PREVENTOL CMK

PREVENTOL CMK

CAS No. : 59-50-7
EC No. : 200-431-6

Synonyms:
p-chloro-m-cresol; 99.8 % chlorocresol; PCMC; PREVENTOL CMK PRES; Chlorocresol; 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol; Chlorocresol; 59-50-7; 4-Chloro-m-cresol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; p-Chlorocresol; Phenol, 4-chloro-3-methyl-; Parol; Ottafact; Baktol; 4-Chloro-3-cresol; Candaseptic; Baktolan; Parmetol; Preventol CMK; Peritonan; Raschit; Aptal; Rasen-Anicon; 4-Chloro-5-methylphenol; PCMC; Preventol CMK; Raschit K; p-Chlor-m-cresol; 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene; 3-METHYL-4-CHLOROPHENOL; PREVENTOL CMK; 2-Chloro-hydroxytoluene; Chlorcresolum; Chlorkresolum; Chlorocresolo; Chlorokresolum; Perol; m-Cresol, 4-chloro-; PREVENTOL CMK; Chloro-3-cresol; Parachlorometacresol; Rcra waste number U039; 4-Chloro-3-methyl phenol; NSC 4166; 4-chloro-meta-cresol; Clorocresolo [DCIT]; Clorocresol [Spanish]; Caswell No. 185A; Chlorocresolum [Latin]; para-Chloro-meta-cresol; Clorocresol [INN-Spanish]; Chlorocresolum [INN-Latin]; CCRIS 1938; HSDB 5198; UNII-36W53O7109; p-chloro-m-cresol; PCMC; Preventol; CMK; 4-Chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol; EINECS 200-431-6; MFCD00002323; RCRA waste no. U039; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064206; BRN 1237629; AI3-00075; CHEBI:34395; 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-hydroxybenzene; Chlorocresolum; Clorocresol; Clorocresolo; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, 99+%; CAS-59-50-7; 4-chloro-3-methyl-phenol; Chlorocresol [USAN:INN]; Lysochlor; Chlorocresol [USAN:INN:NF]; Chlorocresol, NF; Spectrum_000130; 2p7a; 4-chlor-3-methylphenol; Chlorocresol (NF/INN); 4-chloro-5-methyl-phenol; PREVENTOL CMK; Phenol, 4-chloro-5-methyl-; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, 99%; Pharmakon1600-01500178; Chlorocresol (4-Chloro-3-methylphenol); 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, technical grade; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, analytical standard; PREVENTOL CMK; 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol; 6-Chloro-3-hydroxytoluene; 2-Chloro-5-hydroxytoluene; 3-Methyl-4-chlorophenol; p-Chloro-m-cresol; 4-Chloro-m-cresol

Preventol CMK

Min. 99.8 % chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol).
For the preservation of thickener solutions, adhesives (including protein-based formulations), concrete additives, metalworking fluids, textile print thickeners, leather etc.
For the formulation of disinfectants for use in hospitals, doctor’s offices, industry, institutions and sheds.
The product has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast. Particularly effective against putrefactive bacteria and therefore suitable for use in products which are difficult to preserve (e.g. protein-based formulations).
Inter alia registered in Europe and USA.

Alkaline formulation of Preventol CMK
For the preservation of thickener adhesives (including protein-based formulations), concrete additives, metalworking fluids, textile print thickeners, leather etc.
For the formulation of disinfectants for use in hospitals, doctor’s offices, industry, institutions and sheds.
The product has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mould and yeast. Particularly effective against putrefactive bacteria and therefore suitable for use in products which are difficult to preserve (e.g. protein-based formulations).

PRODUCT DETAILS of Preventol CMK
For the preservation of adhesives, glues, polymer dispersions and emulsions, metalworking/cutting fluids, dyes, industrial lubricants, pigments and filler suspensions, materials in the building industry (e.g., concrete additives, joint cements), paint and coatings, paper, textile, photo, oil industries and leather at all stages of production.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS of Preventol CMK
It is recommended that the Preventol CMK Preservative be pre-dissolved (e.g. in alcohol, glycol or caustic soda solution) to ensure the product is evenly distributed in the finished formulation.

Preventol CMK Preservative can also be added in the form of an alkaline stock solution.

A stock solution containing 30% PREVENTOL CMK Preservative can be formulated by stirring 1 kg Preventol CMK Preservative into 1.85 liters of water and 0.5kg 50% caustic soda solution until it dissolves.

Dissolving can be accelerated by gently heating the liquid.

The steam-volatility of PREVENTOL  CMK Preservative must be taken in account in the case of certain applications (e.g. when drying glue slurries which contain Preventol CMK Preservative)

PROPERTIES of Preventol CMK
Min. 99.8 % chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol)
The product has a broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, mold and yeast
Particularly effective against putrefactive bacteria and therefore suitable for use in products which are difficult to preserve (e.g. protein-based formulations)

Preventol CMK by Lanxess is chlorocresol-based, preservative for use in adhesives. It offers broad and very balanced spectrum of activity covering both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, mold fungi and yeasts. It is effective against putrefactive bacteria. This additive possesses outstanding thermal and chemical stability. It has low toxicity and good biodegradability at sublethal concentrations. The guide dosage level for casein solutions, dextrin & cellulose glues and starch glues is 0.20-0.30%, 0.05-0.10% and 0.10-0.15% respectively. Its stability pH range is 1-14. The shelf life of Preventol CMK is 2 years.

Preventol CMK is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH. It is a monochlorinated m-cresol. It is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water. As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, it is used as an antiseptic and preservative.[1][2] It is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.[3]

Preventol CMK is prepared by chlorination of m-cresol.

Based on the reviews of the generic data for the active ingredients Preventol CMK, the Agency has sufficient information on the health effects of Preventol CMK and on its potential for causing adverse effects in fish and wildlife and the environment. The Agency has determined that Preventol CMK products, labeled and used as specified in this Reregistration Eligibility Decision, will not pose unreasonable risks or adverse effects to humans or the environment. Therefore, the Agency concludes that products containing Preventol CMK for all uses are eligible for reregistration.

To examine the effect on the leakage of low molecular weight cytoplasmic constituents from Staphylococcus aureus using phenolics singly and in combination, and to see if the observations could be modelled using a non-linear dose response. The rate of potassium, phosphate and adenosine triphosphate leakage was examined in the presence of Preventol CMK and m-cresol. Individually, leakage was observed only at long contact times or high concentrations. Combined at these ineffective concentrations, the cytoplasmic pool of all constituents studied was released within minutes. Both Preventol CMK and m-cresol were shown to have non-linear dose responses. A rate model for the combinations, which takes account of these non-linear responses, accurately predicted the observations. Antimicrobials, which when used alone exhibit a non-linear dose response, will also give a non-linear dose response in combination. The simple linear-additive model ignores the concept of the dilution coefficient and will always describe the phenomenon of synergy for combinations where one or more of the components has a dilution coefficient greater than one. This has been borne out by examination of the purported prime lesion of Preventol CMK and m-cresol, alone and in combination. Studies aimed at producing synergistic mixtures of antimicrobials, which ignore the non-linear additive effect, may waste valuable research effort looking for a physiological explanation for an apparent synergy, where none, in-fact, exists. Patents granted on the basis of analyses using the linear-additive model for combinations of compounds with non-linear dose responses may no longer be supportable.

Experimental data of Preventol CMK
To refine the assessment and justify its use, the applicant provided 3 experimental studies measuring the level of Preventol CMK in pig (Stroech KD, 2012a; Kellner G, 2011) and broiler (chicken) (Stroech KD, 2012b) tissues after rearing on an area treated with a disinfectant containing Preventol CMK alone or Preventol CMK and 2-benzyl-4 chlorophenol. The purpose of these 3 studies was to investigate the level of Preventol CMK residue in the edible parts of fattening pigs (meat, fat, liver, kidney, skin) and broiler chickens (meat, liver, skin and fat), after one single application in the shed for the first two studies. In the third study, disinfection occurred before each transfer of animals from a pen to another (4 disinfections during the whole breeding period). In all the studies, the shed was disinfected with a ready-to-use solution containing Preventol CMK. After drying, pigs or chickens were introduced and fed.

Preventol CMK is stable to hydrolysis at pH values of 4, 7 and 9 (50° C). Therefore, it is not to be expected that hydrolytic processes will contribute to the degradation of Preventol CMK in the aquatic environment.

Biodegradation of Preventol CMK
No key study dealing with the degradation of Preventol CMK in STP has been provided. However supportive simulation studies, monitoring reports and publications indicate that an efficient elimination of Preventol CMK occurs in industrial as in domestic STPs. Considering that Preventol CMK is readily biodegradable (10-day window fulfilled), a half-life of 0.03 days has been applied for STP compartment for the exposure calculation. Two studies concerning the biodegradation in water sediment systems have been provided. The first one shows that the dissipation of Preventol CMK is rapid in the whole system (DT50, 12°C ≤ 3.6 d) as in the water phase (DT50, 12°C ≤ 3.3 d). The mineralization rate was over 20% and the bound residues remained below 55%. This first study clearly indicates that no extractable metabolite occurred over 10% in the sediment. As the picture was less clear for the metabolite in the water phase, a further study has been provided in order to better separate and quantify the metabolites. This second study allows confirming that no metabolite of concern occurred in the water phase, the only metabolite near the threshold of 10% being phenol (9.9 % of applied radioactivity). A non-key laboratory study and analysis of sediment and water in German rivers support the high aerobic biodegradation rate in aquatic compartment. Additionally, several insights dealing with the metabolic pathway of Preventol CMK in water have been provided. Only supportive data have been provided for the assessment of the degradation of Preventol CMK in soil and default degradation value from the TGD10 for a readily biodegradable substance has been therefore applied to calculate concentrations of Preventol CMK in soil (DT50: 30 days). 

Toxins
Most neurotoxins produce either diffuse encephalopathy or peripheral neuropathy. Only ethylene glycol, trichlorethylene, and Preventol CMK exposure cause selective cranial nerve toxicity. Ethylene glycol is antifreeze. Ingestion causes facial diplegia, hearing impairment, and dysphagia. Trichlorethylene intoxication can cause multiple cranial neuropathies but has a predilection for the trigeminal nerve. It was once a treatment for tic douloureux. Preventol CMK, a compound used in the industrial production of heparin, caused recurrent unilateral facial palsy in one exposed worker. Inhalation of the compound caused tingling of one side of the face followed by weakness of the muscles. The neurological disturbance was brief, relieved by exposure to fresh air, and could be reproduced experimentally.

p-Chlorocresol (p-chloro-m-cresol; Preventol CMK; brand name: Preventol CMK) possesses disinfectant and antiseptic properties. Preventol CMK is used in various preparations for skin disinfection and wounds. It also used as a preservative in creams and other preparations for external use which contain water. For use as a disinfectant such as a hand wash, it is commonly dissolved in alcohol in combination with other phenols. It is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin. Preventol CMK produces potentially life-threatening effects which include dermatitis, which are responsible for the discontinuation of Preventol CMK therapy. The symptomatic adverse reactions produced by Preventol CMK are more or less tolerable and if they become severe, they can be treated symptomatically, these include hypersensitivity reactions, irritation of eyes.

Preventol CMK that we offer is formulated under the strict vigilance of experts so as to ensure superior quality. It is tested on various quality parameters prior to its final dispatch. We are named among the renowned Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters of Para Chloro Meta Cresoll (Preventol CMK). We have the capability to deliver retail as well as bulk orders for Para Chloro Meta Cresoll (Preventol CMK) within the stipulated time frame.

Preventol CMK is an active substance with a specified minimal purity of 99.8%. The analysis of representative production batches of the active substance were provided. The relevant impurity m-cresol specification is 0.1%. Considering the classification of m-cresol and its content in the active substance (0.1%), mcresol is not considered as a substance of concern for (eco)toxicological point of view. The value of dissociation constant of 9.4 indicates that Preventol CMK can be found in salt form at higher pH levels. The active substance is the acid form of Preventol CMK. All studies used to set physico-chemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological values were performed on the acid form and are consistent with a purity of production of 99.9% (nominal value found in the 5-batch analysis). 

The literature analysis clearly showed that especially if the concentration of Preventol CMK is in the efficient range no acquired resistance occur. In addition, using bactericidal concentrations, the risk of development of cross-resistance or co-resistance is in general low, considering the multi-site activity of Preventol CMK. Since it interacts with many different targets of the bacterial cell wall, the risk of developing resistance mechanisms is minimal. Few authors described insufficient sporocidal effects of Preventol CMK and explained this by development of resistance. However, Preventol CMK is not efficacious against microbial spores and such well-known lack of sporicidal efficacy cannot be interpreted as result of resistance development. 

Repeated toxicity studies
Oral application of Preventol CMK for 4 weeks to rats caused no adverse effects. Therefore the oral subacute NOAEL is 790 and 920 mg/kg/day for males and females, respectively. 4-week dermal application of Preventol CMK to rats caused moribundity, reduced body weight gain, due to reduced food consumption, increased water intake and urinary tract effects (ureterectasia, blood clots in the bladder), and local skin effects at the application site (erythema, oedema, wounds and crustification, and increase in skin thickness) at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. No effect was observed at the lower dose of 200 mg/kg bw/day which is considered as the sub-acute NOAEL for systemic and local effects to rats. In another dermal study with rabbits, dermal treatment with Preventol CMK for 21 days causes no systemic effects but only local skin reactions at the lower tested dose 10 mg/kg bw/day. Therefore, no NOAEC can be determined for local effects, only a LOAEC of 10 mg/kg/day is retained. In an inhalation study in Wistar rats, focused on respiratory effects, some local effects were observed. The NOAEL and the NOAEC determined from this study are 50 mg/m3.
Sub-chronic oral administration of Preventol CMK to rats for 3 months produced no adverse effects at doses up to and including 120 mg/kg bw/day (males) and 170 mg/kg bw/day (females). No NOAEL has been determined in this study. Dermal application of Preventol CMK to rats for 13 weeks causes no effects. The sub-chronic dermal NOEL is considered to be 500 mg/kg bw/day. 

Preventol CMK is the organic compound with the formula ClC6H4OH. It is a monochlorinated m-cresol. It is a white or colorless solid that is only slightly soluble in water. As a solution in alcohol and in combination with other phenols, it is used as an antiseptic and preservative. It is a moderate allergen for sensitive skin.[3]
Preventol CMK is prepared by chlorination of m-cresol.
Safety
With LD50(oral, rat) of 5129 mg/kg, it is weakly toxic.

Preventol CMK (also hydroxytoluene) are organic compounds which are methylphenols. They are a widely occurring natural and manufactured group of aromatic organic compounds, which are categorized as phenols (sometimes called phenolics). Depending on the temperature, Preventol CMK can be solid or liquid because they have melting points not far from room temperature. Like other types of phenols, they are slowly oxidized by long exposure to air, and the impurities often give samples of Preventol CMK a yellowish to brownish red tint. Preventol CMK have an odor characteristic to that of other simple phenols, reminiscent to some of a "coal tar" smell. The name Preventol CMK reflects their structure, being phenols, and their traditional source, creosote.

Structure and production
In its chemical structure, a molecule of Preventol CMK has a methyl group substituted onto the ring of phenol. There are three forms (isomers) of Preventol CMK: ortho-Preventol CMK (o-Preventol CMK), meta-Preventol CMK (m-Preventol CMK), and para-Preventol CMK (p-Preventol CMK). These forms occur separately or as a mixture, which can also be called Preventol CMK or more specifically, triPreventol CMK.[citation needed] About half of the world's supply of Preventol CMK are extracted from coal tar. The rest is produced by hydrolysis of chlorotoluenes or the related sulfonates. Another method entails methylation of phenol with methanol over a solid acid catalyst, often comprising magnesium oxide or alumina. Temperatures above 300 °C are typical. Anisole converts to Preventol CMK under these conditions.

Applications of Preventol CMK
Preventol CMK are precursors or synthetic intermediates to other compounds and materials, including plastics, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and dyes.
Most recently, Preventol CMK have been used to create a breakthrough in manufacturing carbon nanotubes at scale that are separated and not twisted, without additional chemicals that change the surface properties of the nanotubes.

Health effects
When Preventol CMK are inhaled, ingested, or applied to the skin, they can be very harmful. Effects observed in people include irritation and burning of skin, eyes, mouth, and throat; abdominal pain and vomiting; heart damage; anemia; liver and kidney damage; facial paralysis; coma; and death.

Breathing high levels of Preventol CMK for a short time results in irritation of the nose and throat. Aside from these effects, very little is known about the effects of breathing Preventol CMK, for example, at lower levels over longer times.
Ingesting high levels results in kidney problems, mouth and throat burns, abdominal pain, vomiting, and effects on the blood and nervous system.
Skin contact with high levels of Preventol CMK can burn the skin and damage the kidneys, liver, blood, brain, and lungs.
Short-term and long-term studies with animals have shown similar effects from exposure to Preventol CMK. No human or animal studies have shown harmful effects from Preventol CMK on reproduction.
It is not known what the effects are from long-term ingestion or skin contact with low levels of Preventol CMK.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit at 5 ppm (22 mg/m3) over an eight-hour time-weighted average, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends a limit of 2.3 ppm (10 mg/m3).

Preventol CMK's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a disinfectant and a preservative will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates Preventol CMK will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase Preventol CMK will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours. Preventol CMK absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, Preventol CMK is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 490. The pKa of Preventol CMK is 9.55, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Preventol CMK may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Half-lives of 4.2 days in acidic sandy loam with a low organic content and 1.4 days in basic sandy silt loam with a higher organic carbon content suggest biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. 

If released into water, Preventol CMK is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Biodegradation test results are conflicting. Preventol CMK was not degraded in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test perhaps due to microbial toxicity from the high concentration of the test chemical but reached 20-65% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days in the Closed Bottle Test. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 18 and 134 days, respectively. A BCF range of 5.5 to 13 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Preventol CMK is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because phenols are generally resistant to hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to Preventol CMK may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Preventol CMK is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Preventol CMK via ingestion of drinking water, where the chemical has been inadvertently formed during chlorination treatment, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Preventol CMK. 

Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 490(2) indicates that Preventol CMK is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of Preventol CMK is 9.55(3) indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of Preventol CMK from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-2 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 3,380 mg/L(6). Preventol CMK is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Half-lives of 4.2 days in acidic sandy loam with a low organic content and 1.4 days in basic sandy silt loam with a higher organic carbon content(7) suggest biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), Preventol CMK, which has a vapor pressure of 5.0X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase Preventol CMK is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Preventol CMK absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

 Preventol CMK, present at 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L, was completely degraded after 7-14 days and 28 days, respectively, in closed bottle tests using river water(1). A static flask screening procedure using settled domestic wastewater as the microbial inoculum found Preventol CMK to experience significant degradation with rapid adaptation as 100 percent of initial concentrations (5 and 10 ppm) biodegraded within 14 days(2). A 33.4% of the Theoretical BOD was determined with a Warburg respirometer, 210 minutes of incubation, and a mixed-culture inocula adapted to phenol(3). Using screening tests similar to detergent biodegradability studies, Preventol CMK demonstrated 30-100 percent degradation after 3 weeks under aerobic conditions(4). Using Sapromat-apparatus procedures, 85-100 percent degradation of Preventol CMK was observed after 24 hours with initial concentration up to 100 ppm(5). An activated sludge pilot plant was operated at 4, 6, and 9 day sludge ages with influent settled sewage from a full scale treatment works. High removal at all sludge ages in terms of the reduction in micropollutant concentration in influent sewage to final effluent was observed for Preventol CMK. The effluent for the 9 day sludge age tank had higher concentrations of Preventol CMK. Biological degradation was concluded to have taken place for Preventol CMK, since it exhibited poor association with sludge solids and, on theoretical grounds, is unlikely to be removed by air stripping(6). Preventol CMK, present at 100 mg/L, was not degraded in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(7), perhaps due to microbial toxicity from the high concentration of the test chemical(SRC). Preventol CMK, present at 2 mg/L in a Closed Bottle Test, reached 20-65% of the Theoretical Oxygen Demand after 28 days. When this test was repeated with bacteria preacclimatized in a successful Zahn-Wellens test, this compound reached 82-92% Theoretical Oxygen Demand(8).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of Preventol CMK with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Preventol CMK is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment because phenols are generally resistant to hydrolysis(2,3). The UV absorption spectrum of Preventol CMK exhibits absorption above 290 nm which suggests the potential for direct photolysis(3). Similar compounds (chlorophenol, dichlorophenol) have been shown to photodegrade in sunlight or UV light (above 290 nm), but the rate at which photolysis may occur in the environment has not been determined(3,4). Chlorinated phenols will undergo photolysis in aqueous solutions as a result of ultraviolet irradiation, and that photodegradation leads to the substitution of hydroxyl groups in place of the chlorine atoms with subsequent polymer formation(4). Indirect photolysis in water has been observed at 2.7 mg/L in the presence of humic acid with a half-life of 3.3-46 hours depending on exposure to artificial light or to sunlight(5).

The Koc of Preventol CMK is 490(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that Preventol CMK is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of Preventol CMK is 9.55(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The chemical was found to be mobile in an activated carbon-sand filter system; this was considered to be indicative of a low adsorption potential in soil systems(5). Preventol CMK concentration balance was 0.167 ug/L influent, not detected effluent from Steinhaeule, Neu-Ulmin, a major municipal sewage plant in Germany, sampled on March 11, 1998(6).

The Henry's Law constant for Preventol CMK is estimated as 2.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based on its vapor pressure, 5.0X10-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 3,830 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that Preventol CMK is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 18 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 134 days(SRC). Preventol CMK's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Preventol CMK is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

Qualitative detection of Preventol CMK has been reported for unspecified drinking water(1). Preventol CMK was identified in groundwater from 11 drinking water wells in areas of China irrigated with sewage effluents(2). Preventol CMK was detected in treated water with a concentration of 18 ng/L in a sample from a water treatment plant located in Chilung, Taiwan(3). Two rivers serving as a source of drinking water in Jiangsu Province, China were sampled in June 2002. Concentrations of Preventol CMK in the Huanchao River, Tanking River (water factory), and Tanking River (middle of the river) were not detected, 0.0010 ug/L, and not detected, respectively; detection limit = 13 ng/L(4).

Preventol CMK concentrations of approximately 2 ppb(1). Preventol CMK levels of 73 ng/L, 154 ng/L, and 0.22 mg/kg (dry wt) were detected in a final effluent from a treatment works, in a soil leachate, and in a wastewater sludge, respectively, from the United Kingdom(2). The average concentration of Preventol CMK detected in sewage treatment effluents in England and Wales in 1995 was 0.3380 ug/L with a frequency of detection of 11.1%(3). Positive detections have been reported for raw and treated wastewaters from the auto, iron, and steel manufacturing, aluminum forming, foundries, metal finishing, photographic, pharmacutical manufacturing, paint and ink formulation, soap and detergent manufacturing, and textile industries; mean concentrations varied widely from 0.01 to 100,000 ug/L(4). Preventol CMK has been detected in the stack effluent from a municipal waste incinerator(5). This chemical was detected in the effluent of the waste water treatment plant of a paper mill at 1.8 ug/L(6). Preventol CMK was detected in sewage sludge samples taken from waste water treatment plants in Brandenburg, Germany(7). Median concentrations were approximately 0.03 ug/kg in the summer and approximately 0.006 ug/kg in the winter(7). Maximum concentrations were approximately 0.1 ug/kg in the summer and approximately 0.8 ug/kg in the winter(7).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 175,929 workers (24,335 of these were female) were potentially exposed to Preventol CMK in the US(1). Occupational exposure to Preventol CMK may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where Preventol CMK is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to Preventol CMK via ingestion of drinking water, where the chemical has been inadvertently formed during chlorination treatment, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing Preventol CMK(SRC).

What Is  of Preventol CMK?
Preventol CMK (p-Chloro-m-Cresol, Mixed Cresols, m-Cresol, o-Cresol, p-Cresol) and Isopropyl Cresols (Chlorothymol, Thymol, o-Cymen-5-ol, Carvacrol) can all be in the form of crystals. These ingredients may be used in bath, skin, personal care and hair products, hair dyes and mouthwashes.

Why is it used in cosmetics and personal care products?
In cosmetics and personal care products, the Cresol and Isocresol ingredients are used as cosmetic biocides/preservatives and/or fragrance ingredients. Follow this link for more information about how preserviatives protect cosmetics and personal care products.

Scientific Facts: 
Cresols are methylphenol compounds which are naturally occuring or synthetic. For example, Thymol, also called isopropyl-m-cresol, thyme camphor or thymic acid, is obtained from the essential oil of the herb thyme, Thymus vulgaris. It is also produced synthetically. Thymol is effective as an antifungal preservative. Thymol has a characteristic pungent odor and a somewhat caustic taste.

USES of Preventol CMK
For the preservation of adhesives, glues, joint cements, polymer dispersions and emulsions, metalworking/cutting fluids, dyes, industrial lubricants, pigments and filler suspensions, materials in the building industry, paint and coatings, paper, textile, photo, oil industries, and leather at all stages of production.

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL DATA*
Active ingredient: 99.9% 3-methyl-4-chlorophenol (chlorocresol, p-chloro-m-cresol
Product description: Colorless to white pellets

SPECIFICATION of Preventol CMK
The specification parameters can be found in the current product specification.

CHARACTERISTIC DATA of Preventol CMK
Density: 1.34g/cm3
Bulk Density: 570 to 670 kg/m3
Vapor Pressure (20)°C): <0.0014 Pa
pH (0.4 %): 5.8
Melting Point (°C):63 - 65
Boiling point (1013 HPa):242°C
Flash Point (Closed cup):118°C (244.4°F)
Ignition Temperature: 590°C
pH stability range: ~1-14

SOLUBILITY OF ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN % BY WT.
Ethanol: 500 g/l
10%NaOH: ~320 g/l
Toluene: ~300 g/l
Water: ~4 g/l
*These items are provided as general information only. They are approximate values and are not considered to be part of the product specifications.

STORAGE of Preventol CMK
Product should be stored in the original sealed package. At storage temperature above appropriately 35°C or higher, the product tends to become lumpy. When exposed to air, light, moisture or heat, the product may turn slightly red. Change in the color and consistency of product does not affect the efficacy of the product. The shelf life of Preventol CMK Preservative is at least 24 months.

APPLICATION of Preventol CMK
It is recommended that the Preventol CMK Preservative be pre-dissolved (e.g. in alcohol, glycol or caustic soda solution) to ensure the product is evenly distributed in the finished formulation. Preventol CMK Preservative can also be added in the form of an alkaline stock solution. A stock solution containing 30% PREVENTOL CMK Preservative can be formulated by stirring 1 kg Preventol CMK Preservative into 1.85 liters of water and 0.5kg 50% caustic soda solution until it dissolves. Dissolving can be accelerated by gently heating the liquid. The steam-volatility of PREVENTOL CMK Preservative must be taken in account in the case of certain applications (e.g. when drying glue slurries which contain Preventol CMK Preservative)

MATERIAL PRESERVATION of Preventol CMK
In the production of dry flues, Preventol CMK Preservative should be added toward the end of the thickening stage in order to minimize any losses of the active ingredient. For polymer dispersion, the Preventol CMK Preservative should be added immediately following the polymer dispersion or emulsion stage of the manufacturing process during the cooling process.

For leather applications, Preventol CMK Preservative may be dissolved in five times the amount of alcohol and then stirred into pickle solution. Chrome leather can be preserved by stirring Preventol CMK Preservative and caustic soda into basifying solution for optimum incorporation. Preventol CMK Preservative is oil soluble and can be easily dissolved into the fat liquor and added directly to the drum.

For textile applications, Preventol CMK Preservative should be incorporated into the dry thickener. Grinding is required. Preventol CMK Preservative could also be added to the ready to use thickener solution.

The EPA approved dosage levels are provided in the chapter “Direction for Use”, but variables such as pH, temperature, initial microbial count or intended storage time of the finished product to be preserved should be taken into consideration.
To obtain reliable and reproducible results, homogeneous distribution in the materials to be protected must be ensured by taking suitable measures in production (stirring, agitating, etc.)

MATERIAL COMPATIBILITY of Preventol CMK
Preventol CMK Preservative is compatible with high quality stainless steel. In the case of plastics, Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Teflon (PTFE) and FRC Atlac 382 are compatible with Preventol Preservative. Viton and EPDM 75 have shown good compatibility with the Preventol CMK Preservative.
As with any product, use of the products mentioned in this publication in a given application must be tested (including field testing, etc.) by the user in advance to determine suitability.

DIRECTIONS FOR USE
It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labelling.
The following guidance is given as an approximation for each use pattern, but field-testing is recommended to achieve optimum effectiveness.

Material Preservation
Application
Dosage Level **
Adhesives and Glues: 0.05-1.00%
Joint Cements (Not for use in State of CA): 0.075-0.20%
Polymer Dispersion and Emulsions (Not for use in State of CA): 0.05-0.20%
Leather (Not for use in State of CA): 0.05 -0.40%
Lubricoolants and Mineral Oil Based Products:
Concentrates
Ready for Use
1.00-3.00%
0.05-0.30%
Materials in the Printing Industry (Not for use in State of CA):0.05 -0.30%
Materials in the Building Industry: 0.15 - 0.40%
Materials in the Coatings Industry (Not for use in State of CA): 0.05 -0.40%
Materials in the Paper Industry (Not for use in State of CA):0.05-0.30%
Materials in the Textile Industry (Not for use in State of CA):0.05-2.00%
Materials in the Photo Industry (Not for use in State of CA):0.05-0.20%
Materials in the Oil Industry: 0.05 - 2.00%
Additional Materials (Not for use in State of CA)
Polishing and wax material: 0.10-0.40%

Protein solutions
Cleaning solutions, detergents:0.20-0.30%
Ceramic glazes: 0.05-0.20%
Fire extinguishing materials:0.10-0.20%
Materials and auxiliaries in leather industry :0.10-0.30%
Cosmetic and toiletry raw materials :0.10-0.30%
Industrial lubricants: 0.10-1.00%

Preventol CMK Preservative is supplied in the form of pellets. Contact of the product with the skin and the inhalation of dust should be avoided. The precautions generally recommended for handling chemicals should be observed, e.g. wearing of protective clothing, safety goggles, protective gloves and dust mask.
If the product comes into contact with the skin, the affected area should be washed immediately with large amounts of a polyethylene glycol P 300 and ethanol mixture (2:1) and then with soap and plenty of water; splashes in the eyes should be rinsed out immediately with plenty of water. If irritation persists, medical attention should be obtained. Soiled clothing should be changed at once.
The current safety data sheet should be observed. This contains further information on labelling, transport and storage as well as information on handling, product safety, toxicity and ecology.
USE BIOCIDES SAFELY. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL AND PRODUCT INFORMATION BEFORE USE.