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Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon), also commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.
A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.
CAS: 9003-39-8
MF: CH4
MW: 16.04246
EINECS: 1312995-182-4
Synonyms
toxobin;vinisil;vinylpyrrolidinonepolymer;vinylpyrrolidonepolymer;PVP K30 USP24;PVP K120;K30 PVP K30;K 30 POVIDONE K 30 BP/USP
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is abbreviated as PVP, and is the polymer of vinylpyrrolidone.
According to the different degree of polymerization, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is further classified into soluble PVP and insoluble PVPP (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone).
Molecular weight of the soluble PVP is 8,000 to 10,000.
The soluble Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can be used as a precipitating agent which can be settle down through its action with polyphenols.
Using this method, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is easily to have residual PVP in the alcohol.
Due to the savings effect of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) inside the human body, the World Health Organization doesn’t recommend to apply this substance.
In recent years, the use of soluble Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has been rare.
Insoluble Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) system had began to be used in the beer industry since the early 1960s.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has a relative molecule weight greater than the relative mass greater than 700,000.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is a insoluble polymer derived from the further cross-linking and polymerization of PVP and can be used as an adsorbent of polyphenols with a good efficacy.
The molecular formula of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon)
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is one of the three major pharmaceutical new excipients and can be used as the co-solvent of tablets, granules, and injection, as the glidant of capsules, as the dispersant agent of liquid preparations and the colorant, as the stabilizer of enzyme and heat sensitive drug, as the co-precipitating agent of poorly soluble drugs, and as the detoxicant of ophthalmic drugs and lubricants.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is industrially used as expanded polystyrene additive, as the gelling agents for suspension polymerization, stabilizer, and fiber treating agents, paper processing aids, adhesives, and thickening agents.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) and its copolymers CAP is an important raw material of cosmetics, mainly used for hair retaining agent.
The film Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) formed in the hair is elastic and shiny, and has excellent carding property as well as being free of dust.
Adopting different category of resin can meet various kinds of relative humidity climatic conditions.
Therefore, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is an indispensable raw material in styling hair cream, hair gel, and mousse.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can also be used for the cosmetics of skin moisturizing agents and the dispersants for grease based hair dying, also as foam stabilizers, and can improve the consistency of the shampoo.
Insoluble Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is the stabilizer of beer and juice which can improve its transparency, color, and flavor.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) Chemical Properties
Melting point: >300 °C
Boiling point: 90-93 °C
Density: 1,69 g/cm3
Tg: 175
Bulk density: 330kg/m3
Refractive index: (25) 1.5300
Refractive index: 1.5300
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: soluble100mg/mL
Form: powder
Color: White to yellow-white
PH: 3.0-5.0
Biological source: synthetic (oragnic)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,7697
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Light sensitive. Hygroscopic.
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H15NO/c1-3-7(2)9-6-4-5-8(9)10/h7H,3-6H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: FAAHNQAYWKTLFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
IARC: 3 (Vol. 19, Sup 7, 71) 1987
EPA Substance Registry System: Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) (9003-39-8)
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is the cross-linked homopolymer of pure vinylpyrrolidone.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is hygroscopic and free-flowing white or off-white powder.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has a slight foul smell.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is insoluble in common solvents such as water, ethanol and ether.
So its molecule weight range can’t be measured.
However, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has ability to form complex with various kinds of substances (such as “Hu” class substance which can lead to the discoloration of a variety of wines and beverages discoloration).
Also Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is easily to be removed after filtration because of its insolubility.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) occurs as a fine, white to creamy-white colored, odorless or almost odorless, hygroscopic powder.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) with K-values equal to or lower than 30 are manufactured by spray-drying and occur as spheres.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) and higher K-value povidones are manufactured by drum drying and occur as plates.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is soluble in water and other polar solvents.
For example, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water.
In solution, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films.
This makes Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) and its oxidized hydrolyzate.
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is a water soluble polyamide.
Commercially available Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is divided into four viscosity grades according to its press K value (Fikentscher K value): K-15, K-30, K-60, K-90, with the average molecular weight being 10,000, 40000,160000, and 360000, respectively.
K value or molecular weight is an important factor which decides the various properties of PVP.
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) is dissolved in water, chlorinated solvents, alcohol, amine, nitro-paraffin and low molecular weight fatty acids, and is mutually soluble with most inorganic salts and a variety of resin; insoluble in acetone and ether.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) used for the matrix of dropping pill matrix is odorless, tasteless, white to pale yellow waxy solid with the relative density being 1.062, and its 5% aqueous solution pH being 3 to 7.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is hygroscopic and of good thermal stability, and can be dissolved in various kinds of organic solvents, and has high melting point.
Adding certain natural or synthetic polymers or organic compounds can effectively adjust the Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon)’s hygroscopicity and softness.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is not prone to have chemical reaction.
Under normal storage conditions, dry Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is quite stable.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has excellent physical inertia and biocompatibility and has not stimulation to skin, eyes no stimulation with no allergic reactions and being non-toxic.
Because of the hydrogen bonding or complexation effect, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon)’s viscosity is increased and this further inhibits the formation and growth of crystallized nuclei of drugs, making the drug being in the amorphous state.
The dropping pill whose matrix is Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
In general, the greater the Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) amount, the higher dissolution and solubility of drug in the medium.
Susana et al have studied the dissolution of the Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) solid dispersant of the slightly soluble drug albendazole.
The increased amount of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can increase the dissolution rate and efficiency of drug inside the solid dispersant.
Teresa et al have studied the dissolution of the poorly soluble drugs, flunarizine in Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) solid dispersant and obtained similar conclusion.
PVP also found that the higher the content, the more significant increase in dissolution.
IR has showed that flunarizine and Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has no chemical reaction except in some cases that a best dissolution efficacy is obtained only in certain ratio between some drugs with the Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon).
Tantishaiyakul et al has found that: when the ratio of piroxicam: PVP is 1:5 and 1:6, the dissolution of the solid dispersant is the largest with a 40 times as high as that of single drug within 5min.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can also be dissolved in another molten dropping pill matrix, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxyethylene monostearate (S-40), poloxamer and stearyl acid, glyceryl monostearate, etc for making complex matrix.
Uses
In the early 1950s, older, with shellac and oil-based hairspray had been rapidly replaced by Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) sprays which are still widely used until now.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can form wet, transparent film on the hair which is shiny and has good lubrication effect.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has good compatibility with a variety of good propellant and also has corrosion resistance.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is widely used in hair styling, as the film former in combing products, as the creatinine and stabilizer of skin care lotions and creams, as the base stock material for eye and facial cosmetics and lipstick base, and also as hair dye dispersants and shampoo foam stabilizer.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has detoxification effect and can reduce the irritation effects of other preparation on the skin and eyes.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also used as toothpaste detergents, gelling agents and antidotes.
The main drawback of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is its sensitivity to moisture.
However, this issue can be tackled by using its vinyl acetate copolymer in order to mitigate the effects of moisture and humidity.
In addition, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) also has wide application in the pharmaceutical, beverage and textile industries.
Clarifying agent; pigment stabilizer; colloidal stabilizer; Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is mainly used for beer clarifying and quality stabilizing (reference amount 8~20g/100L, maintained for 24h and remove it by filtration), and can also be applied in combination with enzymes (protease) and protein adsorbents.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also used to clarify the wine and as a stabilizer to prevent discoloration (reference amount 24~72g/100L).
Clarifying agents; stabilizers; thickeners agent; tablet fillers; dispersants; Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) of molecular weight 360,000 are often used as the clarifying agent of beer, vinegar, and grape wine.
Used as the fixing liquid for gas chromatography.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used as a colloidal stabilizer and clarifying agent for beer clarification.
Apply proper amount according the demands of production.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can be used for pharmacy, aquaculture, and livestock disinfectant for the sterilization of the skin and mucous.
PolyFilterTM molecule has an amide bond for absorbing the hydroxyl groups located in polyphenol molecule to form hydrogen bonds, and therefore, can be used as the stabilizer of beer, fruit wine/grape wine, and drinking wine to extend their shelf life and improve the transparency, color and taste.
The products have two specifications: disposable type and regeneration type.
Disposable products are suitable for application by SMEs; renewable products demand the purchase of special filtration equipment; but since Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is recyclable, it is suitable for large breweries for recycle application.
In daily cosmetics, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) and its copolymer has good dispersion property and filming property, and thus being able to be used as a setting lotion, hair spray and styling mousse, as opacifiers for hair care agents, as the stabilizer of shampoo foam, as wave styling agent and as the dispersants and affinity agents in hair dye.
Adding Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) to cream, sunscreen, and hair removal agent can enhance wetting and lubricating effect.
Taking advantage of the excellent properties of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) such as surface activity, film-forming and non-irritating to the skin, no allergic reactions, etc., has broad prospects in its application in hair care and skin care products.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used as an adhesive in glue sticks; an emulsifier and a disintegrant for solution polymerization; an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer; as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) NMR and as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) finds use in personal care products like shampoos and toothpastes, in ink for inkjet printers as well as in contact lens solutions.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used as a food additive and in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used as a capping agent to synthesize silver nanowires through a polyol process.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has been used:
to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure
in the preparation of endophyte coating agent mixture, to coat creeping bentgrass seed
as a component of prehybridization solution
There are high-purity injectable grades of Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is a frequently used binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions).
For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.
The long-term effects of crospovidone or Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) within the lung are unknown.
Technical
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also used in many technical applications:
as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode-ray tubes (CRT)
in aqueous metal quenching
for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells
Other uses
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity.
This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.
As a food additive, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is a stabilizer and has E number E1201.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is E1202.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
In molecular biology, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification.
Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.
Production method
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon)'s crude product comes from the polymerization of vinylpyrrolidone under basic catalyst or the existence of N, N'-divinyl amidine and further cross-inking reaction.
Then use water, 5% acetic acid and 50% ethanol for reflux to until extract ≤50mg/kg (for over 3h).
The 30% to 60% aqueous solution of the purified 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, in the presence of ammonia or amines and also with hydrogen peroxide as the catalyst, has cross-linking and homo-polymerization reaction at a temperature of 50 °C and subject to further purification to obtain the final product.
Production Methods
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is manufactured by the Reppe process.
Acetylene and formaldehyde are reacted in the presence of a highly active copper acetylide catalyst to form butynediol, which is hydrogenated to butanediol and then cyclodehydrogenated to form butyrolactone.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is produced by reacting butyrolactone with ammonia.
This is followed by a vinylation reaction in which pyrrolidone and acetylene are reacted under pressure.
The monomer, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon), is then polymerized in the presence of a combination of catalysts to produce povidone.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Although povidone is used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is primarily used in solid-dosage forms.
In tableting, Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) solutions are used as binders in wet-granulation processes.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is also added to powder blends in the dry form and granulated in situ by the addition of water, alcohol, or hydroalcoholic solutions.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) is used as a solubilizer in oral and parenteral formulations, and has been shown to enhance dissolution of poorly soluble drugs from solid-dosage forms.
Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) solutions may also be used as coating agents or as binders when coating active pharmaceutical ingredients on a support such as sugar beads.
Povidone is additionally used as a suspending, stabilizing, or viscosity-increasing agent in a number of topical and oral suspensions and solutions.
The solubility of a number of poorly soluble active drugs may be increased by mixing with povidone.
Special grades of pyrogen-free Polivinilpirolidon (Polividon) are available and have been used in parenteral formulations.
