POLY(N-VINYLCARBAZOL)

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers and organic light-emitting diodes.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is an amorphous thermoplastic polymer with high thermal stability, good film-forming ability, and excellent optical transparency in the visible region.
Due to its electron-donating carbazole groups, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is widely used as a hole-transport and photoconductive material in electrophotography, OLEDs, organic photoreceptors, and other optoelectronic devices.

CAS Number: 25067-59-8
EC Number: 215-952-8
Molecular Formula: C42H33N3X2
Molecular Weight: 579.73

Synonyms: 9H-Carbazole, 9-ethenyl-, Vinylcarbazole, 1-Vinylcarbazole, 9-Ethenyl-9H-carbazole, CARBAZOLE, 9-VINYL-, N-Ethenylcarbazole, N-Vinylkarbazol, N-Vinylkarbazol [Czech], EINECS 216-055-0, NSC 406868, BRN 0132988, D629AMY6F9, MFCD00004966, 9-Vinylcarbazole, 98%, 9-Vinyl-9H-carbazole #, SCHEMBL36244, SCHEMBL27348841, SCHEMBL28361105, SCHEMBL29352713, KKFHAJHLJHVUDM-UHFFFAOYSA-, NSC406868, AKOS003654048, CS-W010679, FV06367, AI3-08510, VINYLCARBAZOLE, N-, NSC-406868, DTXSID4022155, 5-20-08-00019 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), RefChem:831220, DTXCID902155, 216-055-0, N-Vinyl carbazole, 9-ethenylcarbazole, MFCD00134336, UNII-D629AMY6F9, 9-vinyl carbazole

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is an aromatic, nitrogen-containing polymer obtained by the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole and is best known for its strong photoconductive and electronic properties.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is an amorphous thermoplastic polymer with high thermal stability, good film-forming ability, and excellent optical transparency in the visible region.
Due to its electron-donating carbazole groups, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is widely used in photoreceptors for electrophotography, organic photoconductors, OLEDs, hole-transport layers, and other optoelectronic and electronic applications where charge transport, photoconductivity, and thermal resistance are required.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is a temperature-resistant thermoplastic polymer produced by radical polymerization from the monomer N-vinylcarbazole.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is a photoconductive polymer and thus the basis for photorefractive polymers and organic light-emitting diodes.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is a conductive polymer which is mainly used as a hole transporting medium at high efficiencies with low driving voltage.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) can also be used as an anode for hole injection and can act as an effective charge transferring gate by co-doping it with organic dyes.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol), consisted by linear chains of repeated molecular units (CH2-CH)n with pendant 9H-carbazole side groups, is a well-known p-type thermoplastic π-conjugated semiconducting polymer with high thermal and chemical stability.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) has been widely used as hole-transporting and an electron-blocking layer, host polymer for hole-transporting molecules in OLED to enhance the native hole-transporting properties, and blue PLED emitting layer material.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) has also been used as photoconductive layers in the xerographic industry and memory devices.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol), as a non-conjugated polymer, shows unique optical properties and hole transport properties in application of organic electronics due to its hydrophobicity, large hole mobility, solution processability and stability.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is believed that the electrical conduction in it is ruled by both field assisted and temperature activated hopping processes, whereas luminescence occurs via radiative decay of a Frenkel exciton.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) shows an emission spectrum that covers the entire blue region, owing to the properties of pendent carbazole groups.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) can be easily produced in large quantities through controlled radical polymerization of 9-vinylcarbazole.
For large quantity, the lead time is 4 – 6 weeks.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is a high-performance, π-conjugation–rich aromatic polymer recognized as one of the foundational materials in organic electronics and photonics due to its exceptional photoconductivity, high thermal stability, and strong hole-transport characteristics.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is synthesized by the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole, producing a carbon–carbon saturated polymer backbone with pendant carbazole moieties.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is a specialty aromatic polymer synthesized from the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole, in which carbazole units are attached to the polymer backbone through the nitrogen atom.
The presence of the rigid, conjugated carbazole rings gives the polymer distinctive electronic, optical, and thermal properties that clearly differentiate it from conventional vinyl polymers.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is an amorphous thermoplastic material with a relatively high glass transition temperature, good thermal stability, and the ability to form uniform, transparent thin films from solution.

One of the most important characteristics of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is its strong photoconductive behavior, arising from the electron-rich carbazole groups that facilitate charge generation and hole transport under light exposure.
For this reason, the polymer has been extensively used in electrophotography, organic photoreceptors, and photoconductive layers in imaging systems.
In addition, Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)'s good film-forming ability and compatibility with dopants allow its electrical and optical properties to be tuned for specific device requirements.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is also widely applied in organic electronics, particularly as a hole-transport material in OLEDs, organic solar cells, and other optoelectronic devices.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)'s aromatic structure provides good resistance to UV radiation and oxidative degradation, while its solubility in selected organic solvents enables solution processing techniques such as spin coating and casting.

Uses of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is primarily used as a photoconductive material in electrophotographic photoreceptors and imaging systems due to its strong hole-transport and photoconductive properties.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is widely applied in organic electronics as a hole-transport layer in OLEDs, organic light-emitting devices, and organic solar cells.

Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is also used in photoconductive and photosensitive coatings, radiation and UV-sensitive materials, and charge-transport layers in optoelectronic devices.
In research and specialty applications, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is utilized in nonlinear optics, sensor materials, and functional polymer composites where controlled electrical and optical behavior is required.

In advanced photonics, Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is valued for its high refractive index, strong photoluminescence, and nonlinear optical behavior, making it suitable for waveguides, optical switches, electroactive coatings, and frequency-doubling materials.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol)'s excellent film-forming ability allows uniform thin-film fabrication via spin-coating or solution processing for printed and flexible electronics. 

Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is also used in dielectric layers, resist formulations, electroluminescent panels, sensors, and thin-film capacitors, benefiting from its chemical resistance and stability under electrical bias.
In material science research, Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) frequently serves as a model polymer for studying charge-transport mechanisms, polymer–dopant interactions, and hybrid organic–inorganic electronic systems, especially in conjunction with quantum dots, perovskites, or graphene derivatives.
Thanks to its versatility, Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) remains one of the most important specialty polymers in next-generation semiconductor devices, flexible electronic platforms, and precision imaging technologies.

Electrophotography:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is used as a photoconductive material in electrophotographic photoreceptors and imaging systems due to its strong photoconductivity and hole-transport capability.

Organic Electronics:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is applied as a hole-transport layer in OLEDs, organic solar cells, and other optoelectronic devices.

Photoconductive Coatings:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is used in photosensitive and photoconductive coatings that respond to UV and visible light.

Optoelectronic Devices:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) serves as a charge-transport material in advanced optoelectronic components.

Sensors and Functional Materials:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is used in chemical and optical sensors and in functional polymer composites with tunable electrical properties.

Research and Specialty Applications:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is widely employed in academic and industrial research for nonlinear optics, radiation-sensitive materials, and experimental electronic systems.

Properties of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Physical properties:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) can be used at temperatures of up to 160 - 170 °C and is therefore a temperature-resistant thermoplastic.
The electrical conductivity changes depending on the illumination.

For this reason, Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is classified as a semiconductor or photoconductor.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is extremely brittle, but the brittleness can be reduced by copolymerization with a little isoprene.

Chemical properties:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and ketones.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) is resistant to acids, alkalis, polar solvents and aliphatic hydrocarbons.
The addition of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol) to other plastic masses increases their temperature resistance.

Action Mechanism of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) functions through its electron-rich carbazole groups, which act as efficient charge-donating and hole-transport sites within the polymer matrix.
When exposed to light, especially in the UV or visible range, the carbazole moieties absorb energy and generate charge carriers.
These charges are transported along and between polymer chains via hopping mechanisms through the aromatic carbazole units.

In electrophotographic and optoelectronic applications, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) primarily transports positive charges (holes), making it an effective hole-transport material.
When combined with suitable sensitizers or dopants, Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)'s photoconductivity is significantly enhanced, allowing efficient charge separation, migration, and collection.
This mechanism enables Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)'s use in photoreceptors, OLEDs, and other electronic devices where controlled charge generation and transport are essential.

Occurrence of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) does not occur naturally and is a fully synthetic polymer.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is produced industrially and in research settings by the polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole, which itself is synthesized from carbazole-based aromatic compounds.
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is mainly encountered in specialized industrial products and advanced research materials, particularly in electrophotography, optoelectronics, and organic electronic devices, rather than in everyday consumer plastics.

Manufacturing of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is manufactured by the polymerization of the monomer N-vinylcarbazole, which is first synthesized from carbazole through N-vinylation reactions.
The polymerization is typically carried out using free-radical initiation methods, either in solution, bulk, or suspension polymerization systems, under controlled temperature and inert atmospheres to prevent oxidation.

Reaction conditions are carefully regulated to control molecular weight and polymer uniformity.
After polymerization, the polymer is purified by precipitation or solvent removal and then dried to obtain poly(N-vinylcarbazole) in solid powder or granular form suitable for further processing into films, coatings, or electronic materials.

Stability and Reactivity of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Chemical stability:
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is chemically stable under normal conditions of use, handling, and storage.

Reactivity:
No hazardous reactions are expected under normal conditions; Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) is not reactive under ambient conditions.

Conditions to avoid:
Excessive heat, open flames, and prolonged exposure to strong UV radiation that may cause degradation.

Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents.

Hazardous decomposition products:
Thermal decomposition may produce carbon oxides (CO, CO₂), nitrogen oxides, and aromatic fumes.

Handling and Storage of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Handling:
Handle poly(N-vinylcarbazole) in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practices.
Avoid generating dust and avoid inhalation of particles.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.

Storage conditions:
Protect from heat, direct sunlight, moisture, and sources of ignition.

Packaging materials:
Store in original or compatible inert containers.

Shelf life:
Stable for long periods when stored under recommended conditions.

First Aid Measures of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Inhalation:
Remove the affected person to fresh air.
If respiratory irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Skin contact:
Wash skin thoroughly with soap and water.
No serious adverse effects are expected.

Eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Seek medical advice if irritation persists.

Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical advice if discomfort occurs.

Most important symptoms:
Mechanical irritation from dust exposure to eyes or respiratory tract.

Firefighting Measures of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Suitable extinguishing media:
Water spray, foam, dry chemical powder, or carbon dioxide (CO₂).

Specific hazards:
Combustible solid; may emit toxic fumes upon thermal decomposition.

Protective equipment for firefighters:
Self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.

Special precautions:
Avoid inhalation of combustion products and cool containers exposed to fire.

Accidental Release Measures of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Personal precautions:
Avoid breathing dust and avoid contact with eyes.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.

Environmental precautions:
Prevent large quantities from entering drains or watercourses.

Methods for cleanup:
Sweep or vacuum spilled material using dust-minimizing methods.
Collect in suitable containers for disposal according to local regulations.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Occupational exposure limits:
Not established.

Engineering controls:
Adequate general ventilation recommended; local exhaust ventilation if dust is generated.

Respiratory protection:
Not normally required; use a dust mask if airborne particles are present.

Hand protection:
Protective gloves recommended for prolonged handling.

Eye protection:
Safety glasses recommended.

Skin protection:
No special protection required under normal use.

Hygiene measures:
Wash hands after handling and avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in work areas.

Identifiers of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
CAS Number: 25067-59-8
Molecular Formula (repeat unit): (C₁₄H₁₁N)ₙ
Polymer Class: Vinyl polymer / Aromatic heterocyclic polymer
Physical Form: Solid powder or flakes
Typical Color: White to off-white

CAS No.: 25067-59-8
CBNumber: CB3288478
Molecular Formula: C42H33N3X2
Molecular Weight: 579.73
MDL Number: MFCD00134336

Properties of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):
Physical State: Solid
Appearance: White to off-white powder or flakes
Odor: Odorless
Polymer Type: Aromatic vinyl polymer with carbazole side groups
Density: Approximately 1.18–1.22 g/cm³

form: powder
Quality Level: 100
mol wt: average Mw ~1,100,000
refractive index: n20/D 1.683
transition temp: Tg 220 °C
density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)

Melting point: >300 °C
Density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Tg: 227
refractive index: n20/D 1.683
form: powder
color: Off-white
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

Molecular Weight: 193.24 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 3.9
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 0
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 193.089149355 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 193.089149355 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 4.9 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 15
Complexity: 226
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Names of Poly(N-vinylcarbazol):

Other names:
Poly(vinylcarbazole)
Poly(N-vinylcarbazole)
Poly(N-vinylcarbazol)