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CAS Number:9003-04-7
POLYACRYLATE = ACRYLIC ACID = Sodium Polyacrylate
Polyacrylate, any of a number of synthetic resins produced by the polymerization of acrylic esters.
Forming plastic materials of notable clarity and flexibility under certain methods, the polyacrylates are employed primarily in paints and other surface coatings, in adhesives, and in textiles.
The most common polyacrylates are polyethyl acrylate and polymethyl acrylate.
Acrylic esters are derived from acrylic acid (CH2=CHCO2H), a type of carboxylic acid that is obtained by the oxidation of propylene.
Acrylic acid is “esterified” by reacting it with alcohols such as ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or methanol.
In the esterification reaction the hydrogen atom in the acidic carboxyl group (CO2H) on the acrylic acid molecule is replaced by an organic group—a methyl group (CH3) in reactions with methanol and an ethyl group (CH2CH3) in reactions with ethanol.
The resultant methyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate is given the generic formula (CH2=CHCO2R), with R representing the organic group.
Both ethyl acrylate and methyl acrylate are flammable liquids that are prone to spontaneous polymerization, a reaction in which the acrylate molecules (at this point called monomers) link together to form long, multiple-unit molecules (polymers).
Polyacrylate commercial production, polymerization is conducted under the action of free-radical initiators, with the acrylates dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent or dispersed Polyacrylate water by soaplike surfactants.
Polyacrylate the resulting polymer chain the acrylate repeating units have the following structure:
The dissolved or dispersed polymer can be further processed for use as a fibre modifier in textile manufacture, as a bonding agent in adhesives, or as a film-forming component in acrylic paints.
Especially in surface coatings, polyacrylate formulations are hardened by copolymerizing the acrylate with other monomers such as methyl methacrylate or styrene.
Polyacrylates can be modified to produce a specialty rubber known as polyacrylate elastomer.
Acrylate polymers are a group of polymers prepared from acrylate monomers.
These plastics are noted for their transparency, resistance to breakage, and elasticity.
They are also commonly known as acrylics or polyacrylates.
Acrylate polymer is commonly used in cosmetics, such as nail polish, as an adhesive.
Acrylic elastomers
Acrylic elastomer is a general term for a type of synthetic rubber whose primary component is acrylic acid alkylester (ethyl or butyl ester).
Acrylic elastomer possesses characteristics of heat and oil resistance, with the ability to withstand temperatures of 170–180 °C.
Polyacrylate is used primarily for producing oil seals and packaging related to automobiles.
Acrylic elastomer can generally be characterized as one of two types.
"Old" types include ACM (copolymer of acrylic acid ester and 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether) containing chlorine and ANM (copolymer of acrylic acid ester and acrylonitrile) without chloride.
"New" types do not contain chlorine and are less prone to mold-related staining.
Other than the slightly better water resistance of ANM there are no physical differences between the two types.
The material is less resistant in terms of cold weather with a saturation point of −15 °C for old types and −28 °C to −30 °C for new types.
Polyacrylate terms of vulcanization, the standard method for the old type is amine vulcanization.
To minimize permanent deformation, the old type requires curing for 24 hours at a temperature of 150 °C.
On the other hand, for the new type, the press curing time and follow-up vulcanization time are significantly reduced by combining metal soap and sulfur.
Polyacrylate has no special characteristics.
The rebound resilience and abrasion resistance of the new type are poor, and even its electrical characteristics are considerably poor compared with acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber and butyl rubber.
Uses
Polyacrylate emulsion, water-borne coating, are used as binder for outdoor and indoor "latex" house paints.
Acrylic paints as artist paints
Acrylic fibre
Sodium polyacrylate water-soluble thickeners, a polymer for the production of the Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) used in disposable diapers due to its high absorbency per unit mass
Acrylic resin as pressure-sensitive adhesive
"Super glue" is a formulation of cyanoacrylate
Acrylic glass, also called plexiglass
Polyacrylates are used in cosmetic products as rheology modifiers and film formers, and these are typically polymers of acrylic acid
Related polymers
PVAc copolymer emulsion glue of vinyl acetate (VAM) and acrylic acid (VAA)
Polyacrylamide copolymer used as flocculation agent in water treatment
Polymethyl methacrylate is the clear break-resistant sheeting sold as acrylic glass (or simply acrylic sheet) or under the trade name Plexiglas, Perspex, etc.
Polyacrylamides
Polyacrylamides (PAMs) are relatively inexpensive polymers that are easily formulated to high molecular weights on the order of several million g/mol.
PAM was first used in the paper industry in the mid-1950s.
Anionic PAM usually contains about 5% polyacrylic acid groups formed by copolymerization of acrylamide and acrylic acid monomers or by hydrolysis of PAM homopolymer under conditions to convert some of the amide groups to carboxylate salts.
PAM with as much as 50% acrylic acid is used. Cationic PAM is made by copolymerization of acrylamide monomers with cationic monomers (described below).
Polyacrylamide can absorb many times its mass of water by incorporating it into its structure.
For this reason polyacrylamide is frequently used as flocculating agent in irrigation practices to minimize water losses through seepage in earthen canals.
There are a concerns that polyacrylamide may release acrylamide to environment after it was exposed to weather conditions.
Polymer chain scission and release of acrylamide were detected after exposure to simulated and natural sunlight.
Low iron concentrations and alkaline pH of irrigation water limit acrylamide release.
EPA drinking water standard for acrylamide is 0.5 ppb
Polyacylates are an important class of polymers that are soft, tough and rubbery.
Polyacrylate glass transition temperature is well below room temperature.
Polyacrylate are known for their high transparency, good impact toughness and elasticity, and have fairly good heat resistance up to ca. 450 K under dry heat.
Polyacrylate also have good weatherability and ozone resistance since they do not have double bonds in the backbone.
The two most important acrylic polymers are poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(ethyl acrylate).
Both polymers are tough, rubbery materials with little or no tack at room temperature.
However, poly(ethyl acrylate) is considerably softer and more extensible than poly(methyl acrylate).
These two acrylates are often copolymerized to achieve the desired hardness, flexibility and strength.
Two other important acrylic comonomers are butyl and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate; both increase the flexibility and elasticity.
Sometimes small amounts of comonomers with other functionality such as carboxyl, ether, hydroxyl, amine or amide are added to further adjust / improve the properties. Some important functional monomers are acrylic, methacrylic and itaconic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl acylate and N-hydroyxethyl acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide to name only a few.
For the production of acrylic elastomers, acrylic monomers are quite often copolymerized with other monomer such as acrylonitrile (ANM) or ethylene (AEM). AEMs are usually terpolymers of ethylene, acrylics and some other monomers, whereas ACM elastomers are composed solely of acylics.
Both have similar mechanical properties, however, AEM's can withand a wider temperature range than ACM's and hydrogenated nitriles (HNBR).
Unlike butadiene-based rubbers (SBS, NBR), acrylic elastomers have good resistance to mineral oils, oxygen, ozone, ultraviolet radiation and withstand higher temperatures.
COMMERCIAL POLYACRYLATES
Two major manufacturers of acrylic monomers and resins are DOW Chemical and BASF.
APPLICATIONS
Major applications are coatings, paints, textiles, leather finishing, automotive products, tape adhesives, and oil-resistant and high-temperature-resistant elastomers. They are also used as comonomers to increase the plasticity of rigid and brittle plastics.
Acrylic elastomers are often a cheap alternative to fluorocarbon polymers (FKM), silicones (VMQ) and fluorosilicones (FVMQ) for elevated temperature applications (< 430 (450) K).
They are extensively used in the automotive industry for hoses, seals, gaskets and dampers that must function under long-term exposure to elevated temperatures and hydrocarbon oils.
Another important application of acrylics are emulsion paints.
Acrylic latices are the main ingredient of many interior and exterior water-based paints.
The waterborn paints and coatings market is expected to reach $ 43 billion by 2020.1
Acrylics are also used in solventborn coatings and printing inks for applications that require fast drying rates.
Polyacrylate products have excellent performance and are extensiviely used as automotive lacquers and industrial coatings.
Polyacrylate are formulated as one- or two-part systems and are usually applied by spray gun, aerosol spray or by dipping.
Polyacrylate majority of these products contain flammable solvents which require proper precautions for safe handling.
Furthermore, most organic solvents are regulated due to environmental concerns with emissions.
Besides paints, inks, and coatings, acrylics are used in pressure sensitive adhesive formulations.
They can be formulated with a large variety of adhesion properties, from low adhesion (barely tacky) to very high tack that bond permanently to surfaces.
The three most important acrylic monomers used for coatings, paints, inks, and pressure sensitive adhesives are poly(ethyl acrylate), poly(butyl acrylate), and poly(ethylhexyl acrylate) and blends thereof that are often copolymerized in various ratios with other monomers such as methacrylates, styrenes, acrylamide, acrylonitrile to modify their properties.
Methacrylates, styrenes and acrylonitrile are usually added to increase the cohesive strength (hardness) and to reduce or to eliminate the tack after drying, whereas (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylic acid, glycidyl acrylates and maleic anhydride are added as crosslinkers and/or as cure accelerators.
Some of these monomers, like acrylonitrile and methacylamide, also improve the solvent and oil resistance.
Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid, CH2=CHCOO- H+.
The acrylic acid groups are evenly spaced along the chain.
Acrylic acid polymer neutralized with NaOH is sodium polyacrylate (SPA).
Polyacrylates are best utilized in soft water with low salinity to achieve the best dispersion and full chain elongation.
Even low concentrations of hardness ions, for example, Ca+2, precipitate polyacrylates.
Low molecular-weight polyacrylates are used as clay deflocculants.
High molecular weight polymers are used for fluid-loss control and as a clay extender.
As an extender, SPA is added to bentonite at the grinding plant.
Polyacrylate is also used at the rig in low-solids mud.
Divalent cations can negate its benefits as a clay extender.
SPA is highly efficient when used to flocculate colloids in native-solids muds, clear-water muds and wastewater cleanup.
The polymer chain links together colloidal solids that can be removed by gravity settling in shallow pits or by applying hydrocyclone, centrifuge or filtration techniques.
Synonyms: acrylate polymer
CD Bioparticles provides a large selection of monodisperse and porous polyacrylate particles with particle size ranging from 30 μm to 80 μm.
Polyacrylate is an important class of polymers that are soft, tough and rubbery.
That is known for their high transparency, good impact toughness and elasticity.
Our DiagPoly™ polyacrylate particles are available with carboxylic, sulfo, DEAE, quaternary amine, phenyl and butyl groups on the particles surface for various applications.
Acrylate polymers are made from acrylate monomers and are a type of polymer.
Transparency, break resistance, and flexibility are all characteristics of these plastics.
Acrylics and polyacrylates are other names for them. As an adhesive, acrylate polymer is extensively used in cosmetics such as nail polish.
Polyacrylates are a type of polymer that is flexible, robust, and rubbery.
Their glass transition temperature is significantly lower than that of ambient air.
Polyacrylate noted for their excellent transparency, impact toughness, and elasticity, as well as their moderate heat resistance up to 450 K in dry heat.
Polyacrylate are also weatherable and ozone resistant due to the absence of double bonds in the backbone.
What is Polyacrylate?
Polyacrylate Polymer
For increased temperature applications (430-450) K), acrylic elastomers are generally a less expensive option to fluorocarbon polymers (FKM), silicones (VMQ), and fluoro silicone (FVMQ).
Hoses, seals, gaskets, and dampers that must perform under long-term exposure to high temperatures and hydrocarbon oils are commonly employed in the automotive sector.
Polyacrylate polymers are also employed in solvent-borne coatings and printing inks that require quick drying times.
These chemicals function well and can be used in a variety of applications, including automotive lacquers and industrial coatings.
Polyacrylate are commonly administered with a spray gun, aerosol spray, or dipping and are designed as one- or two-part systems.
Polyacrylate bulk of these goods include dangerous solvents, necessitating strict handling precautions. Furthermore, due to environmental concerns about emissions, most organic solvents are restricted.
Acrylics are utilised in pressure-sensitive adhesive formulations in addition to paints, inks, and coatings.
They can be made with a wide range of adhesion qualities, from extremely low tack (barely tacky) to extremely strong tack that bonds to surfaces permanently.
Polyacrylate gel ice pack is a plastic sack filled with water, refrigerant gel, or liquid.
SAP Superabsorbent polymer of Sodium Polyacrylate is a perfect filler in the Gel ice pack, cold gel pack.
Dosage：it’s enough of 1 gram (or less) Superabsorbent polymer for each gel ice pack.
Advantages:
High specific heat capacity;
Low cost (for each gel ice pack);
Non-toxic & environment friendly;
Here’re the differences of Gel ice pack with SAP Superabsorbent polymer from traditional ice bags:
Soft feel and nice appearance;
Effectively curb the breeding of bacteria;
More effective (Its specific heat is 3-4 times than ices);
A preparation method of a polyacrylate flocculant comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation of an acrylate solution I: controlling system temperature to be lower than 35 DEG C and mixing alkali at the weight percent concentration of 22.6% and acrylic acid according to the molar ratio of 1:1 so as to obtain the acrylate solution I;
(2) preparation of a polymerization additive liquid II: dissolving 0.5-4 parts by weight of an anti-cross-linking agent, 0.1-0.5 part by weight of an anti-agglomeration agent and 0.16-0.46 part by weight of an initiator in 10-30 parts by weight of water and uniformly mixing the above components so as to obtain the polymerization additive liquid II;
(3) adjusting pH value of 346 parts by weight of the acrylate solution I to 12-12.5 by the use of alkali, adding the polymerization additive liquid II, stirring and uniformly mixing, and standing at normal temperature for 3-10 h;
(4) smashing, drying and crushing.
The alkali for neutralizing acrylic acid and the alkali for adjusting pH value of the system are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate.
Polyacrylate initiator is sodium persulfate or potassium persulfate and sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite or a potassium bisulfate compound. The anti-cross-linking agent is urea or EDTA.
Polyacrylate anti-agglomeration agent is soap base or sodium stearate.
Synonyms
ACRYLIC ACID
2-Propenoic acid
Propenoic acid
79-10-7
prop-2-enoic acid
Vinylformic acid
Acroleic acid
Propene acid
Ethylenecarboxylic acid
POLYACRYLIC ACID
Propenoate
Polyacrylate
Glacial acrylic acid
Acrylic acid, glacial
Kyselina akrylova
RCRA waste number U008
Carbopol 934p
Acrylic polymer
UNII-J94PBK7X8S
9003-01-4
NSC 4765
Carbopol 940
Acrylic acid, polymer
J94PBK7X8S
Carbopol
2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer
Acrylic resin
Aron
Antiprex A
25987-55-7
CHEBI:18308
Versicol E9
NSC4765
Acrylic acid resin
Acrysol ase-75
C3:1n-1
Versicol E 7
Versicol E15
Acrysol A 1
Acrysol A 3
Acrysol A 5
Acrysol A-1
Acrysol AC 5
Carbopol 960
Acrylic acid, [waste] appears as a colorless liquid with a distinctive acrid odor.
Combustible.
Flash point 130°F.
Boiling point 286°F.
Freezing point 121°F.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
May polymerize under prolonged exposure to fire or heat.
If polymerization occurs in a container violent rupture may occur.
Generally shipped with an inhibitor such as hydroquinone to prevent polymerization.
Acrylic acid is a colorless liquid with a distinctive acrid odor.
Flash point 130°F.
Boiling point 286°F.
Freezing point 53°F.
Corrosive to metals and tissue.
Prolonged exposure to fire or heat can cause polymerization.
Polyacrylate polymerization takes place in a closed container, violent rupture may occur.
The inhibitor (usually hydroquinone) greatly reduces the tendency to polymerize.
Acrylic acid is a alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.
Polyacrylate has a role as a metabolite.
Polyacrylate is a conjugate acid of an acrylate.
An umbrella term used to describe a family of thermoplastic materials that are the result of polymerizing or co-polymerizing vinyl monomers with a carbonyl or nitrile group attached, including but not limited to Acrylic acid, Methacrylic acid, or Acrylonitrile.
Polyacrylate generic description of these materials is represented as: (CH2=CHCO2R), with R representing the organic group.
Acrylic polymers were first prepared in 1880 by the Swiss chemist Georg W.A. Kahlbaum.
In 1901, in Germany, Otto Röhm described his acrylate synthesis work in “Polymerization products of acrylic acid”, his doctoral thesis then later patented the process in 1915.
Polymethyl methacrylate was first marketed by Rohm and Haas in Germany in 1927.
Acrylics have been sold by Rohm & Haas, ICI in England and DuPont in the U.S. since 1931 as glass substitutes (Plexigum®, Plexiglas®, Perspex® and Lucite® ) and as adhesives, varnishes, and paint media (Acryloid® F-10, Lucite® 44, Acryloid® B-72).
Magna solvent-soluble acrylic artist paints were first sold in 1947 by Bocour, while Liquitex, an acrylic emulsion paint, was first marketed in 1954.
The first Acrylic fiber, Orlon®, was introduced in 1950.
Synonyms and Related Terms
acrylics; acrylate;
methacrylate;
résine acrylique (Fr.);
resina acrilica (It.);
polímero acrílico (Esp.);
resina acrílica (Esp.);
acrílico (Esp.);
resina acrílica (Port.)
Examples: Acryloid® [Rohm & Haas];
Plexigum® [Rohm & Haas];
Lucite® [DuPont];
Paraloid® [Rohm & Haas];
Elvacite® [DuPont];
Plexiglas® [Rohm & Haas];
Perspex®; Magna [Bocour];
Liquitex [Permanent Pigments];
Shiva [Shiva];
Hyplar Acrylic Colors[Grumbacher];
Aqua-tec [Bocour]
Applications
Paints, coatings, and adhesives
Fabrics, textile and leather finishes
Windows and clear glazing
Mounts and display cases
Personal Risks
Acrylates are considered to be stable to light and aging but the monomers will irritate the skin and eyes.
Some resins are combustible but often slow-burning and self-extinguishing.
Collection Risks
Some acrylate polymers crosslink, which is why only specific ones are recommended for use as coatings in conservation.
Iso-Amyl Methacrylate, sometimes referred to 27H in conservation publications, was infamously shown to crosslink after it had been promoted for use as a paint varnish.
Some acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives that are designed NOT to dry, may give off acetic acid and acrylic acid; both are corrosive.
Environmental Risks
Dust is flammable
Physical and Chemical Properties
Acrylic resins range from soft, tacky materials to hard solids that are glossy, optically clear and have good shock and water resistance.
Acrylics tend to be stable to outdoor weathering and resistant to some chemicals including mild acids and bases.
Soluble in mineral spirits, turpentine, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, and ketones.
Insoluble in water, ethanol.
Softening points (Tg in C) are:
polymethyl methacrylate (105-125)
polyethyl methacrylate (65)
poly iso-butyl methacrylate (48)
poly n-butyl methacrylate (22)
polymethyl acrylate (9)
polyethyl acrylate (-24)
Refractive Index = 1.5
This dossier on sodium polyacrylate presents the most critical studies pertinent to the risk assessment of sodium polyacrylate in its use in drilling muds.
Polyacrylate does not represent an exhaustive or critical review of all available data. The majority of information presented in this dossier was obtained from the HERA document on polyacrylic acid homopolymers and their sodium salts (CAS 9003-04-7) (HERA, 2014).
Where possible, study quality was evaluated using the Klimisch scoring system (Klimisch et al., 1997).
Screening Assessment Conclusion – Sodium polyacrylate is a polymer of low concern.
There fore, it is classified as a tier 1 chemical and requires a hazard assessment only.
1 BACKGROUND
Sodium polyacrylate are a group of polymers that range in molecular weight from 1,000 to 78,000 g/mol.
The sodium polyacrylates mostly used in detergents have a typical molecular weight of approximately 4,500 g/mol (HERA, 2014).
These polymers are not readily biodegradable but are partly accessible to ultimate biodegradation.
They are not expected to bioaccumulate.
Sodium polyacrylate exhibits a low toxicity concern for aquatic organisms, terrestrial invertebrates and plants.
2 CHEMICAL NAME AND IDENTIFICATION
Chemical Name (IUPAC): 1-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, sodium salt
CAS RN: 9003-04-7 Molecular formula: (C3H4O2)x-.x-Na Molecular weight: Variable
Synonyms:
2-Propenoic acid,
homopolymer,
sodium salt;
polyacrylic acid,
sodium salt,
sodiumpolyacrylate;
acrylic acid,
polymers,
sodium salt;
poly(acrylic acid),
sodium salt;
polyacrylate sodium salt
3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Sodium polyacrylates are polymers that range in molecular weight (MW) from 1,000 to 78,000 g/mol (HERA, 2014).
The sodium polyacrylates mostly used in detergents have a typical molecular weight of approximately 4,500 g/mol (HERA, 2014).
For sodium polyacrylate (MW 4,500), the melting point is >150oC, where it decomposes; and the water solubility is >400 g/L (HERA, 2014).
4 DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL REGULATORY INFORMATION A review of international and national environmental regulatory information was undertaken (Table 1).
This chemical is listed on the Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances – AICS (Inventory). No conditions for its use were identified.
No specific environmental regulatory controls or concerns were identified within Australia and internationally for sodium polyacrylate.
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE SUMMARY
A. Summary
Sodium polyacrylates are not readily biodegradable.
Due to their high molecular weights, sodium polyacrylates are not expected to bioaccumulate.
In addition, these water-soluble polymers can form insoluble calcium salts in natural waters, suggesting that bioaccumulation is unlikely.
B. Partitioning
Abiotic degradation mechanisms like photolytic and hydrolytic processes do not significantly influence the environmental fate of sodium polyacrylates (HERA, 2014).
C. Biodegradation
Sodium polyacrylates are not readily biodegradable, but are partly accessible to ultimate biodegradation particularly under long incubation conditions.
Sodium polyacrylates with MW of <2,000 g/mol are partly biodegradable under the conditions of soil and sediment inoculation.
Test results with activated sludge inoculum indicate different elimination degrees, apparently due to adsorption and precipitation processes.
The removal degrees of different sodium polyacrylates show no clear relationship between elimination extent and molecular weight (HERA, 2014).
D. Environmental Distribution
Adsorption onto solids and precipitation are the principal mechanisms of abiotic elimination for this type of polymer, the degree of elimination differs and is strongly influenced by test concentration and water hardness (HERA, 2014).
Sodium Polyacrylate
Sodium polyacrylate, often known as waterlock, is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid with the chemical formula [CH2CH(CO2Na)]n that finds use in a variety of consumer goods.
In water, this super-absorbent polymer (SAP) may absorb 100 to 1000 times its mass.
An anionic polyelectrolyte having negatively charged carboxylic groups in the main chain, sodium polyacrylate is an anionic polyelectrolyte.
A chemical polymer made up of chains of acrylate molecules is sodium polyacrylate.
Polyacrylate has sodium in it, which allows it to absorb vast amounts of water.
An anionic polyelectrolyte, sodium polyacrylate is also known as sodium polyacrylate.
Because of the ionic interactions between the molecules, it creates a thick and transparent solution when dissolved in water.
Sodium polyacrylate has a number of mechanical advantages.
Mechanical stability, great heat resistance, and excellent hydration are just a few of the benefits.
Sodium Polyacrylate Uses
As an absorbent substance, sodium polyacrylate is utilised in paper diapers and maximum absorbency garments.
Polyacrylate also used in ice packs to turn the water used as a cooling ingredient into a gel, reducing spillage in the event that the ice pack leaks.
Sodium polyacrylate uses has also been investigated for a variety of applications, including water nanofiltration to absorb water and concentrate liquids with microorganisms foods, including bread, juice, and ice cream.
Polyacrylate also utilised in eco-engineering to increase moisture availability in the soil by acting as a water-retaining agent in rocky slopes.
This improves the soil's water retention capacity and infiltration capacity in sandy soil.
The table below contains categories and lists of various sodium polyacrylate-based products and applications.
1. Sequestering Agents
As a chelating agent, sodium polyacrylate is extensively used in detergents.
First, chelating agents are employed in detergents because they have the potential to neutralise heavy metals found in dirt, water, and other things in clothing.
When sodium polyacrylate is added to detergent, it makes it more effective in cleaning garments.
2. Thickening Agents
Diapers, hair gels, and soaps all contain sodium polyacrylate, which can absorb and retain water molecules.
Because it enhances the viscosity of water-based compounds, sodium polyacrylate is called a thickening agent.
Sodium polyacrylate absorbs urine water in diapers, increasing their capacity to hold liquid and reducing rashes.
3. Coatings
Polyacrylate limit the quantity of moisture around wires, sodium polyacrylate can be used as a coating for electrical cables.
Water and moisture near wires can interfere with electrical signal transmission.
This could result in a fire hazard.
Sodium polyacrylate can absorb water and prevent it from surrounding or entering wires due to its efficient absorption and swelling capability
4. Agriculture
Sodium polyacrylate is used in agriculture to assist plants to retain moisture in the soil.
Polyacrylate can be used as a water reservoir for plants, and florists frequently utilise it to keep flowers fresh.
Furthermore, the United States Department of Agriculture has approved the use of sodium polyacrylate in the production of domestic fruits and vegetables.
5. Drug Delivery Applications
Microencapsulation using sodium polyacrylate can be utilised to distribute compounds like probiotics.
Because probiotic viability drops significantly throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to severe acid conditions, delivering probiotics to the digestive system might be problematic.
Although Alginate (Alg) is the most often utilised native microcapsule matrix, research comparing different encapsulation methods shows that mixing Alg with sodium polyacrylate produces better outcomes.
6. Removal of Metal Ions from the Environment
Metal ions can be absorbed and recovered using sodium polyacrylate and other super-absorbent polymers, or SAPs.
Because of their high toxicity, bioaccumulation, and non-degradability, heavy metals are extremely dangerous pollutants that can harm aquatic habitats and humans.
Heavy metals can be produced by activities such as mining and petroleum refining, necessitating a simple and environmentally sustainable procedure to absorb these hazardous metals in order to avoid fatal consequences.
Did You Know?
The skin is not irritated by sodium polyacrylate. It is made up of big polymers that are incapable of penetrating the skin.
However, sodium polyacrylate is occasionally combined with acrylic acid, which is a byproduct of the manufacturing process.
Acrylic acid, which is a byproduct of the production of sodium polyacrylate, can create a rash when it comes into contact with the skin.
The absorbent substance in paper diapers should be less than 300 PPM.
Polyacrylate addition, if sodium polyacrylate is utilised as a powder, it should not be breathed.
Polyacrylate sodium polyacrylate is spilt in an area with water, it can make the ground highly slippery.
CAS: 9003-04-7, 9003-01-4
Molecular Formula :C3H3NaO2
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 94.05
InChI Key:NNMHYFLPFNGQFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-MShow More
Synonym:
sodium acrylate,
sodium prop-2-enoate,
sodium polyacrylate,
2-propenoic acid,
sodium salt, polyco,
rhotex gs, unii-7c98fkb43h,
acrysol lmw-45n,
hiviswako 105,
sodium poly acrylateShow More
PubChem CID: 4068533
IUPAC Name: sodium;prop-2-enoate
SMILES:C=CC(=O)[O-].[Na+]
Density: 0.4 to 0.7g/mL
Linear Formula :(C3H3NaO2)n
Packaging :Solid
Quantity :100g
Chemical Name or Material :Sodium Polyacrylate
Super-absorbent polymers, such as sodium polyacrylate, were first developed in the late 1960s by the US Department of Agriculture in search of ways to hold moisture in the soil more effectively.
Early attempts were based on starch – a naturally-occurring polymer made from glucose sugar molecules strung into long chains, which swells up when water is added.
They added other chemicals to the mix, such as acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and finally moved away from the starchy backbone altogether.
Eventually, researchers created polymers that could absorb hundreds of times their own weight in water, and keep it there.
This was a big improvement on the options available at the time, including tissue paper, sponge, cotton wool or fluffy wood pulp, which can only manage to absorb around 20 times their weight in water.
And the water can easily escape back out again.
By the 1970s manufacturers were quick to spot uses for these super-sucking polymers.
First they were put to use in sanitary towels and adult incontinence pads.
Disposable nappies (or diapers, for US listeners) came in the early 80s, followed by absorbent pads and baffles for industrial spills, and even absorbent suits for busy NASA astronauts unable to pop to the loo.
1. What is sodium polyacrylate?
Sodium polyacrylate is a water soluble polymer. The chemical structure of the polymer is shown below.
Polyacrylate basic polymer is poly(acrylic acid), which has a carboxylic acid group on each repeat unit.
In sodium polyacrylate, the carboxylic acid groups are neutralized with a sodium counter-ion.
2. What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic? Which part of a diaper is hydrophobic?
Hydro mean water.
Philic mean loving, so hydrophilic is water loving.
Phobic means hating, so hydrophobic is water hating.
The outside portion of a diaper is hydrophobic, so it will not leak when full of water.
3. What is a super absorbent polymer?
A super absorbent polymer is a polymer that can absorb many times it weight of liquid.
Typically superabsorbent polymers absorb water.
4. What is found in the normal contents of urine and what is the pH level?
Urine is primarily composed of water (95%) and urea. Dissolved salts, such as sodium chloride and potassium chloride are typically present. Normal urine should have a pH of
5. Compare the chemical structure and polarity of sodium polyacrylate and water?
How does sodium polyacrylate interact with water?
Sodium polyacrylate is soluble in water. Crosslinked sodium polyacrylate, such as found in diapers will swell in water. This is driven by the dissociation of the sodium carboxylate salt in the water and the hydrogen bonding interactions between the water and the polymer.
What Is Sodium Polyacrylate & How Is it Used?
Sodium polyacrylate is a chemical polymer that is widely used in a variety of consumer products for its ability to absorb several hundred times its mass in water. Sodium polyacrylate is made up of multiple chains of acrylate compounds that possess a positive anionic charge, which attracts water-based molecules to combine with it, making sodium polyacrylate a suber-absorbent compound.
Polyacrylate polymer is highly toxic when inhaled or ingested, causing damage to your eyes, skin and lungs.
Polyacrylate you have accidentally inhaled or ingested sodium polyacrylate, seek medical attention immediately.
Sequestering Agents
Sodium polyacrylate is commonly used as a sequestering agent, or chelating agent, in many detergents.
Polyacrylate has the ability to bind hard-water elements, such as magnesium, calcium, iron and zinc, to make the detergents work more effectively.
Chelating agents neutralize the presence of heavy metals that may be found in water, dirt and other substances that can be found in your laundry, making the detergent more effective in cleaning and neutralizing odors in your clothes.
Thickening Agents
Sodium polyacrylate is primarily used as a thickening agent because of its unique ability to absorb and hold onto water molecules, making it ideal for use in diapers and hair gels.
Polyacrylate is also used in industrial processes to dissolve soaps by absorbing water molecules.
Thickening agents, like sodium polyacrylate, increase the viscosity of water-based compounds, which increases their stability.
In diapers, sodium polyacrylate will absorb the water molecules found in urine, increasing the amount of liquid the diaper can hold while at the same time reducing the risk of diaper rash by promoting a dry environment.
Coatings
Sodium polyacrylate has been included in the coatings of sensitive electrical wiring to keep moisture away from the wires.
Water and moisture conduct electricity, and can interfere with the transmission of electrical signals along wires that transmit elecrical signals, causing damage to the wire and creating a potential fire hazard.
When sodium polyacrylate is infused in the protective rubber coating around a wire, it protects the wire from exposure to moisture, ensuring the safe transmission of electrical signals.
Super Absorbent Polymers
Sodium polyacrylate is used extensively in the agricultural industry and is infused in the soil of many potted plants to help them retain moisture, behaving as a type of water reservoir.
Florists commonly use sodium polyacrylate to help keep flowers fresh, and this substance has been approved for domestic fruit and vegetable growing by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Sodium polyacrylate has also been combined with other absorbent polymers and infused into the innermost layers of spacesuits that will be worn by a NASA astronaut to help keep his skin from developing rashes during space flight.
Cross-linked potassium polyacrylate (Luquasorb®1280R) is a granular anionic superabsorbent polymer with the ability to absorb large amounts of water.
The objectives of this study were the physicochemical characterization of the material and its effects when used as soil amendment together with the evaluation of the impact on agronomical parameters when it was applied to processing varieties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under Mediterranean climate conditions.
In order to reach the proposed objectives the following were investigated: swelling properties of the material and its limiting factors, the profile of the product as a cation exchanger, the impact of the polymer on pH, electric conductivity and hydric properties of sandy, loamy and clay soils and the effects on growth, yield and quality parameters on processing tomato under field experimental conditions.
Polyacrylate polymer showed an average free swelling capacity of 280 g/g and 329 g/g measured with two different methods.
Significant hygroscopic properties were shown by the material when relative humidity ≥63%.
The absorption speed resulted significantly lower as bigger was the granule size distribution of the material.
Swelling limiting factors were identified.
Polyacrylate application of pressure on the polymer, the presence of ions in the media and the concentration of surface cross-linkers significantly affected the absorption and drying capacity of cross-linked potassium polyacrylate.
Polyacrylate swelling ability of the polymer was maintained after repeated absorption-desorption cycles combined with the application of thermal stress.
Significant amounts of soluble and exchangeable potassium were found in the product.
Polyacrylate measured average cation exchange capacity of the material was 817 meq/100g.
Cross-linked potassium polyacrylate was applied in different soils at dose rates of 0.2% and 0.4% w/w.
The soil pH was buffered to 7 and the electric conductivity was increased in all cases.
Furthermore water losses by evaporation were reduced and water holding capacity was significantly increased especially in the case of sandy and loamy soils when the material was applied at 0.2% w/w. No effects on soil texture were observed by the application of the polymer.
Polyacrylate experimental results of the field trial series showed positive effect on crop establishment, plant growth and yield.
Marketable yield (ripe fruits) was significantly increased in light-sandy soils by 20 and 17% at application rates of 3 and 6 g/row-m respectively.
In the case of medium-loamy soils the marketable yield increase was 10, 14 and 13% at application rates of 3, 6 and 12 g/row-m respectively.
No effects on yield were observed in heavy-clay soils.
Polyacrylate studied characteristics and effects of cross-linked potassium polyacrylate (Luquasorb®1280R) as soil amendment could be of large socioeconomic importance in future implementation of sustainable agronomic practices with respect to the need of increasing yields within restricted agricultural lands.
Polyacrylate is the super-absorbent polymer found in disposable baby diapers.
Also used in many "disappearing water" magic tricks, this fine white powder instantly turns liquid water into a slush-like solid substance.
SODIUM POLYACRYLATE is classified as :
Absorbent
Binding
Emollient
Emulsion stabilising
Film forming
Hair fixing
Skin conditioning
Viscosity controlling
CAS Number 9003-04-7 / 25549-84-2
COSING REF No: 79997
Chem/IUPAC Name: 2-Propenoic acid, homopolymer, sodium salt
Polyacrylate stability of a water-soluble acrylate polymer such as sodium polyacrylate in the disperse aqueous phase of a water-in-oil emulsion is improved by the addition to the emulsion of a water-soluble thiosulfate, thiourea, nitrite or thiocyanate, e.g., sodium thiosulfate, in an amount sufficient to improve the viscosity retention of the polymer in an aqueous solution.
Polyacrylate resulting emulsion containing the stabilized polymer can be stored for extended periods and then be usefully employed as a flocculant, paper additive and in other conventional applications for said emulsions.
The sodium polyacrylate manufacturer, Recyc PHP, recycles a super absorbent polymer (SAP or AGM).
Polyacrylate reclaimed from post-industrial rejects by Recyc PHP. This very pure recycled material has the following characteristics:
Polyacrylate rapidly absorbs water-based liquids.
Polyacrylate absorption rate is greater than 300 ml of pure water per gram of SAP
Polyacrylate absorption rate reaches 60 ml of salted water (0,9% NaCl) per gram of SAP
Absorbed liquid is stored as a gel (retention rate is measured in grams of remaining water after passing through a centrifuge)
Several choices of particles sizes and the finer the particles are, the faster they are absorbed
Long drying time (time required to solidify – this characteristic could be interesting for fragrance diffuser)
Sold in 20 kg bags, 180 kg barrels or 1,000 kg super bags
Also available in water-soluble pouches
Generally odorless.
Certain grades are infused with a baby powder fragrance
Examples of Applications for Super Absorbent Polymers
Now easily accessible in small quantity. Here are different applications for this material.
Production of baby diapers, feminine hygiene pads or adult incontinence briefs
Fabrication of Airlaid nonwoven
Production of sandless sand bags for flood control
To manage liquid waste (Large volume or small quantity)
Recyc PHP is participating in a research project promoting the use of super absorbent polymers in the mining site restoration
Can be used for artistic effects such as artificial snow appearance, as a fragrance diffuser or in some magical tricks)
Ice pack can be made by using sodium polyacrylate
Polyacrylate Japan, some companies use super absorbent polymers in portable toilets
Can be used in so many applications, contact us in order to validate yours.
Sodium polyacrylate is a widely used polymer with many different applications.
Polyacrylate is used in laundry detergents as a sequestering agent to bind elements in hard water such as Calcium & Magnesium so that the surfactants work better and clothes get cleaner.
At the right molecular weight, it makes sticky solutions that can be sprayed on dirt roads for dust control.
With special treatment and at very low concentrations (1/4 – 1/2 %), it becomes a “carbomer” that makes a clear gel for hair care and personal care products.
Applications:
Controlled release of insecticides in agricultural applications
Blocking water in underground wires and cables
Wastewater stabilization and environmental remediation
Bonding of metal ions in detergents and ion exchange resins
Rapid response “sandless” sandbags during floods
Micro-encapsulation for drug delivery systems
Hygienic absorbent in baby diapers and sanitary napkins
Lowering body temperature with ice gel packs and cooling wear
Instant fake snow for stage & film productions and for special events
Sodium Polyacrylate SAP:
With the right selection of cross-linking agents, sodium polyacrylate, becomes water insoluble and becomes a Super Absorbent Polymer or SAP.
SAP is used in many different applications, with the ability to absorb up to 600 times its weight in water by forming a hydrogel.
When Sodium Polyacrylate SAP is combined with liquid water, it draws water molecules into the matrix of polymer chains through a diffusion gradient.
Polyacrylate absorbs and retains the water due to strong hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
Once absorbed, sodium polyacrylate SAP will not release water like conventional adsorbents.
The water is truly retained in the particles at a molecular level!
Cross Linked Sodium Polyacrylate Benefits:
Nontoxic and environmentally safe
Highly absorbent disposable hygienic items such as baby diapers and feminine hygiene products
Maintenance of healthy crops with water conservation
Safely bind liquid medical waste for disposal
Bind hazardous waste liquids from industrial waste or environmental remediation with minimal increase in the waste volume.
Fewer Loads = Lower Disposal Fees = LOWER
Sodium polyacrylate (also called acrylic sodium salt polymer) is a superabsorbent polymer that is used extensively in commercial applications as a water absorbent.
It is a white, granular, odorless solid that is not considered hazardous.
Sodium polyacrylate is made when a mixture of acrylic acid and sodium acrylate is polymerized.
Industrial Uses
Sodium polyacrylate is used as a thickening agent in industrial processes and to dissolve soaps.
Polyacrylate thickener increases the viscosity of hydro-based systems, increases its stability, and provides body without modifying its other properties.
Sodium polyacrylate behaves as a wetting and dispersing agent, promoting miscibility and facilitating even dispersion.
Sodium polyacrylate acts as a sequestering (or chelating) agent in many detergents.
Polyacrylate acts by combining with dissolved substances in water and binding them together, allowing detergent surfactants (wetting agents) to act effectively.
Agricultural Uses
Sodium polyacrylate is added to potted plants and soils to allow them to retain moisture.
Polyacrylate behaves as a water reservoir, soaking up excess water and discharging it when required.
Florists use sodium polyacrylate to preserve water and help retain the freshness of flowers.
Baby and Feminine Products
Diapers are made absorbent by the addition of a thin membrane of sodium polyacrylate.
Polyacrylate outermost layer of a diaper is made of microporous polyethylene, and the innermost layer is polypropylene.
Polyethylene keeps the urine from leaking, and polypropylene absorbs moisture from the skin and allows the diaper to keep dry and soft.
Between these two layers is a layer of sodium polyacrylate in combination with cellulose.
According to “Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, Volume 2,” sodium polyacrylate can easily absorb up to 800 times its weight in water.
Sodium polyacrylate is also used in tampons and similar female hygiene products.
Medical Uses
Sodium polyacrylate is used in surgical sponges that wipe away harmful spills.
Fuel
Sodium polyacrylate is added to gas containers (jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline) to absorb water.
Polyacrylate is used in filtration units that separate water from automobile and airplane fuel, increasing the efficiency of the vehicle.
Cables
Sodium polyacrylate protects electrical and optical cables from moisture.
Polyacrylate is applied to the conductor or shielding of communication and power cables.
Sodium polyacrylate blocks water from penetrating and damaging a cable.
EXOlat C40 is an aqueous solution of polyacrylic acid sodium salt.
At room temperature, the product has a form of a clear or slightly turbid liquid.
Polyacrylate contains 42 to 44% of dry matter with a pH of 7 to 9 (10% solution).
Polyacrylate has a molar mass of approx. 11,000 g/mol.
Classified as a water-soluble homopolymer of acrylic acid, the product is used for household detergents but also for industrial cleaning.
EXOlat C40 is also used in preparations dedicated to the Auto-Care industry as well as in water and wastewater treatment processes.
When added to a detergent composition, EXOlat C40 inhibits the growth of crystals and thus prevents the precipitation of carbonates, phosphates and silicates. Additionally, the product can dispergate sediments and dirts in a cleaning bath, so it prevents them from accumulating on the cleaned surfaced and fibres as well as on glass and dishes.
The effect of EXolat C40 involves dispergation, which means that any water-insoluble salts are disintegrated with high precision, so that their presence does not impair stability of the formulation or disturb the processes performed in the water medium.
Advantages of the product:
water-soluble acrylic acid homopolymer,
enhances the detergency effect,
reduces water hardness,
improves the performance of washing processes,
inhibits the growth of crystals, thus preventing the precipitation / sedimentation of carbonates, phosphates and silicates,
supports the dispergation of sediments and dirt in cleaning baths to prevent them from accumulating on surfaces, fibres, glasses and dishes,
capable to disperse ions (mainly Ca2+ ions, which have the greatest impact on water hardness).
Applications:
household detergents,
industrial cleaning,
hand and machine dishwashing products,
washing detergents,
vehicle cleaning and care.
Sodium polyacrylate is a super-absorbent white powder, which transforms into a gel by locking in water.
Polyacrylate keeps the texture of a product soft and supple and conditions the skin.
Sodium polyacrylate is a polymer, a substance that has a molecular structure built up generally from a large number of similar units bonded together.
So functionally, they are strong and flexible, helping to create solid products with a supple texture.
Polyacrylate is a large compound unable to penetrate the skin’s barrier and has been proven to be safe for cosmetic use.
Sodium polyacrylate is not considered to be a plastic. Not all polymers are plastics.
The family of polymers is a large one and includes materials other than plastics and resins.
Polyacrylate is more often categorised as a superabsorbent material, it can absorb many times its own weight of water and hold it in creating a soft stable gel.
Polyacrylate is also a film-former: it creates a thin flexible film that gives a smooth feeling on the skin after it has been washed and can also be used in exfoliating products to make strong scrubbing materials more gentle.
So far this ingredient has matched Lush standards: it is safe for use in cosmetics and the supplier we are working with does not test on animals.
However, some concerns about this material's biodegradability arose in recent years.
Sodium polyacrylate will degrade, but the process can be very slow if the landfill doesn’t contain enough water or is not properly aerated.
Because it is not only used in a few cosmetics but in a wide range of products like baby nappies, household cleaners and as a water-retaining gel in gardening, its impact on the environment has been questioned lately.
At Lush, it does help to create solid, unpackaged products and therefore significantly reduces our impact on the environment.
We will be looking at further research and testing to explore the action of this material on the environment.
Lush is working on finding a suitable substitute in case the information is not favourable.
What Is Sodium polyacrylate?
Sodium polyacrylate, also called polyacrylic acid or acryalate copolymer, is a dry white or light gray powder or liquid that is a sodium salt of polyacrylic acid.
What Does Sodium polyacrylate Do in Our products?
Sodium polyacrylate can be found in sunscreen, moisturizer, styling gel, shampoo, eye cream, after shave and a variety of other personal products.
Polyacrylate can also be used as a food-grade thickener.
Sodium polyacrylate is absorbent, increases the viscosity of products, helps form a protective film, and stabilizes the mixtures of other ingredients.
We use it in our dishwasher detergent.
Polyacrylate dissolves well in water.
Why Puracy Uses Sodium polyacrylate
Polyacrylate Cosmetic Ingredients Review has deemed the ingredient safe for use in cosmetics when formulated to avoid skin irritation, and studies show that the ingredient is not a skin or eye irritant.
How Sodium polyacrylate Is Made
Sodium polyacrylate is produced by polymerizing acrylic acid and hydrolysis of the polyacrylic acid with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
Is it safe?
According to various material safety data sheets (documents created by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration that list potential hazards of chemicals in great detail), sodium polyacrylate is totally safe.
We can also know more through the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) documents like this:
Sodium Polyacrylate Material Safety Data Sheet
“How about touching the skin directly ?”
Sodium polyacrylate itself is not irritating to the skin.
As a polymer, it sticks together in long chains that are way too large to be absorbed through the skin.
But some kind of sodium polyacrylate is mixed up with small amounts of acrylic acid, a leftover from the manufacturing process.
Polyacrylate theory, acrylic acid in large doses could be harmful to a baby’s skin.
But according to a 2009 report in the Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, there isn’t nearly enough acrylic acid in disposable diapers to raise concern. (The study was funded by Procter & Gamble, a major manufacturer of diapers.) Another side, sodium polyacrylate suppliers should test the acrylic acid value and make sure it is less than 300 ppm (part per million).
So, the conclusion is …
Sodium polyacrylate is safe — non-toxic and free from any major safety risks.
Polyacrylate can pose certain dangers if not handled properly.
But please be sure to take notes of the following hazards and take precautions to avoid any injury or mishaps when handling sodium polyacrylate.
Polyacrylate the powder is inhaled, it can irritate the lungs–but that’s not generally a concern.
When it comes in contact with a large amount of spilled water in an area, it can cause the area to become very slippery.
Polyacrylate it enters sewer or drainage systems in large quantities, it can cause serious clogging and should be dealt with immediately.
