paint or lacquer thinners, which contain Phenylmethane as principle component.

While the prevalence of Phenylmethane abuse in the United States is unknown, Phenylmethane is estimated that 10% to 15% of people have used the inhalant.
Prolonged exposure to Phenylmethane vapors may result in multifocal leukoencephalopathy, with primary clinical manifestations of dementia, ataxia, brain-stem dysfunction, and corticospinal weakness.

Dementia is the most disabling aspect of the syndrome, characterized by apathy, memory loss, visuospatial deficits, and preserved language function.
Leukoencephalopathy of Phenylmethane abuse is evident on MRI scans and on postmortem examinations.

In advanced cases, the pattern of multifocal white matter disease can suggest a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a young adult, if abuse history is not obtained.
Diagnosis, however, is usually clear and is based, in an acute setting, on solvent-smelling breath, perioral “huffer's” rash, and appropriate history.
Toxicological screening can detect Phenylmethane in the blood; hippuric acid analysis of urine is also helpful.

Prolonged, low-level occupational exposures to pure Phenylmethane are rare; most industrial exposures include solvent mixtures and cause a so-called solvent syndrome, resulting in change in personality and progressing to permanent cognitive impairment.

Phenylmethane is a common ingredient in degreasers.
Phenylmethane is colorless liquid with a sweet smell and taste.

Phenylmethane evaporates quickly.
Phenylmethane is found naturally in crude oil, and is used in oil refining and the manufacturing of paints, lacquers, explosives (TNT) and glues.

In homes, Phenylmethane may be found in paint thinners, paintbrush cleaners, nail polish, glues, inks and stain removers.
Phenylmethane is also found in car exhaust and the smoke from cigarettes.

When Phenylmethane is spilled on the ground or improperly disposed of, Phenylmethane can seep into soil and contaminate nearby wells and streams.
Phenylmethane can remain unchanged for a long time in soil or water that is not in contact with air.

Phenylmethane, also known as methylbenzene, is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive sweet smell that is widely used in industrial settings as a solvent.
Phenylmethane occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree and is also produced when manufacturing gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and in making coke, a type of fuel derived from coal that is used to make steel.

Phenylmethane is typically used in the production of paints, rubber, lacquers, glues and adhesives to help dry, dissolve and thin other substances.
Phenylmethane is also used in the production process to make other chemicals, including benzene, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane and in the synthesis of trinitroPhenylmethane, benzoic acid, benzoyl chloride and Phenylmethane diisocyanate.

Phenylmethane has been used as an ingredient in nail polish removers to help dissolve other substances such as resins and plasticizers.
Phenylmethane has also been used in the formulation of nail products to enable nail polishes, hardeners and lacquers to be applied smoothly.

Phenylmethane is a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles.
The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion.
Phenylmethane is used in these applications because Phenylmethane is dense and contains significant energy per unit of volume, which enhances power generation for vehicles.

Phenylmethane can evaporate out of common household products such as glues, paints and paint thinners, and adhesives into air that is inhaled.
Exposure to Phenylmethane in consumer products can be reduced by using these products in well-ventilated areas and closely following all label warnings and instructions.

Phenylmethane is a clear, colorless liquid with a distinctive smell.
Phenylmethane occurs naturally in crude oil and in the tolu tree.

Phenylmethane is also produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels from crude oil and making coke from coal.
Phenylmethane is used in making paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes.

Phenylmethane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor.
May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.
Phenylmethane is used in aviation and automotive fuels, as a solvent, and to make other chemicals.

Phenylmethane is the simplest member of the class Phenylmethanes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent.
Phenylmethane has a role as a non-polar solvent, a cholinergic antagonist, a neurotoxin and a fuel additive.
Phenylmethane is a methylbenzene, a volatile organic compound and a member of Phenylmethanes.

Phenylmethane is a colorless, liquid that is immiscible in water.
Phenylmethane is a mono-substituted benzene derivative used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for various parasites in dogs and cats.

Phenylmethane is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a solvent.
Exposure to Phenylmethane may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such sources.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for Phenylmethane toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures.
CNS dysfunction and narcosis have been frequently observed in humans acutely exposed to elevated airborne levels of Phenylmethane; symptoms include fatigue, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea.

CNS depression has been reported to occur in chronic abusers exposed to high levels of Phenylmethane.
Chronic inhalation exposure of humans to Phenylmethane also causes irritation of the upper respiratory tract and eyes, sore throat, dizziness, and headache.

Human studies have reported developmental effects, such as CNS dysfunction, attention deficits, and minor craniofacial and limb anomalies, in the children of pregnant women exposed to high levels of Phenylmethane or mixed solvents by inhalation.
EPA has concluded that that there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of Phenylmethane.

Phenylmethane is a natural product found in Vitis rotundifolia, Psidium guajava, and other organisms with data available.

Phenylmethane is an aromatic hydrocarbon composed of a benzene ring linked to one methyl group.
Phenylmethane is used a solvent or as a chemical intermediate in various industrial applications.
Rapid inhalation of high concentrations of Phenylmethane can cause severe neurological complications.

Phenylmethane is found in allspice.
Phenylmethane is isolated from distilled tolu balsam (Myroxylon balsamum).

Minor constituent of lime oil (Citrus aurantifolia).
Phenylmethane, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners.

Phenylmethane is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent.
Phenylmethane has been shown to exhibit beta-oxidant, depressant, hepatoprotective, anesthetic and neurotransmitter functions (A7693, A7694, A7695, A7696, A7697).

Applications of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane is used in paint and gas refineries, as well as other industrial operations, but Phenylmethane can be toxic when inhaled or ingested.
People working with Phenylmethane should be prepared by carrying a first-aid kit in case an emergency arises during work hours.

Different uses of Phenylmethane:

A solvent for paints and stains:
This is the most common use of Phenylmethane.
Phenylmethane dissolves oils with ease and evaporates quickly, making Phenylmethane the best choice for removing residual stains on walls or boards.

Phenylmethane use in paints is also very common.
Phenylmethane low cost and ability to dissolve pigments makes Phenylmethane a preferred solvent in paint production.
However, this makes Phenylmethane very dangerous to handle when paint spills are reported as inhalation may result in harmful exposure to this chemical compound.

Solvent for rubber cement:
Phenylmethane is also a good solvent for rubber cements because of Phenylmethane relative cheapness and ability to dissolve a variety of compounds.
Phenylmethane is especially good at dissolving rubber cement quickly, making Phenylmethane an ideal choice for sealing envelopes and keeping other stamps dry.

Solvent in the production of styrene-butadiene latexes:
Phenylmethane is also used as a solvent in the production of styrene-butadiene latexes; these are vital products in the production of tires, synthetic rubbers, adhesives and coatings.
This means that controlling Phenylmethane is extremely important for anyone wishing to work in a paint manufacturer or tire factory.
However, due to Phenylmethane toxicity in high concentrations, wearing adequate breathing apparatus when working with Phenylmethane may be advisable.

Solvent in the production of rubber chemicals:
Phenylmethane is sometimes used as a solvent in the production of rubber chemicals.
However, Phenylmethane is not widely used because other solvents are cheaper and more efficient.

Solvent for the extraction of oils:
Phenylmethane can also be used as a solvent to extract oils from food products such as olives.
This is extremely important because damaged fruit cannot be sold if Phenylmethane looks unappetizing and could even put people at risk of contracting food poisoning if eaten without processing.
Here again, since Phenylmethane has low boiling and vaporization points, Phenylmethane must be handled with care when transferred or processed using machinery.

Solvent in the production of automobile gasoline:
Aside from paints, Phenylmethane is also used as a solvent in the production of automobile gasoline.
Phenylmethane low boiling point and low cost make Phenylmethane a popular choice for refiners, especially with lower prices for high-octane blends.

The solvents removed from gasoline are more expensive than those produced by petroleum distillates and can be sold for as much as ten times more.
This explains why Phenylmethane is so commonly used by refiners in small quantities compared to other oligomerics such as dicyclopentadiene and tetradecafluoroethylene (CFCs).

Solvent for oil drilling:
Oil drillers often use a mixture of Phenylmethane and ethanol in their injection fluid to increase the efficiency of extraction.
This is because the two solvents relax the rock formations in order to increase the amount of oil extracted from those deposits.

This makes Phenylmethane necessary for them to wear proper protection when handling chemical equipment that comes into contact with this chemical compound.
Other drilling operations may also use diesel fuel mixed with Phenylmethane, but this mixture is more expensive and less convenient to transport.
This helps to answer the question what is Phenylmethane used for.

Solvent in the production of paints:
Phenylmethane is also used as a solvent in the production of paints that are made for rust-proofing.
Phenylmethane works by dissolving the paint and allowing Phenylmethane to penetrate deeper into the metal, making Phenylmethane ideal for use with vehicles exposed to water and elements.
However, Phenylmethane is not used in products intended for commercial or residential houses because of Phenylmethane toxicity when inhaled.

Solvent for removal of residual coatings from fabrics
Another use of Phenylmethane is as a solvent for removing residual coatings from fabrics such as polyester and cotton.
About 2-4% Phenylmethane is added to the mixture, which is then sprayed on one side of fabric.

In conclusion, Phenylmethane has a variety of uses and is widely used in industry.

However, as a result of Phenylmethane toxic nature when inhaled, any worker handling this chemical compound must take the following precautions:
(1)Use a respirator with a strong air supply in case Phenylmethane is being released into the atmosphere.

(2)Wear gloves whenever handling products containing Phenylmethane, especially paint and cleaning products that may cause exposure when spilled.

(3)Keep an eye on other workers in case they start to exhibit signs of dyspnea or respiratory distress, which are both symptoms of prolonged exposure.
Dyspnea means shortness of breath while respiratory distress is characterized by breathing through the mouth because air cannot be forced through the nose.

(4)Keep all equipment used for handling solvents away from the body as much as possible for maximum protection.

Phenylmethane is primarily used as a mixture added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.

However, Phenylmethane is also used in the production of various chemicals, including:
Benzene
TrinitroPhenylmethane (TNT)
Benzoic Acid
Benzoyl Chloride
Phenylmethane Diisocyanate

In addition to the production of certain chemicals and being a gasoline additive, Phenylmethane is also used to produce a number of consumer products, including:
Paints
Paint Thinner
Antifreeze
Lacquers
Coatings
Synthetic Fragrances
Adhesives
Inks
Cleaning Agents
Polyurethane
Plastic Soda Bottles
Pharmaceuticals
Dyes
Nylon
Heating Oil
Kerosene
Cosmetic Nail Products
Shoe polish

Uses of Phenylmethane:
The major use of Phenylmethane is as a mixture added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.
Phenylmethane is also used to produce benzene and as a solvent in paints, coatings, synthetic fragrances, adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents.

Derived from petroleum, Phenylmethane is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.
Purified Phenylmethane contains about 0.01% benzene, but crude Phenylmethane may contain as much as 25% benzene.

Rotogravure printers were exposed to high concentrations of Phenylmethane (decreasing from about 1710 ppm in 1969 to about 43-157 ppm in 1980).
Phenylmethane is used in photography (color retouching)

Phenylmethane is a component of gasoline, paints, inks, lacquers, paint thinners, adhesives, fingernail polish, cleaning agents, and rubber.
BTX (a mixture of benzene, Phenylmethane, and xylene) is added to gasoline to improve octane ratings.
Phenylmethane is used to produce benzene, trinitroPhenylmethane (TNT), nylon, plastics, and polyurethanes.

Phenylmethane is used in paints, paint thinners, fingernail polish, lacquers, adhesives, and rubber and in some printing and leather tanning processes.
Gasoline, which contains 5 to 7 perfect Phenylmethane by weight, is the largest source of atmospheric emissions and exposure of the general populace.

Precursor to benzene and xylene:

Phenylmethane is mainly used as a precursor to benzene via hydrodealkylation:
C6H5CH3 + H2 → C6H6 + CH4

The second ranked application involves Phenylmethane disproportionation to a mixture of benzene and xylene.

Nitration:
Nitration of Phenylmethane gives mono-, di-, and trinitroPhenylmethane, all of which are widely used.
DinitroPhenylmethane is the precursor to Phenylmethane diisocyanate, which used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam.
TrinitroPhenylmethane is the explosive typically abbreviated TNT.

Oxidation:
Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde are produced commercially by partial oxidation of Phenylmethane with oxygen.
Typical catalysts include cobalt or manganese naphthenates.

Solvent:
Phenylmethane is a common solvent, e.g. for paints, paint thinners, silicone sealants, many chemical reactants, rubber, printing ink, adhesives (glues), lacquers, leather tanners, and disinfectants.

Fuel:
Phenylmethane can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels for internal combustion engines as well as jet fuel.
Phenylmethane at 86% by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in Formula One during the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team.

The remaining 14% was a "filler" of n-heptane, to reduce the octane rating to meet Formula One fuel restrictions.
Phenylmethane at 100% can be used as a fuel for both two-stroke and four-stroke engines; however, due to the density of the fuel and other factors, the fuel does not vaporize easily unless preheated to 70 °C (158 °F).
Honda solved this problem in their Formula One cars by routing the fuel lines through a heat exchanger, drawing energy from the water in the cooling system to heat the fuel.

In Australia in 2003, Phenylmethane was found to have been illegally combined with petrol in fuel outlets for sale as standard vehicular fuel.
Phenylmethane incurs no fuel excise tax, while other fuels are taxed at more than 40%, providing a greater profit margin for fuel suppliers.
The extent of Phenylmethane substitution has not been determined.

Niche applications:
In the laboratory, Phenylmethane is used as a solvent for carbon nanomaterials, including nanotubes and fullerenes, and Phenylmethane can also be used as a fullerene indicator.
The color of the Phenylmethane solution of C60 is bright purple.

Phenylmethane is used as a cement for fine polystyrene kits (by dissolving and then fusing surfaces) as Phenylmethane can be applied very precisely by brush and contains none of the bulk of an adhesive.
Phenylmethane can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.

Phenylmethane has also been used as a coolant for Phenylmethane good heat transfer capabilities in sodium cold traps used in nuclear reactor system loops.
Phenylmethane had also been used in the process of removing the cocaine from coca leaves in the production of Coca-Cola syrup.

Transportation:
Phenylmethane is produced in the manufacturing of gasoline, and Phenylmethane is also a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles.
The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion.
Phenylmethane is used in these applications because Phenylmethane is dense and contains significant energy per unit of volume, which enhances power generation for vehicles.

Personal Care Products:
Phenylmethane has been used as an ingredient in nail polish removers, due to Phenylmethane ability to help dissolve other substances, such as resins and plasticizers.
Phenylmethane has also been used in the formulation of nail products to enable nail polishes, hardeners and lacquers to be applied smoothly.

Widespread uses by professional workers:
Phenylmethane is used in the following products: coating products, adhesives and sealants, fuels, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and washing & cleaning products.
Phenylmethane is used in the following areas: building & construction work, scientific research and development and health services.

Phenylmethane is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Phenylmethane is likely to occur from: outdoor use, indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Uses at industrial sites:
Phenylmethane is used in the following products: coating products, adhesives and sealants, polymers, fuels, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners and lubricants and greases.
Phenylmethane is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.

Phenylmethane is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Phenylmethane can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), as processing aid and formulation of mixtures.

Phenylmethane is typically used in the production of paints, rubber, lacquers, glues and adhesives because Phenylmethane can help dry, dissolve and thin other substances.
Phenylmethane is used in the production process to make other chemicals, including benzene, nylon, plastics, and polyurethane and in the synthesis of trinitroPhenylmethane (TNT), benzoic acid, benzoyl chloride and Phenylmethane diisocyanate.

Industry Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Anti-adhesive agents
Anti-adhesive/cohesive
Catalyst
Corrosion inhibitors and anti-scaling agents
Defoamer
Diluent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Laboratory chemicals
Lubricants and lubricant additives
Lubricating agent
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Other
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Photosensitive chemicals
Plasticizers
Processing aids not otherwise specified
Processing aids, not otherwise listed
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Sealant (barrier)
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)
Surface active agents
Surface modifier
Viscosity adjustors
Wetting agent (non-aqueous)

Consumer Uses:
Phenylmethane is used in the following products: lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes, non-metal-surface treatment products, inks and toners, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), textile treatment products and dyes, anti-freeze products, leather treatment products, fuels and adhesives and sealants.
Other release to the environment of Phenylmethane is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use, indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters) and outdoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. hydraulic liquids in automotive suspension, lubricants in motor oil and break fluids).

Other Consumer Uses:
Adhesion/cohesion promoter
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Anti-adhesive/cohesive
Catalyst
Corrosion inhibitor
Defoamer
Diluent
Dispersing agent
Fuel
Fuel agents
Fuels and fuel additives
Intermediate
Intermediates
Monomers
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Opacifer
Other (specify)
Paint additives and coating additives not described by other categories
Plasticizer
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Sealant (barrier)
Solvent
Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing)
Solvents (which become part of product formulation or mixture)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Painting (Solvents)
Working with Glues and Adhesives
Leather Tanning and Processing
Photographic Processing
Silk-Screen Printing

Activities with risk of exposure:
Painting
Woodworking
Preparing and mounting animal skins (taxidermy)

Properties of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane is more reactive to electrophiles than benzene.
Due to the greater part of the methyl group than the electron-releasing properties, Phenylmethane reacts normal fragrant in the same position.
Phenylmethane faces sulphonation to provide an acid called p-Phenylmethanesulfonic and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chloroPhenylmethane.

Chemical properties:
The distance between carbon atoms in the Phenylmethane ring is 0.1399 nm.
The C-CH3 bond is longer at 0.1524 nm, while the average C-H bond length is 0.111 nm.

Phenylmethane reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon in electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Because the methyl group has greater electron-releasing properties than a hydrogen atom in the same position, Phenylmethane is more reactive than benzene toward electrophiles.
Phenylmethane undergoes sulfonation to give p-Phenylmethanesulfonic acid, and chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give ortho and para isomers of chloroPhenylmethane.

Importantly, the methyl side chain in Phenylmethane is susceptible to oxidation.
Phenylmethane reacts with potassium permanganate to yield benzoic acid, and with chromyl chloride to yield benzaldehyde (Étard reaction).

The C-H bonds of the methyl group in Phenylmethane are benzylic, which means that they are weaker than C-H bonds in simpler alkanes.

Reflecting this weakness, the methyl group in Phenylmethane undergoes halogenation under free radical conditions.
For example, when heated with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of AIBN, Phenylmethane converts to benzyl bromide.
The same conversion can be effected with elemental bromine in the presence of UV light or even sunlight.

Phenylmethane may also be brominated by treating Phenylmethane with HBr and H2O2 in the presence of light.

C6H5CH3 + Br2 → C6H5CH2Br + HBr
C6H5CH2Br + Br2 → C6H5CHBr2 + HBr

The methyl group in Phenylmethane undergoes deprotonation only with very strong bases; Phenylmethane pKa is estimated to be approximately 41.
Complete hydrogenation of Phenylmethane gives methylcyclohexane. The reaction requires a high pressure of hydrogen and a catalyst.

Miscibility of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane is miscible (soluble in all proportions) with ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and carbon disulfide, but immiscible with water.

Structure of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane is widely used as an industrial raw material and a solvent for manufacturing many commercial products, including paints and glues.

Production of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane occurs naturally at low levels in crude oil and is a byproduct in the production of gasoline by a catalytic reformer or ethylene cracker.
Phenylmethane is also a byproduct of the production of coke from coal.
Final separation and purification is done by any of the distillation or solvent extraction processes used for BTX aromatics (benzene, Phenylmethane, and xylene isomers).

Other preparative routes:
Phenylmethane can be prepared by a variety of methods.

For example, benzene reacts with methanol in presence of a solid acid to give Phenylmethane:
C6H6 + CH3OH ->[t^o]C6H5CH3 + H2O

Manufacturing Methods of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane is possible to synthesize Phenylmethane industrially by alkylation of benzene with methanol, and by cyclization of n-heptane with subsequent aromatization.
However, for economic reasons Phenylmethane is extracted from reformates from crude petroleum distillates; liquid products from the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons (steam cracking) /and/ liquid products from the gasification or coking (pyrolysis) of coal, lignite, etc.

An important aspect of the extraction of Phenylmethane is the fact that the pyrolysis products (from steam cracking, coking, etc.) must be hydrogenated before pure Phenylmethane can be extracted.
The unsaturated components are converted to saturated ones and the heteroatoms such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen are removed.

In the case of reformates such pretreatment is usually unnecessary.
For the separation of Phenylmethane from other components within the same boiling range several methods are available, depending on quality requirements.

Fine fractionation is now suitable only for the production of Phenylmethane with lower purity, and involves significant losses in fores and tails.
Azeotropic distillation uses entrainers, such as methanol, to separate Phenylmethane from nonaromatics; a nonaromatics - methanol fraction with a lower bp than the methanol - Phenylmethane azeotrope distills at the column head, while pure Phenylmethane is removed from Phenylmethane base.

Methanol is recovered from the distillate by washing with water.
For economic reasons, extractive distillation is now used only for the separation of Phenylmethane from nonaromatics.

Technical grade solvents with higher bp than Phenylmethane have proved to be suitable extraction agents, e.g., N-methylpyrrolidone (Distapex process, Lurgi Ol-Gas-Chemie), and morpholine (Morphylane process, Krupp-Koppers).
Extractive distillation essentially involves two distillation columns between which the extraction agent is circulated.

The Phenylmethane-containing material is charged to the extraction column; the extraction agent is charged to the column head.
The extraction agent - Phenylmethane mixture leaves the column at the bottom, and is separated into pure Phenylmethane and extraction agent in a second recovery column.

Phenylmethane obtained at the distillation head of the extraction column contains the nonaromatic components of the starting material and the extraction agent.
This fraction is separated in the recovery column into raffinate (nonaromatics) and extraction agent.
The latter is then combined with the main portion of extraction agent from the recovery column, and fed back into the extraction column.

Catalytic reforming of petroleum steams accounts for 87% of total Phenylmethane production.
An additional 9% is separated from pyrolysis gasoline produced in steam crackers during manufacture of ethylene and propylene coal-tar separation from coke ovens produces 1% of total Phenylmethane up to 2% of the Phenylmethane produced is obtained as a by-product from styrene manufacture.

(1) By catalytic reforming of petroleum.
(2) By fractional distillation of coal tar light oil.

General Manufacturing Information of Phenylmethane:

Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting
All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
All other Petroleum and Coal Products Manufacturing
Asphalt Paving, Roofing, and Coating Materials Manufacturing
Construction
Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing
Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing
Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities
Other (requires additional information)
Paint and Coating Manufacturing
Paper Manufacturing
Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refineries
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Primary Metal Manufacturing
Printing and Related Support Activities
Rubber Product Manufacturing
Services
Synthetic Rubber Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Transportation Equipment Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade

Identification of Phenylmethane:

Analytic Laboratory Methods:

Method: NIOSH 1501, Issue 3
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: Phenylmethane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 0.7 ug/sample.

Method: NIOSH 2549, Issue 1
Procedure: thermal desorption, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry
Analyte: Phenylmethane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 100 ng per tube or less.

Method: NIOSH 3800, Issue 1
Procedure: extractive fourier transform infrared spectrometry
Analyte: Phenylmethane
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 1.16 ppm at 10-meter absorption pathlength.

Method: NIOSH 4000, Issue 2
Procedure: gas chromatography with flame ionization detection
Analyte: Phenylmethane vapor
Matrix: air
Detection Limit: 0.01 mg/sample.

History of Phenylmethane:
Phenylmethane was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of pine oil by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Filip Neriusz Walter, who named Phenylmethane rétinnaphte.
In 1841, Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville isolated a hydrocarbon from balsam of Tolu (an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree Myroxylon balsamum), which Deville recognized as similar to Walter's rétinnaphte and to benzene; hence he called the new hydrocarbon benzoène.

In 1843, Jöns Jacob Berzelius recommended the name toluin.
In 1850, French chemist Auguste Cahours isolated from a distillate of wood a hydrocarbon which he recognized as similar to Deville's benzoène and which Cahours named toluène.

Handling and Storage of Phenylmethane:

Handling:
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Do not breathe vapors or mists.

Use only in well-ventilated areas or under a chemical fume hood.
Ground/bond containers and equipment; use spark-proof tools.

Keep away from heat, sparks, open flames, and hot surfaces.
Wash thoroughly after handling.

Storage:
Store in tightly closed, properly labeled containers in a cool, dry, well-ventilated, flammable-liquids storage area.
Protect from sunlight and ignition sources.
Segregate from strong oxidizers, acids, and halogens.

Stability and Reactivity of Phenylmethane:

Stability:
Stable under normal handling and storage conditions.

Reactivity:
Highly flammable liquid and vapor.
May react violently with strong oxidizers.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide under fire conditions.

Incompatibilities:
Strong oxidizing agents (e.g., nitric acid, chlorine), halogens, sulfur dichloride, and concentrated sulfuric acid.

First Aid Measures of Phenylmethane:

Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen.

If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Seek immediate medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Wash affected area with soap and plenty of water.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Seek medical advice if irritation develops.

Eye Contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water.

Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Get immediate medical attention.

Firefighting Measures of Phenylmethane:

Extinguishing Media:
Use dry chemical powder, foam, or carbon dioxide.
Water spray may be used to cool exposed containers and disperse vapors (do not use direct water jets).

Fire Hazards:
Vapors are heavier than air, may travel along surfaces, and flash back from ignition sources.
Containers may explode when heated.

Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective clothing.
Prevent runoff from entering drains and waterways.

Accidental Release Measures of Phenylmethane:

Personal Precautions:
Evacuate area.
Eliminate all ignition sources.

Provide adequate ventilation.
Wear protective gloves, goggles, and respirator if needed.
Avoid inhalation and direct contact.

Spill Cleanup:
Contain spill.
Absorb with inert material (sand, vermiculite, earth).

Collect in suitable, labeled containers for disposal.
Use non-sparking tools.
Wash spill area with detergent and water.

Environmental Precautions:
Prevent entry into drains, soil, and waterways.
Notify authorities if large releases occur.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Phenylmethane:

Engineering Controls:
Provide explosion-proof ventilation, fume hoods, and process enclosures.
Install eyewash stations and safety showers nearby.

Respiratory Protection:
Use approved organic vapor respirator when ventilation is inadequate.
For high concentrations or emergencies, use supplied-air respirator or SCBA.

Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves (nitrile, butyl rubber, Viton®).

Eye/Face Protection:
Safety goggles; face shield if splash risk.

Skin/Body Protection:
Wear flame-resistant protective clothing, lab coat, or chemical apron.

Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands and face thoroughly after handling.
Remove contaminated clothing before reuse.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while using Phenylmethane.

Identifiers of Phenylmethane:
CAS Number: 108-88-3
ChEBI: CHEBI:17578
ChEMBL: ChEMBL9113
ChemSpider: 1108
DrugBank: DB01900
ECHA InfoCard: 100.003.297
IUPHAR/BPS: 5481
KEGG: C01455
PubChem CID: 1140
RTECS number: XS5250000
UNII: 3FPU23BG52
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID7021360
InChI: InChI=1S/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3
Key: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/C7H8/c1-7-5-3-2-4-6-7/h2-6H,1H3
Key: YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYAT
SMILES: Cc1ccccc1

EC / List no.: 203-625-9
CAS no.: 108-88-3
Mol. formula: C7H8

Properties of Phenylmethane:
Chemical formula: C7H8
Molar mass: 92.141 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Odor: sweet, pungent, benzene-like
Density: 0.8623 g/mL (25 °C)
Melting point: −95.0 °C (−139.0 °F; 178.2 K)
Boiling point: 110.60 °C (231.08 °F; 383.75 K)
Solubility in water: 0.54 g/L (5 °C)
0.519 g/L (25 °C)
0.63 g/L (45 °C)
1.2 g/L (90 °C)
log P: 2.73
Vapor pressure: 2.8 kPa (20 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −66.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Thermal conductivity: 0.1310 W/(m·K) (25 °C)
Refractive index (nD): 1.4941 (25 °C)
Viscosity: 0.560 mPa·s (25 °C)

Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
XLogP3: 2.7
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 92.062600255 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 92.062600255 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 42
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Structure of Phenylmethane:
Dipole moment: 0.375 D

Thermochemistry of Phenylmethane:
Heat capacity (C): 157.3 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): 12.4 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298): 3.910 MJ/mol

Related compounds of Phenylmethane:
methylcyclohexane

Related aromatic hydrocarbons:
benzene
xylene
naphthalene

Names of Phenylmethane:

Regulatory process names:
Antisal 1a
Benzene, methyl-
Methacide
Methane, phenyl-
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
Phenylmethane
Tolu-Sol
Tolueen
Toluen
Toluene
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
Tolueno
Toluol
Toluolo

Translated names:
metylobenzen (pl)
tolueen (et)
tolueen (nl)
Tolueeni (fi)
toluen (cs)
toluen (da)
toluen (hr)
toluen (mt)
toluen (no)
toluen (pl)
Toluen (ro)
toluen (sl)
toluen (sv)
toluen metylobenzen (pl)
toluenas (lt)
toluene (it)
tolueno (es)
tolueno (pt)
Toluol (de)
toluol (hu)
toluols (lv)
toluène (fr)
toluén (sk)
τολουόλιο (el)
толуен (bg)

IUPAC names:
1-Methylbenzene
1-Methylbenzene
ARON S-1030C
Benzene, methyl
Benzene, methyl-
fenilmetano
METHYL BENZENE
Methyl Benzene
Methyl benzene
methyl benzene
Methylbenzen
methylbenzen
METHYLBENZENE
Methylbenzene
methylbenzene
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
METILBENZENE
metilbenzene
metylobenzen
Phenylmethane
Toluen
toluen
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
TOLUENE
Toluene
toluene
Toluene (TR0009B)
Toluol
Toluol
Toluène
Toulene
Touol technisch

Preferred IUPAC name:
Toluene

Systematic IUPAC name:
Methylbenzene

Trade names:
1-Methylbenzene
Antisal 1a
Benzene, methyl- (9CI)
CP 25
CP 25 (solvent)
Crosslinker 181 S
Methacide
Methylbenzene
Methylbenzol
Phenylmethane
POLYTONE AP 108
POLYTONE AP 109
POLYTONE AP 109 D
POLYTONE AP 110
POLYTONE AP 111
POLYTONE AP 111 HM
POLYTONE AP 112
POLYTONE AP 112 SR
POLYTONE AP 114
POLYTONE AP 120
POLYTONE AP 130
Pure Toluene
Reintoluol
SS 8010
Toluene
toluene
Toluene (8CI)
TOLUENO
Tolueno
Toluol
Toluol (L)
Toluol technisch
TSC920

Other names:
Methyl benzene
Benzylene
Phenylmethane
Toluol
Anisen

Other identifiers:
1053657-77-4
108-88-3
1202864-97-8
601-021-00-3