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Potassium permanganate is a strong inorganic oxidizing agent used in water treatment, chemical oxidation, and industrial processing.
Potassium permanganate is effective for oxidizing impurities such as iron, manganese, sulfides, and organic contaminants.
Due to its oxidizing nature, Potassium permanganate must be stored dry, cool, and away from reducing agents, organic materials, and combustible substances.
CAS Number: 7722-64-7
EC Number: 231-760-3
Molecular Formula: KMnO4
Molecular Weight: 158.03
Synonyms: POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE, 7722-64-7, Chameleon mineral, Condy's crystals, Permanganate of potash, Argucide, Cairox, Walko Tablets, Insta-perm, Algae-K, Solo San Soo, Pure Light E 2, Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), Caswell No. 699, Diversey Diversol CXU, Kaliumpermanganat, Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt, Permanganato potasico, Permanganate de potassium, Diversey Diversol CX with Arodyne, Manganese potassium oxide (KMnO4), Kali permanganicum, Potassio (permanganato di), Potassium (permanganate de), EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 068501, Permanganic acid potassium salt, 00OT1QX5U4, CI 77755, DTXSID2034839, C.I. 77755, Icc 237 Disinfectant, Sanitizer, Destainer, and Deodorizer, NSC-146182, Permanganate, Potassium, trioxo(potassiooxy)manganese, Permitabs, En-potab, RefChem:6674, DTXCID0014839, 231-760-3, NSC146182, KMnO4, MFCD00011364, Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt (1:1), Hilco #88, Kaliumpermanganat [German], Potassium permanganate [JAN], CCRIS 5561, Permanganato potasico [Spanish], HSDB 1218, Permanganate de potassium [French], Potassium manganate(VII), EINECS 231-760-3, UN1490, Potassio (permanganato di) [Italian], Potassium (permanganate de) [French], NSC 146182, UNII-00OT1QX5U4, AI3-52835, Potassium permanganate [USP:JAN], potasiumpermanganate, potassiumpermanganate, EC 231-760-3, SCHEMBL2762, Potassium permanganate, 97%, 0.02M Potassium permanganate, Potassium permanganate, solution, KALI PERMANGANICUM [HPUS], CHEBI:231501, Potassium tetraoxidomanganate(1-), POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [MI], Potassium permanganate, ACS reagent, Potassium permanganate (JP18/USP), POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [HSDB], POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [VANDF], Potassium permanganate, LR, >=99%, AKOS015833392, POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [MART.], DB13831, POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [WHO-DD], Potassium tetrakis(oxido)manganate(1-), Potassium permanganate solution, 1.25N, Potassium permanganate, p.a., 99.0%, NS00067941, P1742, POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [EP MONOGRAPH], POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE [USP MONOGRAPH], D02053, Potassium permanganate [UN1490] [Oxidizer], Potassium permanganate, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, Potassium permanganate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (RT), Q190865, Potassium permanganate, SAJ first grade, >=99.3%, Potassium permanganate, tested according to Ph.Eur., Potassium permanganate, JIS special grade, >=99.3%, Potassium permanganate, <=150 mum particle size, 97%, Potassium permanganate, meets USP testing specifications, Potassium permanganate, ACS reagent, >=99.0%, low in mercury, Potassium permanganate, low in mercury (max. 0,005 ppm Hg), Potassium permanganate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, 99.0%, Analytical Volumetric Solution Potassium Permanganate Solution 0.02M, Potassium permanganate, purum p.a., >=99.0% (RT), fine crystals, USP Solution Potassium Permanganate 0.100 Normal Conforms to USP, Potassium permanganate, suitable for determination of nitroxide, >=99.3%, Potassium permanganate, suitable for determination of toxic metals, >=99.5%, Reagecon Potassium Permanganate 0.02M according to Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Potassium permanganate, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%, Potassium permanganate, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, Hg <=0.000005%, >=99.0% (RT), Potassium permanganate, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99-100.5%
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula KMnO4.
Potassium permanganate is a purplish-black crystalline salt, which dissolves in water as K+ and MnO?4 ions to give an intensely pink to purple solution.
Potassium permanganate is widely used in the chemical industry and laboratories as a strong oxidizing agent, and also traditionally as a medication for dermatitis, for cleaning wounds, and general disinfection.
Potassium permanganate is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Potassium permanganate has a great variety of niche uses such as biocide for water treatment purposes and for tanning and dyeing cloth.
In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 metric tons.
Potassium permanganate is also referred to as chameleon mineral, Condy's crystals, permanganate of potash, hypermangan, purple potion powder, permanganic acid (potassium salt) and purple salt.
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic purplish-black crystalline salt that dissolves in water to give intensely pink or purple solutions.
Almost all applications of Potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties.
Potassium permanganate is an oxidising agent with disinfectant, deodorising, and astringent properties.
Potassium permanganate's chemical formula is KMnO4.
Potassium permanganate is sometimes called by its common name, Condy's crystals.
In its raw state, Potassium permanganate is an odourless dark purple or almost black crystal or granular powder.
Potassium permanganate is an inorganic chemical compound and a strong oxidizing agent.
Potassium permanganate appears as dark purple to black crystals or granules and dissolves in water to form a deep purple solution.
Potassium permanganate is widely used in water treatment, chemical synthesis, surface treatment, disinfection-related applications, odor control, and oxidation processes.
Uses of Potassium Permanganate:
Potassium permanganate is used to bleach textile fibers and skins, to dye wood and fabrics, to etch rubber and plastics, and to descale steel.
Potassium permanganate is used in food processing, photography, leather tanning, and water purification.
Potassium permanganate is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, insecticide, miticide, and algaecide.
Potassium permanganate is used in water and wastewater treatment, aquaculture, textile processing, chemical oxidation, laboratory analysis, metal surface treatment, air and odor control systems, and industrial cleaning applications.
Potassium permanganate helps oxidize organic impurities, iron, manganese, sulfides, and other reducing substances.
Because of its strong oxidizing power, Potassium permanganate must be handled carefully and stored away from combustible or reducing materials.
Potassium permanganate crystals and concentrated solutions are caustic and can burn the skin.
Potassium permanganate must only ever be applied in the dilute form to affected skin.
Always wear gloves when handling the concentrated solution or tablets.
The affected area can be immersed in the dilute solution for 10 20 mins, twice a day.
After the soak, the affected area can be patted dry with a paper towel, and treatments like topical steroid creams can then be applied.
Vaseline can be applied to the nails to prevent the permanganate causing brown staining.
Two to three days of applications will usually dry the weeping eruption, and the soaks can be discontinued before the skin becomes over dry.
If a foot or hand is affected, the diluted permanganate solution can be put into a bowl or bucket with a plastic bag liner that can be discarded after use.
If the weeping rash is widespread, permanganate can be diluted in bath water and the whole of the body immersed.
If the weeping area is more localised, diluted permanganate can be applied on a gauze soaked in diluted permanganate that has been gently squeezed to remove excess solution, and applied to the affected area for 20 minutes.
Potassium permanganate soaks are not suitable for dry skin conditions.
Medical Uses:
Mechanism of Action:
Potassium permanganate functions as a strong oxidizing agent.
Through this mechanism it results in disinfection, astringency, and reduced odors.
Clinical Use:
Potassium permanganate is no longer the preferred treatment for dermatological conditions and no form of it is labeled for human use by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Potassium permanganate should never be taken internally, because it is highly toxic and corrosive to mucous membranes and skin.
Potassium permanganate, U.S.P., has a limited topical efficacy against bacteria and fungi.
Concentrations of 1:5000 or more are necessary for an effective bactericidal action, but they are irritating to tissues.
Consequently, solutions of 1: 10,000 are usually used.
However, up to an hour may be required to kill many bacteria, and some strains survive exposure to this concentration.
For this reason, permanganate has been made obsolete by much superior antiseptic and antifungal drugs.
?Permanganates, Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Sixth Edition (1980), p. 974
Traditionally Potassium permanganate was prescribed for a number of skin conditions, including fungal infections of the foot, impetigo, pemphigus, superficial wounds, dermatitis, and topical ulcers.
Radioactive contamination of the skin could be cleaned with Potassium permanganate and vigorous scrubbing.
For topical ulcers Potassium permanganate was used together with procaine benzylpenicillin.
Typically Potassium permanganate was used in skin conditions that produce a lot of liquid.
Potassium permanganate could be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath.
Petroleum jelly may be used on the nails before soaking to prevent their discoloration.
For treating eczema, Potassium permanganate was recommended using for only a few days at a time due to irritating the skin.
The US Food and Drug Administration does not recommend Potassium permanganate's use in the crystal or tablet form.
Potassium permanganate should only be used in a diluted liquid form.
Historical use:
Potassium permanganate was first made in the 1600s and came into common medical use at least as early as the 1800s.
During World War I Canadian soldiers were given Potassium permanganate (to be applied mixed with an ointment) in an effort to prevent sexually transmitted infections.
Some have attempted to bring about an abortion by putting it in the vagina, though this is not effective.
Other historical uses have included an effort to wash out the stomach in those with strychnine or picrotoxin poisoning.
Pharmaceuticals:
In the United States the FDA requires tablets of the medication to be sold by prescription.
Potassium permanganate, however, does not have FDA approved uses and therefore non medical grade Potassium permanganate is sometimes used for medical purposes.
Potassium permanganate is available under a number of brand names including Permasol, Koi Med Tricho-Ex, and Kalii permanganas RFF.
Potassium permanganate is occasionally called "Condy's crystals".
Veterinary medicine:
Potassium permanganate may be used to prevent the spread of glanders among horses.
Industrial and other uses:
Almost all applications of Potassium permanganate exploit its oxidizing properties.
As a strong oxidant that does not generate toxic byproducts, KMnO4 has many niche uses.
Water treatment:
Potassium permanganate is used extensively in the water treatment industry.
Potassium permanganate is used to remove iron and hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) from well water via a "manganese greensand" filter.
"Pot-Perm" is also obtainable at pool supply stores and is used additionally to treat wastewater.
Historically Potassium permanganate was used to disinfect drinking water though the EPA considers it a poor disinfectant.
Potassium permanganate can turn water a fuchsia or pink color.
Modern hiking and survivalist guides advise against using Potassium permanganate in the field because it is difficult to dose correctly.
Fisheries and aquatic management:
Potassium permanganate is not FDA approved for use with food fish in the United States, however it is categorized under "regulatory action deferred" and is legal to use because the FDA considers it "low regulatory priority" and at low risk for adverse human health effects.
Potassium permanganate is a treatment for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (commonly known as "ich") and protozoa (such as Trichodina), which infect and usually kill freshwater aquarium fish.
A minimum dose of 2 ppm is required.
Water with more organic load and a higher number of organisms including algae requires more permanganate.
High concentrations and use more than once per week kill fish.
Food fish require a 7-day period after treatment before they can be consumed.
An alternative application is in the control of nuisance organisms such as zebra mussels in freshwater collection and treatment systems.
Rotenone can be deactivated in water with the use of Potassium permanganate to lower toxicity to acceptable levels.
A 1:1 ratio of permanganate to rotenone is insufficient to deactivate rotenone in most situations.
Synthesis of organic compounds:
Potassium permanganate is a reagent for the synthesis of organic compounds.
Significant amounts are used in the commercial synthesis of ascorbic acid, chloramphenicol, saccharin, isonicotinic acid, and pyrazinoic acid.
Potassium permanganate is used in qualitative organic analysis to test for the presence of unsaturation.
Potassium permanganate is sometimes referred to as Baeyer's reagent after the German organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer.
The reagent is an alkaline solution of Potassium permanganate.
Reaction with double or triple bonds (R2C=CR2 or R?C?C?R) causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown.
Aldehydes and formic acid (and formates) also give a positive test.
The test is antiquated.
Potassium permanganate solution is a common thin layer chromatography (TLC) stain for the detection of oxidizable functional groups, such as alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, and ketones.
Such compounds result in a white to orange spot on TLC plates.
Analytical use:
Potassium permanganate can be used to quantitatively determine the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample.
The value determined is known as the permanganate value.
In analytical chemistry, a standardized aqueous solution of Potassium permanganate is sometimes used as an oxidizing titrant for redox titrations (permanganometry).
As Potassium permanganate is titrated, the solution becomes a light shade of purple, which darkens as excess of the titrant is added to the solution.
In a related way, Potassium permanganate is used as a reagent to determine the Kappa number of wood pulp.
For the standardization of Potassium permanganate solutions, reduction by oxalic acid is often used.
In agricultural chemistry, Potassium permanganate is used for estimation of active carbon in soil.
Aqueous, acidic solutions of Potassium permanganate are used to collect gaseous mercury in flue gas during stationary source emissions testing.
In histology, Potassium permanganate was used as a bleaching agent.
Fruit preservation:
Ethylene absorbents extend storage time of bananas even at high temperatures.
This effect can be exploited by packing bananas in polyethylene together with Potassium permanganate.
By removing ethylene by oxidation, the permanganate delays the ripening, increasing the fruit's shelf life up to 4 weeks without the need for refrigeration.
The chemical reaction, in which ethylene (C2H4) is oxidised by Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to carbon dioxide (CO2), manganese oxide (MnO2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH), in the presence of water, is presented as follows:
3 C2H4 + 12 KMnO4 + 2 H2O ? 6 CO2 + 2 H2O + 12 MnO2 + 12 KOH
Survival kits:
Potassium permanganate is sometimes included in survival kits: as a hypergolic fire starter (when mixed with glycerol antifreeze from a car radiator); as a water sterilizer; and for creating distress signals on snow.
Modern hiking and survivalist guides advise against using Potassium permanganate in the field because it is difficult to dose correctly.
Fire service:
Potassium permanganate is added to "plastic sphere dispensers" to create backfires, burnouts, and controlled burns.
Polymer spheres resembling ping-pong balls containing small amounts of permanganate are injected with ethylene glycol and projected towards the area where ignition is desired, where they spontaneously ignite seconds later.
Both handheld helicopter- unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or boat-mounted plastic sphere dispensers are used.
Other uses:
Potassium permanganate is one of the principal chemicals used in the film and television industries to "age" props and set dressings.
Potassium permanganate's ready conversion to brown MnO2 creates "hundred-year-old" or "ancient" looks on hessian cloth (burlap), ropes, timber and glass.
Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent in the synthesis of cocaine and methcathinone.
Potassium permanganate can purify cocaine paste with oxidization to increase its stability.
This led to the Drug Enforcement Administration launching Operation Purple in 2000, with the goal of monitoring the world supply of Potassium permanganate; however, Potassium permanganate derivatives and substitutes were soon used thereafter to avoid the operation.
Industry Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oxidizing agent
Bleaching agent
Consumer Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Oxidizing agent
Properties of Potassium Permanganate:
Potassium permanganate is the potassium salt of the tetrahedral transition metal oxo complex permanganate, in which four O2? ligands are bound to a manganese(VII) center.
Potassium permanganate is odorless and slightly sweet and astringent in taste.
Potassium permanganate is soluble in water, sulfuric acid, acetic anhydride, and benzonitrile, but dissolves best in methanol and acetone.
Structure of Potassium Permanganate:
Potassium permanganate forms orthorhombic crystals with constants: a = 910.5 pm, b = 572.0 pm, c = 742.5 pm.
The overall motif is similar to that for barium sulfate, with which it forms solid solutions.
In the solid (as in solution), each MnO4 centre is tetrahedral.
The Mn O distances are 1.62 .
Color:
The purplish-black color of solid Potassium permanganate, and the intensely pink to purple color of its solutions, is caused by its permanganate anion, which gets its color from a strong charge-transfer absorption band caused by excitation of electrons from oxo ligand orbitals to empty orbitals of the manganese(VII) center.
The crystal form can range from purple to black or gray, and has a blue metallic sheen.
Preparation of Potassium Permanganate:
Potassium permanganate is produced industrially from manganese dioxide, which also occurs as the mineral pyrolusite.
In 2000, worldwide production was estimated at 30,000 tonnes.
The MnO2 is fused with potassium hydroxide and heated in air or with another source of oxygen, like potassium nitrate or potassium chlorate.
This process gives potassium manganate:
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 ? 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
With sodium hydroxide, the end product is not sodium manganate but a Mn(V) compound, which is one reason why the Potassium permanganate is more commonly used than sodium permanganate.
Furthermore, the potassium salt crystallizes better.
The potassium manganate is then converted into permanganate by electrolytic oxidation in alkaline media:
2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O ? 2 KMnO4 + 2 KOH + H2
Other methods:
Although of no commercial importance, potassium manganate can be oxidized by chlorine or by disproportionation under acidic conditions.
The chlorine oxidation reaction is:
2 K2MnO4 + Cl2 ? 2 KMnO4 + 2 KCl
and the acid-induced disproportionation reaction may be written as:
3 K2MnO4 + 4 HCl ? 2 KMnO4 + MnO2 + 2 H2O + 4 KCl
A weak acid such as carbonic acid is sufficient for this reaction:
3 K2MnO4 + 2 CO2 ? 2 KMnO4 + 2 K2CO3 + MnO2
Permanganate salts may also be generated by treating a solution of Mn2+ ions with strong oxidants such as lead dioxide (PbO2), sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3), or peroxydisulfate.
Tests for the presence of manganese exploit the vivid violet color of permanganate produced by these reagents.
Reactions of Potassium Permanganate:
Organic chemistry:
Dilute solutions of Potassium permanganate convert alkenes into diols.
This behaviour is also used as a qualitative test for the presence of double or triple bonds in a molecule, since the reaction decolorizes the initially purple permanganate solution and generates a brown precipitate (MnO2).
In this context, Potassium permanganate is sometimes called Baeyer's reagent.
However, bromine serves better in measuring unsaturation (double or triple bonds) quantitatively, since Potassium permanganate, being a very strong oxidizing agent, can react with a variety of groups.
Under acidic conditions, the alkene double bond is cleaved to give the appropriate carboxylic acid:
CH3(CH2)17CH=CH2 + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 ? CH3(CH2)17COOH + CO2 + 4 H2O + K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4
Potassium permanganate oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids, illustrated by the conversion of n-heptanal to heptanoic acid:
5 C6H13CHO + 2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 ? 5 C6H13COOH + 3 H2O + K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4
Even an alkyl group (with a benzylic hydrogen) on an aromatic ring is oxidized, e.g. toluene to benzoic acid.
5 C6H5CH3 + 6 KMnO4 + 9 H2SO4 ? 5 C6H5COOH + 14 H2O + 3 K2SO4 + 6 MnSO4
Glycols and polyols are highly reactive toward KMnO4.
For example, addition of Potassium permanganate to an aqueous solution of sugar and sodium hydroxide produces the chemical chameleon reaction, which involves dramatic color changes associated with the various oxidation states of manganese.
A related vigorous reaction is exploited as a fire starter in survival kits.
For example, a mixture of Potassium permanganate and glycerol or pulverized glucose ignites readily.
Its sterilizing properties are another reason for inclusion of Potassium permanganate in a survival kit.
Ion exchange:
Treating a mixture of aqueous Potassium permanganate with a quaternary ammonium salt results in ion exchange, precipitating the quat salt of permanganate.
Solutions of these salts are sometimes soluble in organic solvents:
KMnO4 + R4NCl ? R4NMnO4 + KCl
Similarly, addition of a crown ether also gives a lipophilic salt.
Reaction with acids and bases:
Permanganate reacts with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give chlorine and manganese(II):
2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl ? 2 MnCl2 + 5 Cl2 + 2 KCl + 8 H2O
In neutral solution, permanganate slowly reduces to manganese dioxide (MnO2).
This is the material that stains one's skin when handling KMnO4.
Potassium permanganate reduces in alkaline solution to give green K2MnO4:
4 KMnO4 + 4 KOH ? 4 K2MnO4 + O2 + 2 H2O
This reaction illustrates the relatively rare role of hydroxide as a reducing agent.
Addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to Potassium permanganate gives Mn2O7.
Although no reaction may be apparent, the vapor over the mixture will ignite paper impregnated with alcohol.
Potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid react to produce some ozone, which has a high oxidizing power and rapidly oxidizes the alcohol, causing it to combust.
As the reaction also produces explosive Mn2O7, this should only be attempted with great caution.
Thermal decomposition:
Solid Potassium permanganate decomposes when heated:
2 KMnO4 ? K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
Potassium permanganate is a redox reaction.
History of Potassium Permanganate:
In 1659, Johann Rudolf Glauber fused a mixture of the mineral pyrolusite (manganese dioxide, MnO2) and potassium carbonate to obtain a material that, when dissolved in water, gave a green solution (potassium manganate) which slowly shifted to violet and then finally red.
The reaction that produced the color changes that Glauber observed in his solution of Potassium permanganate and potassium manganate (K2MnO4) is now known as the "chemical chameleon".
The case of the chameleon mineral alludes to a broader reflection on how epistemological framework dictates what early modern scientists perceived as meaningful discoveries.
Little literature exists on Glauber's accidental discovery of Potassium permanganate and the importance of both its dismissal and its conversion into a modern medical and hygienic staple.
The earliest description of the production of Potassium permanganate is here.
Just under 200 years later, London chemist Henry Bollmann Condy had an interest in disinfectants; he found that fusing pyrolusite with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dissolving it in water produced a solution with disinfectant properties.
He patented this solution, and marketed it as 'Condy's Fluid'.
Although effective, the solution was not very stable.
This was overcome by using potassium hydroxide (KOH) rather than NaOH.
This was more stable, and had the advantage of easy conversion to the equally effective Potassium permanganate crystals.
This crystalline material was known as 'Condy's crystals' or 'Condy's powder'.
Potassium permanganate was comparatively easy to manufacture, so Condy was subsequently forced to spend considerable time in litigation to stop competitors from marketing similar products.
According to Varlam Shalamov, Potassium permanganate solution was used as a catch-all treatment for dysentery, frostbite and ulcers in the Gulag camps of Kolyma.
Early photographers used it as a component of flash powder.
Potassium permanganate is now replaced with other oxidizers, due to the instability of permanganate mixtures.
Stability and Reactivity of Potassium Permanganate:
Chemical stability:
Potassium permanganate is stable under recommended dry, cool, and well-ventilated storage conditions.
Reactivity:
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent and may intensify fire.
Potassium permanganate can react violently with reducing agents, organic materials, combustible substances, acids, peroxides, alcohols, glycerol, powdered metals, and easily oxidized materials.
Conditions to avoid:
Avoid heat, flames, sparks, direct sunlight, moisture, dust formation, friction, shock, and contamination.
Incompatible materials:
Reducing agents, combustible materials, organic substances, strong acids, alcohols, glycerol, sulfur compounds, peroxides, powdered metals, and easily oxidized chemicals.
Hazardous decomposition products:
Thermal decomposition may produce oxygen, potassium oxides, manganese oxides, and irritating or toxic fumes.
Handling and Storage of Potassium Permanganate:
Handling:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practices.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Avoid breathing dust and prevent dust formation.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep container tightly closed when not in use.
Storage conditions:
Protect from heat, moisture, direct sunlight, ignition sources, and contamination.
Store away from combustible materials, reducing agents, organic materials, acids, and incompatible chemicals.
Packaging materials:
Keep in original sealed containers or suitable oxidizer-compatible industrial packaging.
Shelf life:
Stable when stored properly under dry, cool, and sealed conditions.
First Aid Measures of Potassium Permanganate:
Inhalation:
Move person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
If coughing, irritation, or breathing difficulty occurs, seek medical attention immediately.
Skin contact:
Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash affected area with plenty of water and soap.
Potassium permanganate may stain skin and may cause irritation or burns.
Seek medical attention if irritation, redness, or pain persists.
Eye contact:
Rinse cautiously with clean water for several minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Continue rinsing and seek medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Most important symptoms:
May cause eye damage, skin irritation or burns, respiratory irritation, coughing, throat irritation, and gastrointestinal irritation if swallowed.
Firefighting Measures of Potassium Permanganate:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use large amounts of water spray or flooding quantities of water.
Use extinguishing media suitable for surrounding fire.
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Do not use dry chemical powder, foam, or carbon dioxide as the main extinguishing method for the oxidizer itself, because cooling and dilution with water are preferred.
Specific hazards:
Potassium permanganate is not combustible, but Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer and may intensify fire by supporting combustion of other materials.
Protective equipment for firefighters:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective clothing.
Firefighting instructions:
Cool containers exposed to fire with water spray.
Remove containers from fire area if safe to do so.
Prevent contaminated firefighting water from entering drains or waterways.
Accidental Release Measures of Potassium Permanganate:
Personal precautions:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Avoid breathing dust.
Remove ignition sources and keep away from combustible or organic materials.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent material from entering drains, soil, surface water, or waterways.
Methods for containment:
Stop spill if safe to do so.
Keep spilled material dry and avoid contamination with organic, combustible, or reducing materials.
Methods for cleaning up:
Collect carefully by sweeping or vacuuming with dust-control methods.
Do not use combustible absorbents such as sawdust, paper, or cloth.
Place into clean, dry, labeled containers for disposal.
Disposal:
Dispose of collected material according to local, regional, and national regulations for oxidizing substances.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protective of Potassium Permanganate:
Engineering controls:
Use adequate ventilation.
Provide local exhaust ventilation where dust may be generated during weighing, transfer, mixing, or processing.
Respiratory protection:
Use a suitable dust mask or respirator if dust levels are high, ventilation is insufficient, or exposure limits may be exceeded.
Hand protection:
Wear chemical-resistant protective gloves.
Eye protection:
Wear safety glasses or chemical splash goggles.
Use face protection where dust exposure or splashing may occur.
Skin and body protection:
Wear suitable protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Use protective workwear, closed shoes, and apron if needed.
Hygiene measures:
Wash hands after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Keep away from food, beverages, animal feed, combustible materials, and incompatible chemicals.
Identifiers of Potassium Permanganate:
Product Number: P1742
Purity / Analysis Method : >99.5%(T)
Molecular Formula / Molecular Weight: KMnO4 = 158.03
Physical State (20 deg.C): Solid
Storage Temperature : Room Temperature (Recommended in a cool and dark place, <15 C)
CAS RN: 7722-64-7
Reaxys Registry Number: 11343348
Merck Index (14): 7655
MDL Number: MFCD00011364
CAS Number: 7722-64-7
ChEBI: CHEBI:231501
ChEMBL: ChEMBL3833305
ChemSpider: 22810
DrugBank: DB13831
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.874
EC Number: 231-760-3
KEGG: D02053
PubChem CID: 516875
RTECS number: SD6475000
UNII: 00OT1QX5U4
UN number: 1490
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID2034839
InChI: InChI=1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1
Key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: [K+].[O-][Mn](=O)(=O)=O
Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): KMnO4
CAS Number: 7722-64-7
Molecular Weight: 158.03
UNSPSC Code: 12352312
EC Index Number: 231-760-3
NACRES: NA.21
MDL number: MFCD00011364
Assay: 99.0-100.5% (manganometric)
Grade: ACS reagent
Form: solid
Article No.: 05415
Grade: AR/ACS
Purity: 99.0%
CAS No.: 7722-64-7
Molecular Formula: KMnO4
Molecular Weight: 158.03
H.S. Code: 2841.6100
Shelf Life: 60 Months
CAS number: 7722-64-7
EC index number: 025-002-00-9
EC number: 231-760-3
Grade: ACS,Reag. Ph Eur
Hill Formula: KMnO?
Molar Mass: 158.03 g/mol
HS Code: 2841 61 00
Properties of Potassium Permanganate:
Chemical formula: KMnO4
Molar mass: 158.032 g mol?1
Appearance: Purplish-bronze-gray needles
purple in solution
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.7 g/cm3[3]:?4.83?
Melting point: 240 C (464 F; 513 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 76 g/L (25 C)
250 g/L (65 C)
Solubility: acetone, methanol
Magnetic susceptibility (?): +20.0 10?6 cm3/mol:?4.134?
Refractive index (nD): 1.59
grade: ACS reagent
Quality Segment: 300
agency: reag. Ph. Eur.
vapor pressure: <0.01 hPa ( 20 C)
product line: EMSURE
assay: 99.0-100.5% (manganometric)
form: solid
impurities: ?0.2% In water insoluble matter
pH: 7-9 (20 C, 20 g/L in H2O)
mp: >240 C (decomposition)
density: 2.70 g/cm3 at 20 C
bulk density: 1300?1600 kg/m3
anion traces: chloride (Cl-): ?0.02%, chloride, chlorate (as Cl-): ?0.005%, sulfate (SO42-): ?0.01%
cation traces: Cu: ?0.001%, Fe: ?0.002%, N: ?0.003%, Pb: ?0.002%
storage temp.: 2-30 C
SMILES string: [Mn](=O)(=O)(=O)[O-].[K+]
InChI: 1S/K.Mn.4O/q+1;;;;;-1
InChI key: VZJVWSHVAAUDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molar Weight: 158.03 g/mol
Melting Point: 240 C (decomposes)
Density: 2.7 g/cm
Forms: Needles, Purple, Black
Physical state at 20 C: Solid
Colour: Blackish Crystalline
Odour: Odorless
Melting point/ Freezing point [ C]: 240 C
Vapour density: 5.4
Density [g/cm3]: 2.7
Solubility in water [% weight]: 7 g in 100 g of water
Density: 2.70 g/cm3 (20 C)
Melting Point: >240 C (decomposition)
pH value: 7 - 9 (20 g/l, H?O, 20 C)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 hPa (20 C)
Bulk density: 1300 - 1600 kg/m3
Solubility: 64 g/l
Molecular Weight: 158.034 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 157.881408 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 157.881408 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 74.3 ?
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 118
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Specifications of Potassium Permanganate:
Appearance: Blackish crystalline powder with metallic luster.
Assay (iodometric): Min 99%
Substance insoluble in water: Max 0.2%
Chloride & chlorates (as Cl): Max 0.005%
Sulphate (SO4): Max 0.02%
Total nitrogen (N): Max 0.005%
Heavy metal (as Pb): Max 0.003%
Iron (Fe): Max 0.005%
Loss on drying: Max 0.5%
Assay (manganometric): 99.0 - 100.5 %
Identity: passes test
Appearance of solution: passes test
In water insoluble matter: ? 0.2 %
Chloride (Cl): ? 0.02 %
Chloride, Chlorate (as Cl): ? 0.005 %
Sulphate (SO?): ? 0.01 %
Total nitrogen (N): ? 0.003 %
Cu (Copper): ? 0.001 %
Fe (Iron): ? 0.002 %
Pb (Lead): ? 0.002 %
Structure of Potassium Permanganate:
Crystal structure: Orthorhombic, oP24
Space group: Pnma, No. 62
Lattice constant: a = 0.909 nm, b = 0.572 nm, c = 0.741 nm
Formula units (Z): 4
Thermochemistry of Potassium Permanganate:
Heat capacity (C): 119.2 J/mol K
Std molar entropy (S?298): 171.7 J?K?1?mol?1
Std enthalpy of formation (?fH?298): ?813.4 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (?fG?): ?713.8 kJ/mol
Related Compounds of Potassium Permanganate:
Manganese heptoxide
Other Anions:
Potassium pertechnetate
Potassium perrhenate
Other Cations:
Sodium permanganate
Ammonium permanganate
Calcium permanganate
Silver permanganate
Related Manganates:
Potassium hypomanganate
Potassium manganate
Names of Potassium Permanganate:
IUPAC name:
Potassium manganate(VII)
Systematic IUPAC name:
Potassium permanganate
Other names:
Chameleon mineral
Condy's crystals
Permanganate of potash
Hypermangan
Purple potion powder
Permanganic acid, potassium salt
Purple salt
